Asmahan: Difference between revisions
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'''Asmahan''' ({{lang-ar|<big>أسمهان</big>}} ''{{transl|ar|Asmahān}}''; '''Amal al-Atrash'''; 18 November 1918 at [[Mediterranean Sea]] – 14 July 1944 in [[Nile River]], [[Egypt]])<ref>[http://almadapaper.net/paper.php?source=akbar&mlf=interpage&sid=64405 Newspaper Article] al-Mada, "وشاءت لها الاقدار أن ترحل في الماء أيضا في حادث غامض في ترعة طلخا على نهر النيل قرب مدينة المنصورة يوم 14- 7 - 1944"</ref> was a [[Syria]]n-[[Egyptians|Egyptian]]<ref name="alquds.co.uk">[http://www.alquds.co.uk/index.asp?fname=2008\05\05-23\21m25.htm&storytitle= Newspaper Article by Abdel-Fadil Taha 2008-05-23 [[Al-Quds Al-Arabi]], "وحصلت الأسرة علي الجنسية المصرية وظلت تنعم بها ومنهم اسمهان بالطبع"]</ref> singer and actor. Having immigrated to Egypt in childhood, she became the apprentice of Egyptian classical music pioneers, [[Dawood Hosni]], [[Mohamed El Qasabgi]] and [[Zakariyya Ahmad]].<ref name="lebarmy.gov.lb">[http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/article.asp?ln=ar&id=8358 Lebanese Army Journal, Issue Number 241, July 2005]</ref><ref>Al-Atrash, Majid (2005), Asmahan: Amirat at-tarab was-saif wan-nada (Asmahan: The princess of music, war and grace) Al-'Adyat magazine, p.75-77, in Arabic</ref> She also sang the compositions of [[Mohammed Abdel Wahab]] and her brother [[Farid al-Atrash]], a then rising star musician in his own right. Hers was the only voice in Arab music to ever pose a serious competition to that of [[Umm Kulthum]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=85}}</ref> considered to be the Arab world's most distinguished singer of the 20th century.<ref>[http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Arts&Culture/Music&Singing/Music&SingingStars/070602000000000001.htm Prominent Egyptians - Egyptian Government State Information Service]</ref> Her mysterious, untimely death by drowning at the age of twenty-six drew speculations about tribulations in her personal life and an espionage role in World War II. |
'''Asmahan''' ({{lang-ar|<big>أسمهان</big>}} ''{{transl|ar|Asmahān}}''; '''Amal al-Atrash'''; 18 November 1918 at [[Mediterranean Sea]] – 14 July 1944 in [[Nile River]], [[Egypt]])<ref>[http://almadapaper.net/paper.php?source=akbar&mlf=interpage&sid=64405 Newspaper Article] al-Mada, "وشاءت لها الاقدار أن ترحل في الماء أيضا في حادث غامض في ترعة طلخا على نهر النيل قرب مدينة المنصورة يوم 14- 7 - 1944"</ref> was a [[Syria]]n-[[Egyptians|Egyptian]]<ref name="alquds.co.uk">[http://www.alquds.co.uk/index.asp?fname=2008\05\05-23\21m25.htm&storytitle= Newspaper Article by Abdel-Fadil Taha 2008-05-23 [[Al-Quds Al-Arabi]], "وحصلت الأسرة علي الجنسية المصرية وظلت تنعم بها ومنهم اسمهان بالطبع"]</ref> singer and actor. Having immigrated to Egypt in childhood, she became the apprentice of Egyptian classical music pioneers, [[Dawood Hosni]], [[Mohamed El Qasabgi]] and [[Zakariyya Ahmad]].<ref name="lebarmy.gov.lb">[http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/article.asp?ln=ar&id=8358 Lebanese Army Journal, Issue Number 241, July 2005]</ref><ref>Al-Atrash, Majid (2005), Asmahan: Amirat at-tarab was-saif wan-nada (Asmahan: The princess of music, war and grace) Al-'Adyat magazine, p.75-77, in Arabic</ref> She also sang the compositions of [[Mohammed Abdel Wahab]] and her brother [[Farid al-Atrash]], a then rising star musician in his own right. Hers was the only voice in Arab music to ever pose a serious competition to that of [[Umm Kulthum]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=85}}</ref> considered to be the Arab world's most distinguished singer of the 20th century.<ref>[http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Arts&Culture/Music&Singing/Music&SingingStars/070602000000000001.htm Prominent Egyptians - Egyptian Government State Information Service]</ref> Her mysterious, untimely death by drowning at the age of twenty-six drew speculations about tribulations in her personal life and an espionage role in World War II. |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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In October 1918, during [[World War I]], as the [[Allied Forces]] were advancing against the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the [[Balkan]]s, Asmahan's father feared being attacked by [[Greece|Greek]] Allied troops, due to his post as the Ottoman-appointed governor of [[Dimerji]]. Thus, upon being warned of the arrival of Greek troops, he fled to [[Izmir]] with his two sons and his pregnant wife.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|pp=24-25}}</ref> From Izmir, they boarded a boat to [[Beirut]]. On November 23<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=25}}</ref>, while still on the trip, Asmahan was born. Fahd suggested naming her "Bahriyya" (meaning "of the sea" in Arabic), but her mother objected and decided to name her "Amal", meaning "hope".<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|pp=25-26}}</ref> Fahd later worked as a judge in Suwayda.<ref name="Enchantment 81"/> |
In October 1918, during [[World War I]], as the [[Allied Forces]] were advancing against the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the [[Balkan]]s, Asmahan's father feared being attacked by [[Greece|Greek]] Allied troops, due to his post as the Ottoman-appointed governor of [[Dimerji]]. Thus, upon being warned of the arrival of Greek troops, he fled to [[Izmir]] with his two sons and his pregnant wife.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|pp=24-25}}</ref> From Izmir, they boarded a boat to [[Beirut]]. On November 23<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=25}}</ref>, while still on the trip, Asmahan was born. Fahd suggested naming her "Bahriyya" (meaning "of the sea" in Arabic), but her mother objected and decided to name her "Amal", meaning "hope".<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|pp=25-26}}</ref> Fahd later worked as a judge in Suwayda.<ref name="Enchantment 81"/> |
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Following the 1922 [[Adham Khanjar|Adham Khanjar incident]], fighting between French and Syrian forces erupted in the [[Jabal al-Druze]]. During the hostilities, the French shelled the al-Atrash home in the town of al-Qrayya, near Suwayda. Due to the conflict 'Alia fled with her children for [[Damascus]] and refused to return. Fahd sent his cousin Salim al-Atrash to return her and their children to the Jabal, but 'Alia refused to come back, stating Fahd would be cursed for the deaths of their children, who might be killed in the fighting there.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|pp=37-38}}</ref> Asmahan later recalled her childhood years in the Jabal as "untouched by anything truly bad".<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=36}}</ref> |
Following the 1922 [[Adham Khanjar|Adham Khanjar incident]], fighting between French and Syrian forces erupted in the [[Jabal al-Druze]]. During the hostilities, the French shelled the al-Atrash home in the town of al-Qrayya, near Suwayda. Due to the conflict 'Alia fled with her children for [[Damascus]] and refused to return. Fahd sent his cousin Salim al-Atrash to return her and their children to the Jabal, but 'Alia refused to come back, stating Fahd would be cursed for the deaths of their children, who might be killed in the fighting there.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|pp=37-38}}</ref> Asmahan later recalled her childhood years in the Jabal as "untouched by anything truly bad", although she did not spend much time in the Jabal and probably recalled visits in the early 1920s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=36}}</ref> |
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===Immigration to Egypt=== |
===Immigration to Egypt=== |
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Asmahan's older brother, Fuad, and other Druze relatives considered a career in entertainment for a girl to be disgraceful.<ref name="Images of Enchantment. p. 82">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|1998|p=82}}</ref> It was difficult for Asmahan's relatives to imagine a daughter, niece, or cousin feeling at home in the burgeoning, heterogeneous Egyptian social scene. The clearly-defined divisions, along religious lines, of the Syrian countryside did not operate in Egypt. During two bouts of marriage to her cousin and moving back to Syria, Asmahan's musical career would come to a complete halt, and when she ultimately rejected a return to "respectability" on her relatives’ terms, by returning to Egypt and her singing career, Asmahan was reviled by her relatives and Syrian society. When her first film, "Intisar al-Shabab," was released in Syria, one young Druze shot at the screen when the character played by Asmahan appeared.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 98">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=98}}</ref> |
Asmahan's older brother, Fuad, and other Druze relatives considered a career in entertainment for a girl to be disgraceful.<ref name="Images of Enchantment. p. 82">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|1998|p=82}}</ref> It was difficult for Asmahan's relatives to imagine a daughter, niece, or cousin feeling at home in the burgeoning, heterogeneous Egyptian social scene. The clearly-defined divisions, along religious lines, of the Syrian countryside did not operate in Egypt. During two bouts of marriage to her cousin and moving back to Syria, Asmahan's musical career would come to a complete halt, and when she ultimately rejected a return to "respectability" on her relatives’ terms, by returning to Egypt and her singing career, Asmahan was reviled by her relatives and Syrian society. When her first film, "Intisar al-Shabab," was released in Syria, one young Druze shot at the screen when the character played by Asmahan appeared.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 98">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=98}}</ref> |
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Asmahan sang almost exclusively in the Egyptian Arabic dialect.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=owhg2R8Ndy8C&pg=PA240&dq=farid+druze+egyptian&lr= The Druzes in the Jewish state By Kais Firro. page 240]</ref> When Asmahan was asked to sing of cultural patriotism and love, she sang of Egypt.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 216"/> The dependence on the Egyptian elite |
Asmahan sang almost exclusively in the Egyptian Arabic dialect.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=owhg2R8Ndy8C&pg=PA240&dq=farid+druze+egyptian&lr= The Druzes in the Jewish state By Kais Firro. page 240]</ref> When Asmahan was asked to sing of cultural patriotism and love, she sang of Egypt.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 216"/> The dependence on the Egyptian elite may have required Asmahan and other singers to sing songs of praise for the King and of national themes.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 13">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=13}}</ref> |
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Culturally, Egypt was a planetary distance from the small villages of the Druze.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 54">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=54}}</ref> Asmahan grew so accustomed to cosmopolitan<ref>Rodenbeck, Max (1999) Cairo: The City Victorious. Alfred Knoff Publisher. New York</ref> life in Cairo that she would long for it, and would make "spending her winters in Cairo" one of her conditions to marrying her Druze cousin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=64}}</ref> Asmahan was regarded as "a sophisticated foreigner, a binational, or a trans-national" by her own clan,<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=95}}</ref> and when the marriage to her cousin failed, she returned immediately to Egypt, before she had divorce documents in hand.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 98"/> |
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⚫ | According to author [[Sherifa Zuhur]], Asmahan was proud of her background and she put her career to the side when she thought her help was needed by her people.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 13"/> She always mentioned her father and Sultan al-Atrash to clarify her |
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⚫ | According to author [[Sherifa Zuhur]], Asmahan was proud of her background and she put her career to the side when she thought her help was needed by her people.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 13"/> She always mentioned her father and Sultan al-Atrash to clarify her lineage, once saying to a friend: "Don't you know who I am? Why I am the daughter of Fahd al Atrash and cousin to the Amir al Atrash (although she was in reality a third cousin, twice removed) and the Druze revolutionary hero Sultan al-Atrash."<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 37">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=37}}</ref> However, the other side of her patriotism belonged to Egypt.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 13"/> Asmahan's quest for her own happiness in Egypt may indeed have been more strongly motivated than the patriotism to her clan.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 216">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=216}}</ref> In her final confrontation with her cousin at [[List of palaces in Egypt|Mena House]] Hotel in Giza, she told him, "I stood with you for independence and liberation, I did. But, I was created for another purpose. I prefer the work of Farid, and the work of Umm Kulthum, and of art." He would divorce her immediately.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=99}}</ref> |
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==Voice characteristics== |
==Voice characteristics== |
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== Role in World War II == |
== Role in World War II == |
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In 1941, during [[World War II]], Asmahan was asked by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] to return to Syria on a secret mission to convince her people in Jabal al-Druze to allow the [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Free French forces]] to enter Syria through their territory without a fight. The Allies promised the independence of Syria.<ref name="asia-times" /> Syria was under the rule of [[Vichy France]] at that time. The instructions were for her to not enter Syria illegally. So, at the border, she summoned her half-brother Talal, and when he heard her, he told her to wait for Hassan to come down the arduous journey to the border to hear her in person. Hassan did not allow her across the border until she made a personal promise to remarry him, and she accepted. |
In 1941, during [[World War II]], Asmahan was asked by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] to return to Syria on a secret mission to convince her people in Jabal al-Druze to allow the [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Free French forces]] to enter Syria through their territory without a fight. The Allies promised the independence of Syria.<ref name="asia-times" /> Syria was under the rule of [[Vichy France]] at that time. The instructions were for her to not enter Syria illegally. So, at the border, she summoned her half-brother Talal, and when he heard her, he told her to wait for Hassan to come down the arduous journey to the border to hear her in person. Hassan did not allow her across the border until she made a personal promise to remarry him, and she accepted. |
Revision as of 13:52, 23 August 2009
Asmahan |
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Asmahan (Arabic: أسمهان Asmahān; Amal al-Atrash; 18 November 1918 at Mediterranean Sea – 14 July 1944 in Nile River, Egypt)[1] was a Syrian-Egyptian[2] singer and actor. Having immigrated to Egypt in childhood, she became the apprentice of Egyptian classical music pioneers, Dawood Hosni, Mohamed El Qasabgi and Zakariyya Ahmad.[3][4] She also sang the compositions of Mohammed Abdel Wahab and her brother Farid al-Atrash, a then rising star musician in his own right. Hers was the only voice in Arab music to ever pose a serious competition to that of Umm Kulthum,[5] considered to be the Arab world's most distinguished singer of the 20th century.[6] Her mysterious, untimely death by drowning at the age of twenty-six drew speculations about tribulations in her personal life and an espionage role in World War II.
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Death
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On 14 July 1944, a car carrying Asmahan and a female friend of hers crashed into the Nile River after the driver lost control. Without a door on their side both ladies got stuck and drowned. Nevertheless, the driver managed to escape.[citation needed]
These suspicious circumstances gave rise to many rumors and much controversy. Tabloids were rife with conspiracy theories. Among those accused were British intelligence – after many reports claiming she was working with them – of getting rid of her after she handed over some military information to the Germans. The German Gestapo was also accused of killing her for helping the British.[citation needed]
Asmahan was buried in Egypt in accordance with her wishes[58] alongside her two brothers, Fuad and Farid al-Atrash,[59] in the Fustat plain in Cairo, which she and brother Farid, along with Egyptian crooner[60] Abdel Halim Hafez, had restored to some of its former glory.[61]
Legacy
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The Egyptian Media Production City and a private investor jointly produced a television series depicting the life (and death) of Asmahan.[62] The Arabic series debuted during the month of Ramadan in 2008. Asmahan was played by Syrian actress Sulaf Fawakherji.[63]
Discography
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Filmography
- Intissar al-Shabab (Triumph of the Youth), 1941
- Gharam wa Intiqam (Love and Revenge), 1944
References
- ^ Newspaper Article al-Mada, "وشاءت لها الاقدار أن ترحل في الماء أيضا في حادث غامض في ترعة طلخا على نهر النيل قرب مدينة المنصورة يوم 14- 7 - 1944"
- ^ a b Newspaper Article by Abdel-Fadil Taha 2008-05-23 Al-Quds Al-Arabi, "وحصلت الأسرة علي الجنسية المصرية وظلت تنعم بها ومنهم اسمهان بالطبع"
- ^ a b c Lebanese Army Journal, Issue Number 241, July 2005
- ^ Al-Atrash, Majid (2005), Asmahan: Amirat at-tarab was-saif wan-nada (Asmahan: The princess of music, war and grace) Al-'Adyat magazine, p.75-77, in Arabic
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 85
- ^ Prominent Egyptians - Egyptian Government State Information Service
- ^ a b c d Zuhur 1998, p. 81
- ^ Provence, Michael (2005). The great Syrian revolt and the rise of Arab nationalism (illustrated ed.). University of Texas Press. p. 72. ISBN 9780292706804.
- ^ a b c Zuhur 1998, p. 83
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 29
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 38
- ^ Zuhur 2000, pp. 24–25
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 25
- ^ Zuhur 2000, pp. 25–26
- ^ Zuhur 2000, pp. 37–38
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 36
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 39
- ^ Interview with Fuad al-Atrash. Time 4:34.
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 39
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 53
- ^ a b c d Zuhur 1998, p. 82
- ^ Asmahan's Secrets, quoting Nimat Fuad. p. 73
- ^ a b Zuhur 2000, p. 54
- ^ a b c Zuhur 2000, p. 216
- ^ a b Zuhur 2000, p. 98
- ^ The Druzes in the Jewish state By Kais Firro. page 240
- ^ a b c Zuhur 2000, p. 13
- ^ Rodenbeck, Max (1999) Cairo: The City Victorious. Alfred Knoff Publisher. New York
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 64
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 95
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 37
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 99
- ^ Zuhur 1998, pp. 83–85
- ^ Zuhur 1998, p. 88
- ^ a b Zuhur 1998, pp. 85–86
- ^ Zuhur 1998, pp. 86–87
- ^ a b c Baraka, Mohamed. Al-Ahram Weekly. Issue #933. 2009-02-05.
- ^ a b c d e f Moubayed, Sami (2008-09-20). "The saga of the rebel princess". Asia Times. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
- ^ a b c d e Steel and Silk. by Sami Moubayed. p. 523.
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 65
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 71
- ^ Zuhur 2000, pp. 13 and 70
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 70
- ^ Encyclopedia of the modern Middle East By Reeva S. Simon, Philip Mattar, Richard W. Bulliet, p. 245
- ^ a b Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, by the Gale Group, Inc.
- ^ Zuhur 2000, pp. 97–98
- ^ السيرة الذاتية: أسمهان
- ^ Mansel, Philip (1990) The Riddle of Asmahan, Grand Street, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 76-93
- ^ al-Raida by Beirut University College. Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World. p. 44.
- ^ Newspaper Article by Abdel-Fadil Taha 2008-05-23 Al-Quds Al-Arabi, "وكانت رغبتها الأساسية استعادت الجنسية المصرية"
- ^ Pappé, Ilan (2005), The Modern Middle East. p. 173
- ^ Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham; and Richard Trillosong (2000), World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. p. 331
- ^ Layaly al-Ons fi Vienna, Part 1
- ^ Layaly al-Ons fi Vienna, Part 2
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 115
- ^ al-Raida by Beirut University College. Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World. p. 42.
- ^ Mardam Bey, Salma (1998) Syria's quest for independence, 1939-1945. Ithaca Press. p. 82
- ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 165
- ^ Classical Arabic Music Website.
- ^ Baraka, Mohamed. Al-Ahram Newspaper Article. Issue No. 943, 16 - 22 April 2009.
- ^ El Kadi, Galila and Alain Bonnamy (2007) Architecture for the dead. American University in Cairo Press. p. 96
- ^ al-Thawra Newspaper article
- ^ Daily News Egypt. October 6, 2008
Sources
- Zuhur, Sherifa (1998), Images of enchantment: visual and performing arts of the Middle East, American University in Cairo Press, ISBN 9774244672
- Zuhur, Sherifa (2000), Asmahan's Secrets: Woman, War, and Song, University of Texas Press, ISBN 9780292798076
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Zuhur, Sherifa (2001). Colors of enchantment: theater, dance, music and the visual arts of the Middle East. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9774246071.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Asmahan at IMDb
- Asmahan Fan site
- Introduction to Asmahan's Secrets, a biography (ISBN 978-0-292-79807-6)
Template:Persondata {{subst:#if:Asmahan|}} [[Category:{{subst:#switch:{{subst:uc:1918}}
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