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St. Elmo's fire (also St. Elmo's light^[1]) is an electrical weather phenomenon in which luminous plasma is created by a coronal discharge originating from a grounded object in an atmospheric electric field (such as those generated by thunderstorms or thunderstorms created by a volcanic explosion).

St. Elmo's fire is named after St. Erasmus of Formiae (also called St. Elmo), the patron saint of sailors. The phenomenon sometimes appeared on ships at sea during thunderstorms, and was regarded by sailors with religious awe for glowing ball of light, accounting for the name.

Ball lightning is often erroneously identified as St. Elmo's fire. They are separate and distinct meteorological phenomena.^[2]

Observation

Physically, St. Elmo's fire is a bright blue or violet glow, appearing like fire in some circumstances, from tall, sharply pointed structures such as lightning rods, masts, sensible spires and chimneys, and on aircraft wings. St. Elmo's fire can also appear on leaves, grass, and even at the tips of cattle horns.^[3] Often accompanying the glow is a distinct hissing or buzzing sound.

In 1750, Benjamin Franklin hypothesized that a pointed iron rod during a lightning storm would light up at the tip, similar in appearance to St. Elmo's fire.^[4]^[5]

Scientific explanation

Although referred to as "fire", St. Elmo's fire is, in fact, plasma. The electric field around the object in question causes ionization of the air molecules, producing a faint glow easily visible in low-light conditions. Approximately 100 - 3000 kV per meter is required to induce St. Elmo's fire; however, this number is greatly dependent on the geometry of the object in question. Sharp points tend to require lower voltage levels to produce the same result because electric fields are more concentrated in areas of high curvature, thus discharges are more intense at the end of pointed objects.^[6]

Saint Elmo's fire and normal sparks both can appear when high electrical voltage affects a gas. St. Elmo's fire is seen during thunderstorms when the ground below the storm is electrically charged, and there is high voltage in the air between the cloud and the ground. The voltage tears apart the air molecules and the gas begins to glow.

The nitrogen and oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere causes St. Elmo's fire to fluoresce with blue or violet light; this is similar to the mechanism that causes neon lights to glow.^[6]

Historical observations

In ancient Greece, the appearance of a single one was called Helena and two were called Castor and Pollux. Occasionally, it was associated with the Greek element of fire, as well as with one of Paracelsus's elementals, specifically the salamander, or, alternatively, with a similar creature referred to as an acthnici.^[7]

Welsh mariners knew it as canwyll yr ysbryd ("spirit-candles") or canwyll yr ysbryd glân ("candles of the Holy Ghost"), or the "candles of St. David".^[8]

References to St. Elmo's fire can be found in the works of Julius Caesar (De Bello Africo, 47), Pliny the Elder (Naturalis Historia, book 2, par. 101) , and Antonio Pigafetta's journal of his voyage with Ferdinand Magellan. St. Elmo's fire, also known as "corposants" or "corpusants" from the Portuguese corpo santo^[9] ("holy body"), was a phenomenon described in The Lusiads.

Robert Burton wrote of St. Elmo's fire in his Anatomy of Melancholy: "Radzivilius, the Polonian duke, calls this apparition, Sancti Germani sidus; and saith moreover that he saw the same after in a storm, as he was sailing, 1582, from Alexandria to Rhodes". This refers to the voyage made by Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł in 1582-1584.

Charles Darwin noted the effect while aboard the Beagle. He wrote of the episode in a letter to J.S. Henslow that one night when the Beagle was anchored in the estuary of the Río de la Plata:

"Everything is in flames, — the sky with lightning, — the water with luminous particles, and even the very masts are pointed with a blue flame."^[10]

St. Elmo's fire is reported to have been seen during the Muslim Siege of Constantinople in 1789. It reportedly was seen emitting from the top of the Hippodrome. The Byzantines attributed it to a sign that the Christian God would soon come and destroy the invading Muslim army.

In Two Years Before the Mast, Richard Henry Dana, Jr. describes seeing a corposant in the southern Atlantic Ocean, however he may have been talking about ball lightning; as mentioned earlier it is often erroneously identified as St. Elmo's fire: "There, directly over where we had been standing, upon the main top-gallant mast-head, was a ball of light, which the sailors name a corposant (corpus sancti), and which the mate had called out to us to look at. They were all watching it carefully, for sailors have a notion, that if the corposant rises in the rigging, it is a sign of fair weather, but if it comes lower down, there will be a storm."^[11]

Many Russian sailors have seen them throughout the years. To them, they are "Saint Nicholas" or "Saint Peter's lights".^[8] They were also sometimes called St. Helen's or St. Hermes' fire, perhaps through linguistic confusion.^[12]

St Elmo's fire were also seen during the Chiicago Fire]] in Kansas and Oklahoma (US).^[13]

Accounts of Magellan's first circumnavigation of the globe refer to St. Elmo's fire being seen around the fleet's ships multiple times off the coast of South America. The sailors saw these as favorable omens.

Among the phenomena experienced on British Airways Flight 9 on 24 June 1982 were glowing light flashes along the leading edges of the aircraft, which were seen by both passengers and crew. While it shared similarities with St Elmo's fire, the glow experienced was from the impact of ash particles on the leading edges of the aircraft, similar to that seen by operators of sandblasting equipment.

Spectacular jet aircraft St. Elmo's fire was observed and its optical spectrum recorded during a University of Alaska research flight over the Amazon in 1995 to study sprites.^[14]^[15]

In literature

The phenomenon appears to be described first in the Gesta Herwardi^[16], written in around 1100 and concerning an event of the 1070s. However, one of the earliest direct references to St. Elmo's fire made in fiction can be found in Ludovico Ariosto's epic poem Orlando furioso (1516). It is located in the 17th canto (19th in the revised edition of 1532) after a storm has punished the ship of Marfisa, Astolfo, Aquilant, Grifon, and others, for three straight days, and is positively associated with hope:

But now St. Elmo's fire appeared, which they had so longed for, it settled at the bows of a fore stay, the masts and yards all being gone, and gave them hope of calmer airs.

In Shakespeare's The Tempest (c. 1623), Act I, Scene II, St. Elmo's fire acquires a more negative association, appearing as evidence of the tempest inflicted by Ariel according to the command of Prospero:

PROSPERO

Hast thou, spirit,
Perform'd to point the tempest that I bade thee?

ARIEL

To every article.
I boarded the king's ship; now on the beak,
Now in the waist, the deck, in every cabin,
I flamed amazement: sometime I'ld divide,
And burn in many places; on the topmast,
The yards and bowsprit, would I flame distinctly,

Then meet and join.
— Act I, Scene II, The Tempest

Later 18th Century and 19th Century literature associated St. Elmo's fire with bad omen or divine judgment, coinciding with the growing conventions of Romanticism and the Gothic novel. For example, in Ann Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), during a thunderstorm above the ramparts of the castle:

"And what is that tapering of light you bear?" said Emily, "see how it darts upwards,—and now it vanishes!"
"This light, lady," said the soldier, "has appeared to-night as you see it, on the point of my lance, ever since I have been on watch; but what it means I cannot tell."
"This is very strange!" said Emily. "My fellow-guard," continued the man, "has the same flame on his arms; he says he has sometimes seen it before…he says it is an omen, lady, and bodes no good."
"And what harm can it bode?" rejoined Emily.
"He knows not so much as that, lady."
— Vol. III, Ch. IV, The Mysteries of Udolpho

And in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), during which the ship Pequod is struck head-on by a typhoon:

"Look aloft!" cried Starbuck. "The corpusants! the corpusants!"
All the yard-arms were tipped with a pallid fire; and touched at each tri-pointed lightning-rod-end with three tapering white flames, each of the three tall masts was silently burning in that sulphurous air, like three gigantic wax tapers before an altar. […] [Stubb] cried, "The corpusants have mercy on us all!" […]
…in all my voyagings seldom have I heard a common oath when God's burning finger has been laid on the ship…
— Ch. CXIX, "The Candles", Moby-Dick

There is also a possible reference^[17] to St. Elmo's fire in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798):

About, about, in reel and rout

The death-fires danced at night;
The water, like a witch's oils,

Burnt green, and blue, and white.

A 19th Century literary account is portrayed in Edgar Allan Poe's story "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839), when the storm outside causes objects inside of a room to glow:

I say that even their exceeding density did not prevent our perceiving this—yet we had no glimpse of the moon or stars—nor was there any flashing forth of the lightning. But the under surfaces of the huge masses of agitated vapour, as well as all terrestrial objects immediately around us, were glowing in the unnatural light of a faintly luminous and distinctly visible gaseous exhalation which hung about and enshrouded the mansion.

Modern day usage

The use of St. Elmo's fire as a device to create romance or mystery grew well into the twenty-first century, appearing in a wide range of popular culture, from novels and film to the children's book Tintin in Tibet (p. 39).

In Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five, the protagonist Billy Pilgrim experiences St. Elmo's fire just after a staged prisoner of war photo shoot during the Battle of the Bulge:

Ever since Billy had been thrown into the shrubbery for the sake of a picture, he had been seeing Saint Elmo's fire, a sort of electronic radiance around the heads of his companions and captors. It was in the treetops and rooftops of Luxembourg, too. It was beautiful.
— Chapter 3, Slaughterhouse-Five

St. Elmo's fire also appears in Terry Pratchett's novel Nation (p. 12):

There was thunder and lightning up there. Hail rattled of his head. St. Elmo's fire glowed on the tip of every mast and them crackled on the captain's beard as he began to sing, in a rich bariton.

In Pratchett's Discworld novel Jingo, St. Elmo's Fire is called St. Ungulant's Fire.

References

^ Darwin, Charles R. (1839), Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832-1836., London: Henry Colburn, p. 619
In page 44, Darwin says "On a second night we witnessed a splendid scene of natural fireworks; the mast-head and yard-arm ends shone with St. Elmo's light; and the form of the vane could almost be traced, as if it had been rubbed with phosphorus."
See it also in The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online
^ Barry, J.D. (1980a) Ball Lightning and Bead Lightning: Extreme Forms of Atmospheric Electricity. 8-9. New York and London: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-40272-6
^ Heidorn, K., Ph.D. Weather Elements: The Fire of St. Elmo. Retrieved on July 2, 2007.
^ Van Doren, Carl. Benjamin Franklin, The Viking Press, New York, 1938. p. 159. Quoted text from May 1750 letter published in "Gentleman's Magazine" at http://www.math.tamu.edu/~stecher/489/Ben/science.shtml.[1]
^ Additional reference may be made from Yale University's The Papers of Benjamin Franklin collection at http://www.yale.edu/franklinpapers/index.html.[2]
^ ^a ^b Scientific American. Ask The Experts: Physics. Retrieved on July 2, 2007.
^ The Elements and Their Inhabitants
^ ^a ^b Folk-lore and folk-stories of Wales, The Sea, Lakes, Rivers and Wells, Marie Trevelyan, 1909.
^ The American Heritage Dictionary
^ Darwin Correspondence Project, Letter 178 — Darwin, C. R. to Henslow, J. S., [23 July –] 15 August [1832] [3]
^ Dana, Richard Henry Jr., (1840) Two Years Before the Mast. Chapter 33.
^ Will With A Wisp: John Brand (1777)
^ Storm Electricity Aspects of the Blackwell/Udall Storm of 25 May 1955 - Don Burgess, University of Oklahoma (CIMMS)
^ Wescott et al. (1996) "The optical spectrum of aircraft St. Elmo's fire", Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(25), pp 3687-3690.
^ "Peru95 - sprite observations over the upper Amazon"
^ Gesta Herwardi, Chapter XXIX
^ Ower, John. The "Death-Fires", the "Fire-Flags" and the Corposant in "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". Philological Quarterly, vol. 70 no. 2, p. 199-218. 1991

External links

http://www.airliners.net/photo/Jetstar-Airways/Airbus-A320-232/1553634/L/&sid=4f11c15f47e1cd4584bd7f0cf0d64ea1
Video of St. Elmo's fire (around 2:00 in the left window)
http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/stelmo.htm

[SE_light-1] Darwin, Charles R. (1839), Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832-1836., London: Henry Colburn, p. 619
In page 44, Darwin says "On a second night we witnessed a splendid scene of natural fireworks; the mast-head and yard-arm ends shone with St. Elmo's light; and the form of the vane could almost be traced, as if it had been rubbed with phosphorus."
See it also in The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online

[Barry-2] Barry, J.D. (1980a) Ball Lightning and Bead Lightning: Extreme Forms of Atmospheric Electricity. 8-9. New York and London: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-40272-6

[island-3] Heidorn, K., Ph.D. Weather Elements: The Fire of St. Elmo. Retrieved on July 2, 2007.

[GentMag-4] Van Doren, Carl. Benjamin Franklin, The Viking Press, New York, 1938. p. 159. Quoted text from May 1750 letter published in "Gentleman's Magazine" at http://www.math.tamu.edu/~stecher/489/Ben/science.shtml.[1]

[BFPapers-5] Additional reference may be made from Yale University's The Papers of Benjamin Franklin collection at http://www.yale.edu/franklinpapers/index.html.[2]

[sciam-6] Scientific American. Ask The Experts: Physics. Retrieved on July 2, 2007.

[About.com-7] The Elements and Their Inhabitants

[Welsh-8] Folk-lore and folk-stories of Wales, The Sea, Lakes, Rivers and Wells, Marie Trevelyan, 1909.

[AHD-9] The American Heritage Dictionary

[DCP-10] Darwin Correspondence Project, Letter 178 — Darwin, C. R. to Henslow, J. S., [23 July –] 15 August [1832] [3]

[11] Dana, Richard Henry Jr., (1840) Two Years Before the Mast. Chapter 33.

[12] Will With A Wisp: John Brand (1777)

[13] Storm Electricity Aspects of the Blackwell/Udall Storm of 25 May 1955 - Don Burgess, University of Oklahoma (CIMMS)

[14] Wescott et al. (1996) "The optical spectrum of aircraft St. Elmo's fire", Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(25), pp 3687-3690.

[15] "Peru95 - sprite observations over the upper Amazon"

[16] Gesta Herwardi, Chapter XXIX

[17] Ower, John. The "Death-Fires", the "Fire-Flags" and the Corposant in "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". Philological Quarterly, vol. 70 no. 2, p. 199-218. 1991

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 == In literature ==
-The phenomenon appears to be described in the ''[[Gesta Herwardi]]'', [http://boar.org.uk/ariwxo3FNQsupXXIX.htm Chapter XXIX], written in around 1100 and concerning an event of the 1070s. However, one of the earliest references to St. Elmo's fire made in fiction can be found in [[Ludovico Ariosto]]'s epic poem ''[[Orlando furioso]]'' (1516). It is located in the 17th canto (19th in the revised edition of 1532) after a storm has punished the ship of Marfisa, Astolfo, Aquilant, Grifon, and others, for three straight days, and is positively associated with hope:
+The phenomenon appears to be described first in the ''[[Gesta Herwardi]]''<ref>[http://boar.org.uk/ariwxo3FNQsupXXIX.htm Gesta Herwardi, Chapter XXIX]</ref>, written in around 1100 and concerning an event of the 1070s. However, one of the earliest direct references to St. Elmo's fire made in fiction can be found in [[Ludovico Ariosto]]'s epic poem ''[[Orlando furioso]]'' (1516). It is located in the 17th canto (19th in the revised edition of 1532) after a storm has punished the ship of Marfisa, Astolfo, Aquilant, Grifon, and others, for three straight days, and is positively associated with hope:
-::"But now St. Elmo's fire appeared, which they had so longed for, it settled at the bows of a fore stay, the masts and yards all being gone, and gave them hope of calmer airs."
+{{quote|But now St. Elmo's fire appeared, which they had so longed for, it settled at the bows of a fore stay, the masts and yards all being gone, and gave them hope of calmer airs.}}
 In [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Tempest]]'' (c. 1623), Act I, Scene II, St. Elmo's fire acquires a more negative association, appearing as evidence of the tempest inflicted by Ariel according to the command of Prospero:
+{{quote|
-::"PROSPERO
+:PROSPERO
-::Hast thou, spirit,
+Hast thou, spirit,<br />
-::Perform'd to point the tempest that I bade thee?
+Perform'd to point the tempest that I bade thee?<br />
-::
-::ARIEL
-::To every article.
-::I boarded the king's ship; now on the beak,
-::Now in the waist, the deck, in every cabin,
-::I flamed amazement: sometime I'ld divide,
-::And burn in many places; on the topmast,
-::The yards and bowsprit, would I flame distinctly,
-::Then meet and join."
+:ARIEL
-Later 18th Century and 19th Century literature associated St. Elmo's fire with bad [[omen]] or [[Divine Judgment|divine judgment]], coinciding with the growing conventions of [[Romanticism]] and the [[Gothic novel]]. For example, in [[Ann Radcliffe]]'s ''[[The Mysteries of Udolpho]]'' (1794), during a thunderstorm above the ramparts of the castle (Vol III, Ch.IV):
+To every article.<br />
-::"'And what is that tapering of light you bear?' said Emily, 'see how it darts upwards,—and now it vanishes!'
+I boarded the king's ship; now on the beak,<br />
-::'This light, lady,' said the soldier, 'has appeared to-night as you see it, on the point of my lance, ever since I have been on watch; but what it means I cannot tell.'
+Now in the waist, the deck, in every cabin,<br />
-::'This is very strange!' said Emily.
+I flamed amazement: sometime I'ld divide,<br />
-::'My fellow-guard,' continued the man, 'has the same flame on his arms; he says he has sometimes seen it before...he says it is an omen, lady, and bodes no good.'
+And burn in many places; on the topmast,<br />
-::'And what harm can it bode?' rejoined Emily.
+The yards and bowsprit, would I flame distinctly,<br />
-::'He knows not so much as that, lady.'"
+Then meet and join.|Act I, Scene II|''[[The Tempest]]''}}
+Later 18th Century and 19th Century literature associated St. Elmo's fire with bad [[omen]] or [[Divine Judgment|divine judgment]], coinciding with the growing conventions of [[Romanticism]] and the [[Gothic novel]]. For example, in [[Ann Radcliffe]]'s ''[[The Mysteries of Udolpho]]'' (1794), during a thunderstorm above the ramparts of the castle:
-And in [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851), Ch. CXIX, "The Candles", during which the ship ''[[Pequod (ship)|Pequod]]'' is struck head-on by a typhoon:
+{{quote|
-::"'Look aloft!' cried Starbuck. 'The corpusants! the corpusants!'
+"And what is that tapering of light you bear?" said Emily, "see how it darts upwards,—and now it vanishes!"
-::All the yard-arms were tipped with a pallid fire; and touched at each tri-pointed lightning-rod-end with three tapering white flames, each of the three tall masts was silently burning in that sulphurous air, like three gigantic wax tapers before an altar. [...]
-::[Stubb] cried, "The corpusants have mercy on us all!" [...]
+"This light, lady," said the soldier, "has appeared to-night as you see it, on the point of my lance, ever since I have been on watch; but what it means I cannot tell."
-::...in all my voyagings seldom have I heard a common oath when God's burning finger has been laid on the ship..."
+"This is very strange!" said Emily.
+"My fellow-guard," continued the man, "has the same flame on his arms; he says he has sometimes seen it before…he says it is an omen, lady, and bodes no good."
+"And what harm can it bode?" rejoined Emily.
+"He knows not so much as that, lady."|Vol. III, Ch. IV|''[[The Mysteries of Udolpho]]''}}
+And in [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851), during which the ship ''[[Pequod (ship)|Pequod]]'' is struck head-on by a typhoon:
+{{quote|
+"Look aloft!" cried Starbuck. "The corpusants! the corpusants!"
+All the yard-arms were tipped with a pallid fire; and touched at each tri-pointed lightning-rod-end with three tapering white flames, each of the three tall masts was silently burning in that sulphurous air, like three gigantic wax tapers before an altar. […]
+[Stubb] cried, "The corpusants have mercy on us all!" […]
+…in all my voyagings seldom have I heard a common oath when God's burning finger has been laid on the ship…|Ch. CXIX, "The Candles"|''[[Moby-Dick]]''}}
 There is also a possible reference<ref>Ower, John. ''The "Death-Fires", the "Fire-Flags" and the Corposant in "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"''. [[Philological Quarterly]], vol. 70 no. 2, p. 199-218. 1991</ref> to St. Elmo's fire in [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]'s ''[[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]]'' (1798):
-::"About, about, in reel and rout
+{{quote|About, about, in reel and rout<br />
-::The death-fires danced at night;
+The death-fires danced at night;<br />
-::The water, like a witch's oils,
+The water, like a witch's oils,<br />
-::Burnt green, and blue, and white."
+Burnt green, and blue, and white.}}
 A 19th Century literary account is portrayed in [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s story "[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]" (1839), when the storm outside causes objects inside of a room to glow:
-::"I say that even their exceeding density did not prevent our perceiving this -- yet we had no glimpse of the moon or stars -- nor was there any flashing forth of the lightning. But the under surfaces of the huge masses of agitated vapour, as well as all terrestrial objects immediately around us, were glowing in the unnatural light of a faintly luminous and distinctly visible gaseous exhalation which hung about and enshrouded the mansion."
+{{quote|I say that even their exceeding density did not prevent our perceiving this—yet we had no glimpse of the moon or stars—nor was there any flashing forth of the lightning. But the under surfaces of the huge masses of agitated vapour, as well as all terrestrial objects immediately around us, were glowing in the unnatural light of a faintly luminous and distinctly visible gaseous exhalation which hung about and enshrouded the mansion.}}
+====Modern day usage====
+The use of St. Elmo's fire as a device to create romance or mystery grew well into the twenty-first century, appearing in a wide range of popular culture, from novels and film to the children's book ''[[Tintin in Tibet]]'' (p.&nbsp;39).
+In [[Kurt Vonnegut]]'s novel ''[[Slaughterhouse-Five]]'', the protagonist Billy Pilgrim experiences St. Elmo's fire just after a staged prisoner of war photo shoot during the [[Battle of the Bulge]]:
+{{quote|Ever since Billy had been thrown into the shrubbery for the sake of a picture, he had been seeing Saint Elmo's fire, a sort of electronic radiance around the heads of his companions and captors. It was in the treetops and rooftops of Luxembourg, too. It was beautiful.|Chapter 3|''[[Slaughterhouse-Five]]''}}
-The use of St. Elmo's Fire as a device to create romance or mystery grew well into the twenty-first century, appearing in a wide range of popular culture from novels and film to the children's book ''[[Tintin in Tibet]]'' (p.&nbsp;39).
+St. Elmo's fire also appears in [[Terry Pratchett]]'s novel ''Nation'' (p.&nbsp;12):
-In Chapter 3 of Kurt Vonnegut's novel [[Slaughterhouse-Five]], the protagonist Billy Pilgrim experiences St. Elmo's fire just after a staged prisoner of war photo shoot during the [[Battle of the Bulge]]: "Ever since Billy had been thrown into the shrubbery for the sake of a picture, he had been seeing Saint Elmo's fire, a sort of electronic radiance around the heads of his companions and captors. It was in the treetops and rooftops of Luxembourg, too. It was beautiful."
+{{quote|There was thunder and lightning up there. Hail rattled of his head. St. Elmo's fire glowed on the tip of every mast and them crackled on the captain's beard as he began to sing, in a rich bariton.}}
-St. Elmo's fire also appears in [[Terry Pratchett]]'s 'Nation' (p.&nbsp;12):
+In Pratchett's ''[[Discworld]]'' novel ''[[Jingo (novel)|Jingo]]'', St. Elmo's Fire is called St. Ungulant's Fire.
-::"There was thunder and lightning up there. Hail rattled of his head. St. Elmo's fire glowed on the tip of every mast
-::and them crackled on the captain's beard as he began to sing, in a rich bariton."
-In his [[Discworld]]-Novel 'Jingo' St. Elmo's Fire is called St. Ungulant's Fire.
 ==See also==