Nazca plate: Difference between revisions
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The '''Nazca Plate''', named after the [[Nazca]] region of southern [[Peru]], is an oceanic [[tectonic plate]] in the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] basin off the west coast of [[South America]]. The ongoing [[subduction]] along the [[Peru-Chile Trench]] of Nazca Plate under the [[South American Plate]] is largely responsible for the [[Andean orogeny]]. Nazca Plate bound to west to the [[Pacific Plate]] and to south with the [[Antarctic Plate]] throught the [[East Pacific Rise]] and the [[Chile Rise]] respectively. The movement of Nazca Plate under several [[hotspot (geology)|hotpots]] have created some [[volcanic island]] as well as east-west running [[seamount]] chains the subduct under South America. Nazca is relatively young plate both in terms of age of rocks and existence as independent plate. |
The '''Nazca Plate''', named after the [[Nazca]] region of southern [[Peru]], is an oceanic [[tectonic plate]] in the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] basin off the west coast of [[South America]]. The ongoing [[subduction]] along the [[Peru-Chile Trench]] of Nazca Plate under the [[South American Plate]] is largely responsible for the [[Andean orogeny]]. Nazca Plate bound to west to the [[Pacific Plate]] and to south with the [[Antarctic Plate]] throught the [[East Pacific Rise]] and the [[Chile Rise]] respectively. The movement of Nazca Plate under several [[hotspot (geology)|hotpots]] have created some [[volcanic island]] as well as east-west running [[seamount]] chains the subduct under South America. Nazca is relatively young plate both in terms of age of rocks and existence as independent plate. |
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==Boundaries== |
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==Seafloor speading== |
===Seafloor speading=== |
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{{main|East Pacific Rise|Chile Rise}} |
{{main|East Pacific Rise|Chile Rise}} |
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Yet another triple junction, the [[Chile Triple Junction]],<ref>http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/courses/gly481-581/McGuire05_2.pdf Tectonics of South America: Chile Triple Junction</ref> occurs on the seafloor of the [[Pacific Ocean]] off [[Taitao Peninsula|Taitao]] and [[Tres Montes Peninsula]] at the southern coast of [[Chile]]. Here three [[tectonics|tectonic]] plates meet: the Nazca Plate, the [[South American Plate]], and the [[Antarctic Plate]]. |
Yet another triple junction, the [[Chile Triple Junction]],<ref>http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/courses/gly481-581/McGuire05_2.pdf Tectonics of South America: Chile Triple Junction</ref> occurs on the seafloor of the [[Pacific Ocean]] off [[Taitao Peninsula|Taitao]] and [[Tres Montes Peninsula]] at the southern coast of [[Chile]]. Here three [[tectonics|tectonic]] plates meet: the Nazca Plate, the [[South American Plate]], and the [[Antarctic Plate]]. |
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==Subduction== |
===Subduction=== |
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{{see also|Peru-Chile Trench|Andean orogeny}} |
{{see also|Peru-Chile Trench|Andean orogeny}} |
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The eastern margin is a [[convergent boundary]] [[subduction zone]] under the [[South American Plate]] and the [[Andes Mountains]], forming the [[Peru-Chile Trench]]. The southern side is a [[divergent boundary]] with the [[Antarctic Plate]], the [[Chile Rise]], where [[seafloor spreading]] permits [[magma]] to rise. The western side is a divergent boundary with the [[Pacific Plate]], forming the [[East Pacific Rise]]. The northern side is a divergent boundary with the [[Cocos Plate]], the [[Galapagos Rise]]. |
The eastern margin is a [[convergent boundary]] [[subduction zone]] under the [[South American Plate]] and the [[Andes Mountains]], forming the [[Peru-Chile Trench]]. The southern side is a [[divergent boundary]] with the [[Antarctic Plate]], the [[Chile Rise]], where [[seafloor spreading]] permits [[magma]] to rise. The western side is a divergent boundary with the [[Pacific Plate]], forming the [[East Pacific Rise]]. The northern side is a divergent boundary with the [[Cocos Plate]], the [[Galapagos Rise]]. |
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The subdubduction of Nazca plate under southern Chile has produced the largest recorded earthquake; the [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] 9.5 [[1960 Valdivia earthquake]]. |
The subdubduction of Nazca plate under southern Chile has produced the largest recorded earthquake; the [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] 9.5 [[1960 Valdivia earthquake]]. |
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==Features== |
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===Hotspots=== |
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{{main|Easter hotspot|Juan Fernández hotspot|Galápagos hotspot|San Felix hotspot}} |
{{main|Easter hotspot|Juan Fernández hotspot|Galápagos hotspot|San Felix hotspot}} |
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{{expand|section}} |
{{expand|section}} |
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A [[triple junction]] occurs at the northwest corner of the plate where the Nazca, Cocos, and Pacific Plates all join off the coast of [[Colombia]]. A second triple junction occurs at the southwest corner at the intersection of the Nazca, Pacific, and Antarctic Plates off the coast of southern [[Chile]]. At each of these triple junctions an ''[[anomaly|anomalous]]'' microplate exists, the [[Galapagos Microplate]] at the northern junction and the [[Juan Fernandez Plate|Juan Fernandez Microplate]] at the southern junction. The [[Easter Plate|Easter Island Microplate]] is a third microplate that is located just north of the Juan Fernandez Microplate and lies just west of [[Easter Island]]. |
A [[triple junction]] occurs at the northwest corner of the plate where the Nazca, Cocos, and Pacific Plates all join off the coast of [[Colombia]]. A second triple junction occurs at the southwest corner at the intersection of the Nazca, Pacific, and Antarctic Plates off the coast of southern [[Chile]]. At each of these triple junctions an ''[[anomaly|anomalous]]'' microplate exists, the [[Galapagos Microplate]] at the northern junction and the [[Juan Fernandez Plate|Juan Fernandez Microplate]] at the southern junction. The [[Easter Plate|Easter Island Microplate]] is a third microplate that is located just north of the Juan Fernandez Microplate and lies just west of [[Easter Island]]. |
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==Aseismic ridges== |
===Aseismic ridges=== |
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{{main|Nazca Ridge|Juan Fernández Ridge|Carnegie Ridge|}} |
{{main|Nazca Ridge|Juan Fernández Ridge|Carnegie Ridge|}} |
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The '''Carnegie Ridge''' is a 1350-km-long and up to 300-km-wide feature on the ocean floor of the northern Nazca Plate that includes the [[Galápagos Islands|Galápagos archipelago]] at its western end. It is being subducted under South American with the rest of the Nazca Plate. |
The '''Carnegie Ridge''' is a 1350-km-long and up to 300-km-wide feature on the ocean floor of the northern Nazca Plate that includes the [[Galápagos Islands|Galápagos archipelago]] at its western end. It is being subducted under South American with the rest of the Nazca Plate. |
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Revision as of 17:16, 8 December 2009
The Nazca Plate, named after the Nazca region of southern Peru, is an oceanic tectonic plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean basin off the west coast of South America. The ongoing subduction along the Peru-Chile Trench of Nazca Plate under the South American Plate is largely responsible for the Andean orogeny. Nazca Plate bound to west to the Pacific Plate and to south with the Antarctic Plate throught the East Pacific Rise and the Chile Rise respectively. The movement of Nazca Plate under several hotpots have created some volcanic island as well as east-west running seamount chains the subduct under South America. Nazca is relatively young plate both in terms of age of rocks and existence as independent plate.
Boundaries
Seafloor speading
Yet another triple junction, the Chile Triple Junction,[1] occurs on the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean off Taitao and Tres Montes Peninsula at the southern coast of Chile. Here three tectonic plates meet: the Nazca Plate, the South American Plate, and the Antarctic Plate.
Subduction
The eastern margin is a convergent boundary subduction zone under the South American Plate and the Andes Mountains, forming the Peru-Chile Trench. The southern side is a divergent boundary with the Antarctic Plate, the Chile Rise, where seafloor spreading permits magma to rise. The western side is a divergent boundary with the Pacific Plate, forming the East Pacific Rise. The northern side is a divergent boundary with the Cocos Plate, the Galapagos Rise.
This triple junction is unusual in that it consists of a mid-oceanic ridge, the Chile Rise, being subducted under the South American Plate at the Peru-Chile Trench.
The subdubduction of Nazca plate under southern Chile has produced the largest recorded earthquake; the moment magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake.
Features
Hotspots
A triple junction occurs at the northwest corner of the plate where the Nazca, Cocos, and Pacific Plates all join off the coast of Colombia. A second triple junction occurs at the southwest corner at the intersection of the Nazca, Pacific, and Antarctic Plates off the coast of southern Chile. At each of these triple junctions an anomalous microplate exists, the Galapagos Microplate at the northern junction and the Juan Fernandez Microplate at the southern junction. The Easter Island Microplate is a third microplate that is located just north of the Juan Fernandez Microplate and lies just west of Easter Island.
Aseismic ridges
The Carnegie Ridge is a 1350-km-long and up to 300-km-wide feature on the ocean floor of the northern Nazca Plate that includes the Galápagos archipelago at its western end. It is being subducted under South American with the rest of the Nazca Plate.
Plate motion
The absolute motion of the Nazca Plate has been calibrated at 3.7 cm/yr east motion (88°), some of the fastest absolute motion of any tectonic plate. The subducting Nazca Plate, which exhibits unusual flat-slab subduction, is tearing as well as deforming as it is subducted (Barzangi and Isacks). The subduction has formed, and continues to form the volcanic Andes Mountain Range. Deformation of the Nazca Plate even affects the geography of Bolivia, far to the east (Tinker et al.). It was on the Nazca Plate that the 1994 Bolivia earthquake occurred, measuring a magnitude MW of 8.2 and the strongest earthquake occurring deeper than 300 km.
Luckily, very few islands are there to suffer the earthquakes that are a result of complicated movements at these junctions. Juan Fernández Islands is an exception.
Geologic history
The precursor of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate to its north was the Farallon Plate, which split in late Oligocene times, about 22.8 Mya, a date arrived at by interpreting magnetic anomalies.
Notes
- ^ http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/courses/gly481-581/McGuire05_2.pdf Tectonics of South America: Chile Triple Junction
References
- Extreme Science site: "A Lesson in Plate tetonics" The basics explained.
- Galapagos rise junction (map)
- Juan Fernandez and Easter microplate (map)
- Muawia Barazangi and Bryan L. Isacks, "Spatial distribution of earthquakes and subduction of the Nazca plate beneath South America" in Geology Vol. 4, No. 11, pp. 686–692. Abstract
- Mark Andrew Tinker, Terry C. Wallace, Susan L. Beck, Stephen Myers, and Andrew Papanikolas, "Geometry and state of stress of the Nazca plate beneath Bolivia and its implication for the evolution of the Bolivian orocline" in Geology 24(5), pp. 387–390 Abstract
- Cahill, T. and B. Isacks (1992). "Seismicity and shape of the subducted Nazca plate." Journal Geophysical Research 97 (12)
- James, D. (1978). "Subduction of the Nazca plate beneath Central Peru." Geology 6 (3) pp 174 – 178
- Martin Meschede and Udo Barckhausen, "Plate tectonic evolution of the Cocos-Nazca spreading center" (pdf file)
