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==Reception==
==Reception==
===Ratings and awards===
===Ratings and awards===
"A Rugrats Passover" originally broadcast on April 13, [[1995 in television|1995]], on the Nickelodeon television network.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="timeline"/> Repeats of the episode began that Saturday at 7:30 p.m.<ref name="NYT"/> According to Catherine Mullally, Vice President and Executive Producer of Nickelodeon Video and Audio Works in 1995, the episode was the highest rated telecast in the network's history based on [[Nielsen ratings]].<ref name="ratings"/><ref name="ratings2"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Figures ranging from Peanuts gang to Jesus tell Easter, Passover stories in videos|work=The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|date=1998-04-10|author=Bassave, Roy}}</ref> In 1998, when the series' [[Thanksgiving]] special, entitled "The Turkey Who Came to Dinner," received 3.7 million viewers (9.4/28), replacing "A Rugrats Passover" in the position in terms of viewership.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nickelodeon is cable's number one rated network for 1998 Record Setting Performances on Nickelodeon / Nick at Nite Drive Network To Total Day Cable Ratings Victory for Third Straight Year|publisher=Press release, [[Viacom]]|date=1998-12-16|location=[[New York City, New York]]}}</ref>
"A Rugrats Passover" originally broadcast on April 13, [[1995 in television|1995]], on the Nickelodeon television network.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="timeline"/> Repeats of the episode began that Saturday at 7:30 p.m.<ref name="NYT"/> According to Catherine Mullally, Vice President and Executive Producer of Nickelodeon Video and Audio Works in 1995, the episode was the highest rated telecast in the network's history based on [[Nielsen ratings]].<ref name="ratings"/><ref name="ratings2"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Figures ranging from Peanuts gang to Jesus tell Easter, Passover stories in videos|work=The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|date=1998-04-10|author=Bassave, Roy}}</ref> In 1997, when the series' [[Thanksgiving]] special, entitled "The Turkey Who Came to Dinner," received 3.7 million viewers (9.4/28), replacing "A Rugrats Passover" in the position in terms of viewership.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nickelodeon is cable's number one rated network for 1998 Record Setting Performances on Nickelodeon / Nick at Nite Drive Network To Total Day Cable Ratings Victory for Third Straight Year|publisher=Press release, [[Viacom]]|date=1998-12-16|location=[[New York City, New York]]}}</ref>


The episode was nominated for a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] in the category "[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)]],"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toonzone.net/shows/awards/1995.html|title=1995 Awards|publisher=ToonZone|accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award Winning and Legendary Animators|author=Lenburg, Jeff|isbn=155783671X|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|date=2006|page=54}}</ref> but lost to ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Lisa's Wedding]]."<ref>{{cite video | people=[[David Mirkin|Mirkin, David]]|date=2005|title=The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode "[[Lisa's Wedding]]"| medium=DVD|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]}}</ref> At the 23rd Annual [[Annie Awards]], it was nominated in the category "Best Individual Achievement for Writing in the Field of Animation," but was beaten by the episode "The Tick vs. Arthur’s Band Account" from [[Fox Kids]]' animated series ''[[The Tick (1994 TV series)|The Tick]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://annieawards.org/23rdwinners.html|title=Legacy: 23rd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1995)|publisher=[[Annie Awards]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> In 1995, it was ''Rugrats''<nowiki>'</nowiki> submission for a [[CableACE]] award, but—though receiving a nomination—did not win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rugratonline.com/rrawards.htm|title=The Rugrats Trophy Case|publisher=Unofficial Rugrats Online|accessdate=2010-01-06|author=Mindykowski, Steve|date=2003-05-26}}</ref>
The episode was nominated for a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] in the category "[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)]],"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toonzone.net/shows/awards/1995.html|title=1995 Awards|publisher=ToonZone|accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award Winning and Legendary Animators|author=Lenburg, Jeff|isbn=155783671X|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|date=2006|page=54}}</ref> but lost to ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Lisa's Wedding]]."<ref>{{cite video | people=[[David Mirkin|Mirkin, David]]|date=2005|title=The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode "[[Lisa's Wedding]]"| medium=DVD|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]}}</ref> At the 23rd Annual [[Annie Awards]], it was nominated in the category "Best Individual Achievement for Writing in the Field of Animation," but was beaten by the episode "The Tick vs. Arthur’s Band Account" from [[Fox Kids]]' animated series ''[[The Tick (1994 TV series)|The Tick]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://annieawards.org/23rdwinners.html|title=Legacy: 23rd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1995)|publisher=[[Annie Awards]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> In 1995, it was ''Rugrats''<nowiki>'</nowiki> submission for a [[CableACE]] award, but—though receiving a nomination—did not win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rugratonline.com/rrawards.htm|title=The Rugrats Trophy Case|publisher=Unofficial Rugrats Online|accessdate=2010-01-06|author=Mindykowski, Steve|date=2003-05-26}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:29, 23 January 2010

"A Rugrats Passover"

"A Rugrats Passover" is the 26th third season episode of the animated television series Rugrats, and the sixty-second episode overall. The plot of the episode follows Grandpa Boris being trapped in the attic with the babies on Passover; to pass the time, he tells them the Jewish story of the Exodus. The story portrays young Tommy as Moses and Angelica as the pharaoh of Egypt.

"A Rugrats Passover" was written by Peter Gaffney, Paul Germain, Rachel Lipman, and Jonathon Greenberg. It was directed by Jim Duffy, Steve Socki, and Jeff McGrath. In 1992, Nickelodeon executives contacted the Rugrats production staff and suggested that they produce a Hannukah special of the series. Germain responded to their idea by suggesting a similar episode about Passover. It originally broadcast on April 13, 1995, on the cable network Nickelodeon.and it's the only episode to be released in 1995 It was "the highest-rated show in Nickelodeon's history"[1] and received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics, including the Jewish community. It was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award, an Annie Award, and a CableACE Award. Despite the acclaim, the episode fell under controversy from the Anti-Defamation League over the supposed similarities between the design of the grandparents and anti-Semitic drawings in a 1930s Nazi newspaper.

The episode was among the first times an animated series focused on a Jewish holiday, and its success spawned the creation of the as well critically acclaimed Hannukah special "A Rugrats Chanukah." The novelization of the episode was put on display in an exhibit at the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 2007.

Plot summary

The Pickles family are gathering to celebrate the Passover Seder at Grandpa Boris and Grandma Minka's house. Minka and Boris have an argument over the type of wine glasses they should use for the Seder and Boris storms out of the room. Minka cries to her daughter Didi when the family arrives. They prepare for the Seder, not knowing where Boris has gone off to, while Chuckie and his father arrive to join the celebration. When the Seder begins, Chuckie, Tommy, and Angelica stumble into the attic, where Boris is. He explains to them that he was going to get the wine glasses Minka wanted to settle their argument, when the door closed, locking him in from the inside. Angelica tests it out and locks them in accidentally.

Boris decides to tell the children the story of the Exodus to better their understanding of Passover. As he does, Angelica imagines herself as the Pharaoh of Egypt, who commands the Hebrews to throw their newborn children into the Nile River. One Hebrew defies the order, putting baby Moses (Tommy) in a basket and sending him down the river. She shows him around her palace and declares him her partner. As Boris explains that the Pharaoh did not know Moses was a Hebrew, Chuckie's father Chas enters the attic, looking for the children, and becomes locked in with the rest of them. He sits down and listens as Boris continues: years later, Moses stands up for an abused Hebrew slave (Chuckie) and is outed as a Hebrew. He flees to the desert, where he becomes a shepherd and forgets of the Pharaoh and Egypt; however, the voice of God calls to him from a burning bush, telling him that he must free the Hebrews from their enslavement.

Moses confronts the Pharaoh and demands that she let the Hebrews be free. She refuses and calls her guards to drag her away. Moses curses her kingdom with terrible plagues until she gives in and allows Moses to take the slaves away. As Boris explains how the Pharaoh deceives them and does not allow them to leave, Angelica's parents Drew and Charlotte arrive and become locked in with everyone else. The Pharaoh's treachery causes Moses to curse her once more, with a plague that declares all first-born Egyptian children will be taken, which includes the Pharaoh. The plague begins to hit and the Pharaoh makes a deal with Moses to let the slaves leave as long as he calls off the plague. Moses does so and leads the Hebrews out of Egypt. However, the Pharaoh second-guesses herself and leads her remaining army to chase after the Hebrews.

Minka, Didi, and Stew arrive in the attic to find the group and listen as Boris finishes the story: Moses, cornered, uses the power of God to part the Red Sea, which they are approaching. This allows them to run off free while the waves crash upon the Pharaoh and her army. With the story over, the family gets up to finish the Seder, but the wind blows the door shut and locks them all in. Boris decides to tell them another story about his relatives.

Production

Recording sessions for the episode took place in Hollywood, California.

In 1992, Nickelodeon executives contacted the production staff of Rugrats and pitched them the concept of a special episode concerning Hannukah.[2] The crew agreed that a Passover special would serve as both "historical interest" and a "funny idea," so Paul Germain—founder of the series along with Arlene Klasky and Gábor Csupó—responded to the executives by informing them of the staff's consensus.[2][3]

Germain collaborated with a group of Rugrats writers consisting of Peter Gaffney, Rachel Lipman, and Jonathon Greenberg to pen the teleplay for the episode, and animators Jim Duffy, Steve Socki, and Jeff McGrath later acted as the episode's directors.[4][5] Though normal episodes of the series would generally be constructed of two separate 15-minute segments, the staff believed "A Rugrats Passover" should be treated differently as it was a special, so it was written to consume the allotted twenty-two minutes given by the network for Rugrats to run through.[3] Recording sessions for the episode, located in Hollywood, California, took each actor individually one day to complete, taking anywhere from fifteen minutes to four hours depending on the scene or role.[6][7]

The episode is available on several different home-media releases, including DVDs and VHSs. It is the basis for the videos A Rugrats Passover,[1][8][9][10][11] which also includes four other titles including "Toys in the Attic,"[1][8] and Rugrats Passover: Let My Babies Go.[12] It is also featured in the video Grandpa's Favorite Stories, alongside the episode "The Return of Reptar."[13] A novelization of the episode entitled Let My Babies Go!: A Passover Story, written by Sarah Wilson and featuring illustrations by Barry Goldberg. It was published by publishing company Simon Spotlight in 1998.[14]

Themes

As with other episodes of Rugrats, "A Rugrats Passover" relies heavily on its portrayal of "the innocence of a baby's perception of the world," as well as the exaggerated detail of which it details the fears the Rugrats feel when met with the realities of the world from their small stature.[15] As noted by Klasky, the portrayal of the Pickles family during the episode differs from that of traditional television programing at the time, as the family is shown to be "very loving, [and] basically functional."[15] The episode also executes a type of subversive style the series relies on heavily; Charlotte is portrayed as an overbearing mother who is constantly glued to her cell phone and engrossed in her business life throughout the preparation for the Seder, though she admits to her smitten desires to provide a somewhat educational environment for Angelica.[16]

"A Rugrats Passover" centers acutely on the religious beliefs and practices of followers of the Judaism religion,[4][5][8] which, at the time of the episode's broadcast, was a rare elements featured in animated television series.[5] Several aspects of the religion play crucial parts in the episode's narrative, particularly the ritualistic elements of Passover, which is a Jewish holiday.[5] The family is shown celebrating the Seder practice of the holiday, cooking a special Passover dinner so they can partake in the practice.[5][17] Other topics of religion—a factor which was generally unexplored in animated television during the episode's run—are expressed throughout the episode.[18] In particular, the religious status of three of the families are revealed; Boris, Minka, and Didi subscribe to Judaism, choreographing the Seder, while Stew and his side of the family do not. Chuckie and his father Chas, furthermore, are portrayed as irreligious, following no particular faith system.[19]

Reception

Ratings and awards

"A Rugrats Passover" originally broadcast on April 13, 1995, on the Nickelodeon television network.[5][19] Repeats of the episode began that Saturday at 7:30 p.m.[5] According to Catherine Mullally, Vice President and Executive Producer of Nickelodeon Video and Audio Works in 1995, the episode was the highest rated telecast in the network's history based on Nielsen ratings.[1][11][20] In 1997, when the series' Thanksgiving special, entitled "The Turkey Who Came to Dinner," received 3.7 million viewers (9.4/28), replacing "A Rugrats Passover" in the position in terms of viewership.[21]

The episode was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour),"[22][23] but lost to The Simpsons episode "Lisa's Wedding."[24] At the 23rd Annual Annie Awards, it was nominated in the category "Best Individual Achievement for Writing in the Field of Animation," but was beaten by the episode "The Tick vs. Arthur’s Band Account" from Fox Kids' animated series The Tick.[25] In 1995, it was Rugrats' submission for a CableACE award, but—though receiving a nomination—did not win.[26]

Critical response

"A Rugrats Passover" received overwhelmingly positive reviews from television critics and is one of the most popular episodes of Rugrats in its broadcasting history.[27] John J. O'Connor of The New York Times wrote that the episode is "If not a first, it certainly is a rarity."[5] Authors Michael Atkinson and Laurel Shifrin wrote in their book Flickipedia: Perfect Films for Every Occasion, Holiday, Mood, Ordeal, and Whim that the episode "celebrates secular Jewishness in the wisest and most entertaining fashion[...] Grandpa Boris regales the kids with an epic, albeit abridged, Exodus story."[28]

Halley Blair of Forward Magazine declared the episode "a comical primer for getting children ready for upcoming seders."[29] Danny Goldberg, author of How The Left Lost Teen Spirit, wrote in the book that the Jewish themes in the episode were "clearly expressed in the context of a mass appeal entertainment."[30] Ted Cox of the Daily Herald called the episode "among the best holiday TV specials ever produced."[31] Among many praises of the episode from the Jewish community is Gila Wertheimer, of the Chicago Jewish Star, who wrote that it "will entertain children of all ages -- and their parents."[10]

In contrast to these critical raves, Joel Keller if AOL's TV Squad noted that he has "always hated" and was unimpressed that it was among only two Passover television episode to come up on Google searches for phrases such as "passover" and "episode," and "passover", "seder" and "TV."[32]

Anti-Defamation League controversy

"A Rugrats Passover," along with other Rugrats episodes which featured Boris and his wife Minka as characters, attracted controversy when the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) claimed that the two characters resembled anti-Semitic drawings that were featured in a 1930s Nazi newspaper. Nickelodeon's then-president Albie Hecht, himself Jewish, professed himself dumbfounded by the criticism, and called the accusation absurd.[30] The controversy resurfaced in 1998 after the ADL observed the same similarities in Boris' appearance in a Rugrats comic strip that ran in newspapers during the Jewish New Year. The organization was also offended by the character reciting the Mourner's Kaddish in the strip. Unlike Hecht, Nickelodeon's new president Herb Scannell agreed with the claims and apologized, promising never to run the character nor the strip again.[33]

Legacy

"A Rugrats Passover" marked the first time Nickelodeon aired a program about the Passover holiday,[34] as well as one of the first times an animated television series focused on a Jewish holiday.[5] Nickelodeon would later air other animated programming that centered around Judaism; one episode of Hey Arnold! entitled "Harold's Bar Mitzvah" followed the Jewish character Harold Berman preparing for his Bar Mitzvah.[35]

The success of the episode led to the Rugrats crew to begin considering the Hannukah special Nickelodeon executives had initially pitched to them.[2] J. David Stem and David N. Weiss—who had recently converted to Judaism—[36]collaborated to write the script, while Raymie Muzquiz directed it.[37] The episode, entitled "A Rugrats Chanukah," was originally broadcast on December 4, 1996 on Nickelodeon[38] and received a Nielsen Rating of 7.9 in the Kids 2–11 demographic.[39] Like "A Rugrats Passover," it was critically acclaimed and became among the most popular episodes in the series.[27]

In 2007, the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma, unveiled a new exhibit which galleried Biblical images in art and pop culture, including a poster for Let My Babies Go!: A Passover Story, the picture book based on "A Rugrats Passover." Other items highlighted in the gallery included a promotional poster for The Simpsons episode "Simpsons Bible Stories" and a vintage Superman comic book entitled "The Red-Headed Beatle of 1000 B.C.," featuring the character of Jimmy Olsen traveling throughout Biblical times.[40][41]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Nickelodeon on a roll; Learning Station's bright idea". Billboard: 66. 1995-10-14.
  2. ^ a b c Swartz, Mimi (1998-10-30). "How raising the Rugrats children became as difficult as the real thing". The New Yorker. p. 62.
  3. ^ a b Elkin, Michael (1995-04-14). "Four questions for creator of `Rugrats': Cartoon series offers a Passover plot for the younger set". Jewish Exponent.
  4. ^ a b "Rugrats → Episode Guide → Specials → More → Rugrats Passover" (Adobe Flash page). Klasky-Csupo. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i O'Connor, John J. (1995-04-13). "'Rugrats' Observes Passover". The New York Times. New York. p. 16.
  6. ^ Soucie, Kath (1998-03). "And I Get Paid!?!: The Life of a Voice Actor". Animation World Magazine. Retrieved 2010-01-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Daily, E.G. "Rugrat's Tommy". Official Site of E.G. Daily. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  8. ^ a b c Dardashti, Danielle; Sarig, Roni; Katz, Avi (2008). The Jewish Family Fun Book: Holiday Projects, Everyday Activities, and Travel Ideas with Jewish Themes. Jewish Lights Publishing. p. 178. ISBN 1580233333.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Sonnheim, Moshe (2004). Welcome to the Club: The Art of Jewish Grandparenting. Devora Publishing. p. 135. ISBN 1932687122.
  10. ^ a b Wertheimer, Gila (1996-03-28). "A Rugrats Passover". Chicago Jewish Star.
  11. ^ a b Bassave, Roy (1998-04-09). "Holiday videos offer Easter, Passover themes". Albany Times Union. Albany, New York.
  12. ^ Abramowitz, Yosef; Silverman, Susan (1998). Jewish Family and Life: Traditions, Holidays, and Values for Today's Parents and Children. Macmillan. p. 307. ISBN 0307440869.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ "New Arrivals". Billboard. 1997-02-22. p. 64. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  14. ^ "All Faiths Calendar Selected observances for April and May". Publishers Weekly. 1999-03-15. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  15. ^ a b Loftus, Mary J. (1996-11-26). "The powerful appeal of Rugrats: Cable TV's top children's show relays comforting values". The Ledger. p. D6. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  16. ^ "The Rugrats' Real Mom and Dad". BusinessWeek. 1995-10-16. pp. 143–144.
  17. ^ Moore, Scott (1995-04-09). "'A Rugrats Passover'". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  18. ^ Kloer, Phil (1995-04-10). ""A Rugrats Passover"". The Atlanta Journal/The Atlanta Constitution. p. A/3. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  19. ^ a b "Rugrats Timeline". Klasky-Csupo. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  20. ^ Bassave, Roy (1998-04-10). "Figures ranging from Peanuts gang to Jesus tell Easter, Passover stories in videos". The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.
  21. ^ "Nickelodeon is cable's number one rated network for 1998 Record Setting Performances on Nickelodeon / Nick at Nite Drive Network To Total Day Cable Ratings Victory for Third Straight Year". New York City, New York: Press release, Viacom. 1998-12-16.
  22. ^ "1995 Awards". ToonZone. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
  23. ^ Lenburg, Jeff (2006). Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award Winning and Legendary Animators. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 54. ISBN 155783671X.
  24. ^ Mirkin, David (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode "Lisa's Wedding" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
  25. ^ "Legacy: 23rd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1995)". Annie Awards. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  26. ^ Mindykowski, Steve (2003-05-26). "The Rugrats Trophy Case". Unofficial Rugrats Online. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  27. ^ a b Klein, Daniel; Vuijst, Freke (2000). The half-Jewish book: a celebration. Villard. p. 36. ISBN 0375503854.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Atkinson, Michael; Shifrin, Laurel (2007). Flickipedia: Perfect Films for Every Occasion, Holiday, Mood, Ordeal, and Whim. Chicago Review Press. p. 34. ISBN 1556527144.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Blair, Halley (1995-04-14). "Rugrats Animate 'The Greatest Holiday'". Forward Magazine.
  30. ^ a b Goldberg, Danny (2005). How the left lost teen spirit-- (and how they're getting it back). Akashic Books. p. 216. ISBN 0971920680. Cite error: The named reference "controversy" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  31. ^ Cox, Ted (2005-12-01). "Seasonal all-stars The 12 top TV specials of Christmas - and other winter holidays". Daily Herald. Arlington Heights, Illinois.
  32. ^ Keller, Joel (2006-04-12). "Why don't more shows do Passover episodes?". TV Squad (AOL). Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  33. ^ Jackson, Wendy; Amidi, Amid (1998-12). "Rugrats Offends Media Watchdogs". Animation World Magazine. Retrieved 2009-12-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ "Nickelodeon slates show on Passover". New York: Home Furnishing Network. 1995-03-27.
  35. ^ "Episode Detail: Hall Monitor; Harold's Bar Mitzvah - Hey Arnold!". TV Guide. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  36. ^ Brown, Hannah (2005-05-18). "Shrek's Orthodox author". Jerusalem Post: 24.
  37. ^ "Rugrats → Episode Guide → Specials → More → Rugrats Chanukah" (Adobe Flash page). Klasky-Csupo. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  38. ^ Ribadeneira, Diego (1996-12-05). "Rites of Chanukah reach many". The Boston Globe. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  39. ^ "Nickelodeon drives kids TV marketplace in new season Grows While Competition Declines; Outperforms Broadcasters In Key Dayparts". Press release, Viacom. 1996-12-18.
  40. ^ Watts Jr., James D. (2007-10-30). "By the book". Tulsa World. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  41. ^ McKnight, Nathaniel (2007-12-12). "A Bit of Artistic Perspective: Sherwin Miller's new exhibit points to Biblical images in art and pop culture". Urban Tulsa Weekly. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
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