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===Israeli Media and Arabs===
===Israeli Media and Arabs===
In a book edited by Nahla Abdo-Zubi, Ronit Lenṭin, critics of Zionists <ref name=nahla>Espanioly, Nabilia, "Nightmare", in ''Women and the politics of military confrontation: Palestinian and Israeli gendered narratives of dislocation'', Nahla Abdo-Zubi, Ronit Lenṭin (Eds), Berghahn Books, 2002, p. 5</ref> there's description of Israeli media as racist, in its portrayals of Arabs and Palestinians.<ref name=nahla> pp 108-109</ref> Other writers such as David Hirsi & Ayala Emmet, have also criticized the system.<ref>Hirst, David, ''The gun and the olive branch: the roots of violence in the Middle East'', Nation Books, 2003, p. 91</ref><ref>Emmet, Ayala H., ''Our sisters' promised land: women, politics, and Israeli-Palestinian coexistence'', University of Michigan Press, 2003, p 68</ref>
The Israeli media as been described as racist in its portrayals of Arabs and Palestinians.<ref name=nahla> pp 108-109</ref> Writers such as David Hirsi and Ayala Emmet, have also criticized the Israeli media for anti-Arab bias.<ref>Hirst, David, ''The gun and the olive branch: the roots of violence in the Middle East'', Nation Books, 2003, p. 91</ref><ref>Emmet, Ayala H., ''Our sisters' promised land: women, politics, and Israeli-Palestinian coexistence'', University of Michigan Press, 2003, p 68</ref>


===Education system===
===Education system===

Revision as of 14:05, 14 August 2010

Racism has been documented in Israel, most often directed at Arabs, but discriminations are also recorded against Sefardic/Mizrahi Jews (such as Jews from Yemen, North Africa, or the Middle East) or Ethiopians. as well as racism by some Israeli-Arabs and by its leadership. Racism in Israel has been reported by organizations such as Amnesty International, the Association for Civil Rights in Israel , and the United States Department of State. Instances of racism have been observed in the education system and media.

However the trend to brand Israel as racist has been explored. In a chapter called: Anti-Semitism under the Guise of Anti-Zionism and anti-Israelism author elaborates on the trend to "nazify" Israel, to call it "racist" as a bigoted campaign against Israel being seen as a 'Jew' among states.[1] The singling out of Israel has been criticized[2], more noticeably, protested at the UN by Western nations[3][4], which has been branded to be a form of racism in itself. [5]

According to the State Department, "Israel has one of the broadest anti-discrimination laws of any country. "The law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, marital status, or sexual orientation. The law also prohibits discrimination by both government and nongovernment entities on the basis of race, religion, political beliefs, and age."[6]

Arabs

See: Anti-Arabism in Israel which some claim it relates to intolerance.

Officially - the ADL clarifies: There is no Israeli ideology, policy or plan to segregate, persecute or mistreat its Israeli Arab citizens, nor Palestinian Arabs, it goes on in saying that Israel is a democracy which encourages vibrant debate, which has a flourishing free press and which shares with other liberal democracies a core value: the equality of all its citizens before the law.[7]

Polls

Arab activists at Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) published reports documenting racism in Israel, and the 2007 report suggested that racism in the country was increasing.[8] One analysis of the report summarized it: "Over two-thirds Israeli teen believe Arabs to be less intelligent, uncultured and violent. Over a third of Israeli teens fear Arabs all together....The report becomes even grimmer, citing the ACRI's racism poll, taken in March of 2007, in which 50% of Israelis taking part said they would not live in the same building as Arabs, will not befriend, or let their children befriend Arabs and would not let Arabs into their homes."[9] The 2008 report from ACRI says the trend of increasing racism is continuing.[10], However the Jpost explained that, suffering from violence by many Israeli Arabs[11], Israelis are geuninely worried, they are not racists.[12]

Israeli Media and Arabs

The Israeli media as been described as racist in its portrayals of Arabs and Palestinians.[13] Writers such as David Hirsi and Ayala Emmet, have also criticized the Israeli media for anti-Arab bias.[14][15]

Education system

Daniel Bar-Tal (Anti Zionist and controversial [16] describerd by some as extremist [17]), has described his opinion that Israel's education system as biased or prejudiced against Arabs[18]

Zionism

Since the anti-Israel, anti-Zionism action in the Arab League which led [19] to the organized activities by Arab nations at the UN in the 1970's, many anti-zionist critics of Israel followed suit to equate Zionism (the political movement to re-create the state of Israel, the national liberation movement of the Jewish people, which holds that Jews, like any other nation, are entitled to a homeland[6]) with racism, or describe zionism as racist or discriminatory.[20][21][22][23] However, it has been explained in JVL that Zionism does not discriminate against anyone.

Israel's open and democratic character, and its scrupulous protection of the religious and political rights of Christians and Muslims, rebut the charge of exclusivity. Moreover, anyone — Jew or non-Jew, Israeli, American, or Saudi, black, white, yellow or purple — can be a Zionist.

Israel's population entails all colors, races equal under the law.[6]

On the racism of branding -- unjutifiably -- (Multi-racial,multi-religious[24]) Israel as racist, many have raised their outrage, including Peacenow. It also decries about singling out Israel, when practically every nation in the world has some kind of similar favoritism in its immigration policy: ethnic Germans, for example who have lived, even for generations outside Germany, have a "right of return" to Germany; English-speaking people are favored to enter England, and in the Netherlands, only those ethnically Dutch are able to become Dutch citizens, etc. As for the representation of Judaism in the public square: one glance at the flags of Norway, Sweden, or Denmark demonstrates that many liberal countries proclaim themselves officially and openly as "Christian." Britain has crosses in its flag. Saudi Arabia has a crescent on its flag, (many Arab nations are called Arab Republic) and is very (totalitarian) Islamic; so is the Islamic Republic of Iran. Pakistan was born out of the idea to be a home specifically for (Indian) Muslims, just as Israel came about to be a home for Jews (and saving from persecution). Many countries, do even greater promotion of some kind of religion: Christianity, Islam or Buddhism, like in: Burma, Thailand.

It's completely false to state that Israel is the only country "based on" religion or ethnicity. Christmas is on the official calendar of most Christian countries, and in Poland & in Ireland on many subjects, the Church has the final word. If Israel is racist, so are the above (and other) nations mentioned. Moreover, given this widespread preference for ethnicities and religions other than Judaism around the globe, it is hard for many Jews to find a home outside of Israel. and concludes:

Someone who proclaims Israel to be basically racist is essentially just saying that they think the ethnic and religious identity of Jews doesn't matter - while the ethnic and religious identity of Germans, Anglicans, Indian Muslims, etc. all do matter. And that is anti-semitism: the racist hatred of or contempt for Jews.[25]

To single out Jewish self-determination for condemnation is itself a form of racism, clarifies the JVL.[6]

Law of return controversy

See also: Law of return § Controversy

One of the main criticism of Zionism is Israel's Law of return, claimed to be racist by some critics of Zionism, because ultimately it discriminates against persons not of Jewish ethnicity.[26] Such as jus sanguinis law of the right of return which, despite Israel's otherwise restrictive immigration policies, grant (asylum based on general phenomenon of Anti-semitism's persecution) every Jew in the world the right to settle in Israel. This is agitating[original research?] for the many Palestinian refugees, who claim they used to live in the territory that is modern Israel, but are denied their wish to return, which they deem a right.[27] Supporters of the law maintain that allowing a hostile majority that were adversaries in a war for Israel's independence to return would be tantamount to the political, demographic destruction of the Jewish character of Israel, and would endanger the Jewish population living there.[28](This is not unique to the Israeli side. In Egypt, for example, a court in Cairo has upheld a ruling urging the government to consider stripping of their citizenship Egyptian men who are married to Israeli women.[29])

The Article 11 of the UNGA Resolution 194, upon which the Palestinian refugees usually base their claim of a "right of return," "[r]esolves that the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property..." without naming Israel and specifying either Palestinian or Jewish refugees.

In contrast of what's described as: almost mpossible to become a naturalized citizen in many Arab states (and excluding Jews from their own law of return" in 1954), In israel, however, Non-Jews are also eligible to become Israeli citizens under naturalization procedures similar to those in other countries. Arab states define citizenship strictly by native parentage.[6]

Marriage benefits

Israel's Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law has been described as discriminatory against Arabs because it - in effect - makes it difficult for Arab citizens of Israel from marrying with the same priviliges as Jewish citizens.[30][31] The law has been condemned by Amnesty International as "racial discrimination".[32]

Racism by Israeli-Arabs

Towards Jews

Polls

In a 2009 PEW poll showing 90% of the middle east viewing Jews unfavorably. Overwhelmingly negative attitudes toward Jews in Arab and Islamic countries. with more than 90% of Egyptians, Jordanians, Lebanese and Palestinians expressing unfavorable views toward Jews. However, "only" 35 percent of Israeli Arabs said they disliked Jews. [33][34]

From a 2007 Poll: 76% Of Israeli Arabs Call Zionism Racist, 48% Support Hezbollah's Attacks On Israel, 28% Deny Holocaust. [35]

In 2009, professor of University of Haifa's poll showed Holocaust denial widespread among Israeli Arabs and it's on the rise.[36] 40 Percent of Israel's Arab Citizens Deny Holocaust, Only 41 percent of the Arab citizens of Israel recognize Israel's right to exist as a Jewish and as a democratic state, down from 65.6 percent from a previous poll.[37]

Yet, Ynet elaborates in: "Who is the real fascist?" That Israeli Arabs, and their groups like "Adala" (also known for calling Israelis' fears as racism), etc. know when to remind the Holocaust when trying to exaggerate lost battles with Israel's war on terror, comparing Arabs' failure to "victims of the Holocaust."[38]

Racist attacks

Among the brazened attacks (amid a worrying involvement of Israeli Arabs in terrorist attacks directed against Israeli Jews [11][39]) in 2008 are noted the bulldozer attacks [40], described by a writer:

"He took the bulldozer, with which he fed his own wife and family, and used it to crush other families to death, simply for being Israeli Jews."[41]

On July 7, 2008 a writer in Israel's lefty paper Haaretz asks:

If justifying the murder of innocents because they belong to a certain hated group is not abject racism, I'd like to know what is[42].

One of the Arab anti-Jewish riots is the violence in Oct 2008, on Yom Kippur, an Arab driver drove dangerously wild into Jewish neighbourhoods causing clashes, incited by calls from the mosque [43], Arabs ran riot through Jewish areas of the city.

Calling "Death to the Jews" and Allah hu akbar ("Allah is great"), the rioters vandalized hundreds of Jewish-owned shops and vehicles, and threw rocks at people on their way to or from Yom Kippur prayers.[44][45]

During the course of monitoring elections in 2009, an MK replaced another Jewish election monitor at the Israeli-Arab town of Umm El-Fahm, who was prevented by police from entering the city because of threats by local Arabs on his life. as soon as the MK began to perform his duties, an Israeli-Arab mob rioted outside attacking the guards and shouts of “Death to the Jews!” could be heard [recorded on film]. [46]

Arab leadership

Haaretz's Ben-Meir wrote:

What's racist is denying the Jewish people a state of their own. Certain Arab Knesset members talk incessantly about the Palestinian people's rights, including their own state. But in the same breath they refuse to acknowledge Israel as the state of the Jewish people and deny the very existence of a Jewish people as a nation with national rights.

he goes on in saying that those deserving racist epithet are such Arab MK, who attended the conference of hate in Geneva and called themselves "victims of Israel's racist apartheid" while serving as a member of the Israeli parliament.

[47] Such prominant Arab leaders as Arab MK A. Tibi was suggested, by some, as being racist.[48]

Incitement to racism

The head of the Islamic Movement in Israel's Northern Branch, was charged with incitement to racism and to violence. The Magistrate's Court, prosecution said that Sheikh Raed Salah made his inflammatory remarks "with the objective of inciting racism."[49][50] he also accused Jews of using children's blood to bake bread.[51] In Umm el-Fahm – the heartland of the Islamic Movement’s Northern Branch, Salah is a hero, “Salah is our leader, not just here, but for all the Arabs in Israel.” explained an Arab resident. His movement is a faction of the regional Muslim Brotherhood.[52]

Israeli Arabs towards Blacks

The groups of black people living in the Negev and as refugees in Gaza today, are actually the descendants of slaves of the Bedouin.

Researchers explore blacks' history among local Arabs, Negev Bedouins owned slaves, many of whom were of African origin. slaves used to be branded like animals, there were no papers concerning ownership or origins. When Israel was created in 1948 some of these people of African origin became refugees in Gaza, while others remained in the Negev and became Israeli citizens. The deragetory racist terminology of ethnicity and identity used by local Arab has been explored, and it

reveals a consciousness of difference and rejection of the label abed or slave/black person.[53]

The issue of the origins, identity and terminology used to describe people of African origin is highly sensitive. white local Arabs' persisting in calling people of African origin 'abed, perpetuates discrimination.

The African Palestinians living in Jerusalem told the writer that they would fight with anybody who referred to them as 'abed'.[54]

An Arab Bus driver was charged with racism as he said to an Ethiopian: "Drink milk and you'll be white." his remark cost him his job.[55]

Directed at Jewish groups

Classism which exist in every society, may exist in Israel.

Israelis of European or German ancestry are described as viewing themselves as superior to Israelis of other ancestries, and maintaining an elite position in Israel society.[56][57]

The differnces between (Mizrahi) Sephardic Jews (N. Africans, Middle Easterners, Yemenites, etc.) are referred to as Adatiyut [58][59][60][61] community-differences (resulting also in some traditional customary gaps[62]).

Propaganda materials published by various Arab information agencies stress the disabilities of the Edot Hamizrach. They are portrayed as victims of Ashkenazi racism and economic exploitation. The Arab propaganda exaggerates the otherwise normality and harmony between the communities.[63]they live in full harmony with their Sephardi brethren.[64]

Sefardim

Some wrote essays, articles describing Israeli society as harboring racist views towards persons of North African descent and Middle Eastern descent, knows as Mizrahi Jews (or "oriental Jews").[65][66][67][68]

Others wrote on the education system being at times against Jewish minorities from North Africa and the Middle East. The same source suggests that "ethnic prejudice in Israel is a relatively general phenomenon, not limited to the schooling process".[69]

Yemenite babies disappearance

Secular Israelis of European descent were accused of collaborating in the disappearance of babies of Yemeni Jews, and motives such as: anti-Jewish religion and racist motives were alleged upon the secular regime. In 1950s, the Israeli government as well as other organizations in Israel were accused of kidnapping of between 2,400 and 10,000 children from their recently arrived Yemeni families. In most instances, the parents claim that they were told their children were ill and required hospitalization. Upon later visiting the hospital, it is claimed that the parents were told that their children had died though no bodies were presented or graves which have later proven to be empty in many cases were shown to the parents.[70][71] [72]

Dov Levitan, a leading scholar on Yemenite immigrants at Bar-Ilan University, said he found "no evidence of an organized conspiracy" to kidnap "Yemenite children for adoption." He attributes the disappearances to negligence, citing the daily skirmishes on Israeli's border, severe economic difficulties, and "mass immigration" that strained the country's resources creating dysfunction and "disorganization" in the new Israeli government.[73]

Bene Israel controversy

The religious authorities claim that the Bene Israel are not accepted by all Israelis as all being Jews [74], as many have been assimilated. Some have charged racism at the 1962 ruling by the Chief Rabbi of Israel that allegedly discouraged marriage between Indian Jews and Jews of European descent.[75][76]

Ethiopians

There was, initially a controversy regarding Falasha Jews' (Beta Israel) identity as Jews by some [77], as they might have --during the many years of separation-- intermarry with local non-Jewish Ethiopians. However some have categorized Israelis among the Ashkenazi population's stand as racism against Ethiopian Jews.[78] Racism was alleged regarding delays in admitting black Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) to Israel under the Law of return.[79]

School children of Ethiopian ancestry were denied admission into public schools in the town of Petah Tikva. An Israeli government official said "for years, racism has developed here [Petah Tikvah] undeterred".[80] Anti-Zionist Gideon Levy[81] has elaborated on the case in great length.[82]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Muslim anti-Semitism in Christian Europe: elemental and residual anti-semitism By Raphael Israeli, p. 151
  2. ^ http://www.cjpac.ca/news/read/50
  3. ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article6136165.ece
  4. ^ http://www.forbes.com/2009/02/22/obama-israel-holocaust-durban-opinions-contributors_united_nations.html
  5. ^ http://points.stand4facts.org/bin/index.cgi?ChapterID=2
  6. ^ a b c d e http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Human_Rights/human_rts_in_Israel.html Cite error: The named reference "jvl" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ http://www.adl.org/main_Israel/Divestment_02_17_05.htm
  8. ^ "Israeli anti-Arab racism 'rises'", BBC, 10 Dec 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7136068.stm
  9. ^ Synopsis of the report, from "Racism in Israel on the rise", Aviram Zino, Ynet News, 12 Aug 2007, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3480345,00.html
  10. ^ "Reflections on October 2000 - Eight years later, discrimination and racism against Israel's Arab citizens have only increased" - news release from ACRI, http://www.acri.org.il/eng/story.aspx?id=556
  11. ^ a b http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2004/1/2003%20Terrorism%20Review
  12. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=49178
  13. ^ pp 108-109
  14. ^ Hirst, David, The gun and the olive branch: the roots of violence in the Middle East, Nation Books, 2003, p. 91
  15. ^ Emmet, Ayala H., Our sisters' promised land: women, politics, and Israeli-Palestinian coexistence, University of Michigan Press, 2003, p 68
  16. ^ http://isracampus.org.il/third%20level%20pages/Editorial%20-%20Alon%20Ben%20Shaul%20-%20Daniel%20Bar-Tal.htm
  17. ^ http://www.isracampus.org.il/third%20level%20pages/Israeli%20extremism%20-%20Dershowitz%20vs%20Tenured%20Extremists.htm
  18. ^ Bar-Tal, Daniel, "The Arab Image in Hebrew School Textbooks", in Islamophobia and anti-Semitism, Hillel Schenker, Abu Zayyad Ziad, Ziad Abu Zayyad (Eds), Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006, pp 135-152
  19. ^ Legitimacy and Force: National and international dimensions, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, Transaction Publishers, 1988, p. 11 http://books.google.com/books?id=gEymDLm0u0gC&pg=PA11
  20. ^ See United Nations Resolution 3379, stating in its conclusion that "Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination", passed in November 1975
  21. ^ Zionism, imperialism, and race, Abdul Wahhab Kayyali, ʻAbd al-Wahhāb Kayyālī (Eds), Croom Helm, 1979
  22. ^ Gerson, Allan, "The United Nations and Racism: the Case of Zionism and Racism", in Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17; Volume 1987, Yoram Dinstein, Mala Tabory (Eds), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988, p 68
  23. ^ Hadawi, Sami, Bitter harvest: a modern history of Palestine, Interlink Books, 1991, p 183
  24. ^ http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Contemporary_Life/Society_and_Religious_Issues.shtml
  25. ^ http://www.chicagopeacenow.org/rr-26.html
  26. ^ Matas, David, Aftershock: anti-zionism and anti-semitism,Dundurn Press Ltd., 2005, p 56-59
  27. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3629923.stm
  28. ^ Our Jerusalem.com
  29. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/10247437.stm
  30. ^ Amnesty International, The Amnesty International report, Amnesty International Publications, 2005, p. 142
  31. ^ Human Rights Watch World Report 2008, Seven Stories Press, 2008, p. 487
  32. ^ "Israel/Occupied Territories: High Court decision institutionalizes racial discrimination", Amnesty International news release, 16 May 2006, http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGMDE150422006
  33. ^ http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/main/showNews/id/8958
  34. ^ http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1486/survey-muslim-nations-middle-east-political-leaders-hamas-hezbollah
  35. ^ http://www.zoa.org/sitedocuments/pressrelease_view.asp?pressreleaseID=407
  36. ^ http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/index.php?m=200905&paged=2
  37. ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/131404
  38. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3500040,00.html
  39. ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/126817
  40. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3571614,00.html
  41. ^ http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=68770
  42. ^ Haaretz, Jul 7, 2008 "Fear of calling a terrorist a terrorist"
  43. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/10/12/israel.violence/index.html
  44. ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/127921
  45. ^ http://www.kadmiel.com/northernborderyomkippur/
  46. ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/129872
  47. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1081038.html
  48. ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/6146
  49. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/news/islamic-movement-head-charged-with-incitement-to-racism-violence-1.238209
  50. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3500219,00.html
  51. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1014706.htm
  52. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=179827
  53. ^ http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/afas/2007/00000006/00000003/art00006?crawler=true
  54. ^ Hidden history, secret present: The origins and status of African Palestinians by Dr. Susan Beckerleg [1] Reflections on Arab-led slavery of Africans, by K. K. Prah, 2005, p. 198 [2], Tinabantu: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society, 2002, p. 17 [3]
  55. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3673580,00.html
  56. ^ Torstrick, Rebecca L., The limits of coexistence: identity politics in Israel, University of Michigan Press, 2000, p 32
  57. ^ Madmoni-Gerber, Shoshana, Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict: the Yemenite babies affair, Macmillan, 2009, p 54-56
  58. ^ http://www.allbookstores.com/Jews_Oriental_p4sd.html
  59. ^ http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~s.smooha/download/Mass_Immigrations_to_Israel.pdf
  60. ^ http://my.mli.org.il/Mli_Pdf/Graduate/SephardicMizrahiArab-JewsReflections.pdf
  61. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=jpoKj4IH5qQC&pg=PA250
  62. ^ [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Contemporary_Life/Society_and_Religious_Issues/Ashkenazic-Sephardic_Ethnic_Division.shtml
  63. ^ Jewish spectator School of the Jewish Woman, New York, N.Y., 1981, p. 24
  64. ^ American Jewish Congress 1986, Congress monthly, Volumes 53-54, p. 34
  65. ^ Smooha, Sammy, "Jewish Ethnicity in Israel: Symbolic or Real?", in Jews in Israel: contemporary social and cultural patterns, Uzi Rebhun (Ed.), UPNE, 2004, p 60-74
  66. ^ Khazzoom, Loolwa, The flying camel: essays on identity by women of North African and Middle Eastern Jewish heritage, Seal Press, 2003, p 69
  67. ^ Sharoni, Simona, "Feminist Reflections on the Interplay of Sexism and Racism in Israel", in Challenging racism and sexism: alternatives to genetic explanations, Ethel Tobach, Betty Rosoff (Eds), Feminist Press, 1994, p 309-331
  68. ^ Hanieh, Adam, "The Reality Behind Israeli Socialism", in The Palestinian Struggle, Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Sean Malloy, Doug Lorimer, Doug Lorimer (Eds), Resistance Books, 2002, p 21-22
  69. ^ Yuchtman-Yaar, Ephraim, "Ethnic Inequality in Israeli Schools and Sports: An Expectation-States Approach", in The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Nov., 1979), pp. 576-590, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778584
  70. ^ SOLVING THE MYSTERY OF MISSING YEMENI BABIES, ABC World News Tonight with Peter Jennings, Forrest Sawyer and Linda Patillo Reporting, August 25, 1997]
  71. ^ Madmoni-Gerber, Shoshana, Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict: the Yemenite babies affair, Macmillan, 2009
  72. ^ See also, regarding media and Yemeni Jews: Madmoni-Gerber, Shoshana, Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict: the Yemenite babies affair, Macmillan, 2009
  73. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/02/world/the-babies-from-yemen-an-enduring-mystery.html?pagewanted=all The Babies From Yemen: An Enduring Mystery
  74. ^ http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/conversion.htm
  75. ^ Abramov, S. Zalman, Perpetual dilemma: Jewish religion in the Jewish State, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1976, p. 277
  76. ^ Smooha, Sammy, Israel: pluralism and conflict, University of California Press, 1978, p. 400-401
  77. ^ http://www.jstor.org/stable/2784774
  78. ^ Kemp, Adriana, Israelis in conflict: hegemonies, identities and challenges, Sussex Academic Press, 2004, p 155
  79. ^ Rebhun, Uzi, Jews in Israel: contemporary social and cultural patterns, UPNE, 2004, p. 140
  80. ^ "Deal reached on Petah Tikva Ethiopian olim", Jerusalem Post, 31 Aug 2009. http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=153392
  81. ^ http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=382&PID=471&IID=1757
  82. ^ "Ethiopian students affair shows prevalent racism in Israel", 3 Sep 2009, Haaretz.com, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/ethiopian-students-affair-shows-prevalent-racism-in-israel-1.8578
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