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====Towards Blacks====
====Towards Blacks====
⚫
Arabs have been accused of racism towards blacks. An Arab Bus driver was charged with racism as he said to an [[Ethiopian]]: "Drink milk and you'll be white."<ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3673580,00.html</ref> In August 2010, an Israeli-Arab, [[Elias Abuelazam]] has been accused of racist attacks against blacks - [[African-Americans]].<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/13/israeli-elias-abuelazam-accused-us-racist-murders</ref>

The groups of black people living in the [[Negev]] and as refugees in [[Gaza]] today, are the descendants of slaves of the [[Bedouin]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} Researchers explored blacks' history among local Arabs, [[Negev]] [[Bedouins]] owned slaves, {{Clarify|date=August 2010}} many of whom were of African origin. slaves used to be branded like animals, there were no papers concerning ownership or origins.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} When Israel was created in 1948 some of these people of African origin became refugees in Gaza, while others remained in the Negev and became Israeli citizens.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} The deragetory racist terminology of ethnicity and identity used by local Arab has been explored, and it "reveals a consciousness of difference and rejection of the label [[abed]] or slave/black person."<ref>http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/afas/2007/00000006/00000003/art00006?crawler=true</ref> {{Verify credibility|date=August 2010}}
The issue of the origins, identity and terminology used to describe people of African origin is highly sensitive.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} White local Arabs' persisting in calling people of African origin 'abed, perpetuates discrimination.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} The African Palestinians living in Jerusalem told a writer that they would fight with anybody who referred to them as 'abed'.<ref>Hidden history, secret present: The origins and status of African Palestinians by Dr. Susan Beckerleg [http://yajaffar.tripod.com/african.html] ''Reflections on Arab-led slavery of Africans'', by K. K. Prah, 2005, p. 198 [http://books.google.com/books?id=k23aAAAAMAAJ&q=palestine ], Tinabantu: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society, 2002, p. 17
[http://books.google.com/books?id=vyItAQAAIAAJ&dq=palestine ]</ref>

⚫
An Arab Bus driver was charged with racism as he said to an [[Ethiopian]]: "Drink milk and you'll be white."<ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3673580,00.html</ref> In August 2010, an Israeli-Arab, [[Elias Abuelazam]] has been accused of racist attacks against blacks - [[African-Americans]].<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/13/israeli-elias-abuelazam-accused-us-racist-murders</ref>


==Between Jewish groups==
==Between Jewish groups==

Revision as of 17:20, 16 August 2010

Racism in Israel has been identified in a variety of contexts: Jewish discrimination against Arabs, Arab discrimination against Jews and Blacks, and discrimination between groups of Jews, such as Ashkenazi discrimination against Jews from Yemen, North Africa, Iberia, the Middle East, Ethiopia, and India. Racism in Israel has been documented by organizations such as Amnesty International, the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI), and the United States Department of State. Instances of racism have been observed in the education system and media.

Author Raphael Israeli has observed a recent trend to brand Israel as a "racist" country as part of a campaign to "nazify" Israel in order to ostracize Israel as the 'Jew' among states.[1] The singling out of Israel for racism has itself been criticized,[2] and protested at the UN by Western nations[3][4] as a form of racism in itself.[5] Some describe the discrimination practiced by Ashkenazi towards other groups of Jews as class-based, not race-based.[citation needed]

Directed at Arabs

See also Israeli anti-arabism

Polls

The Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) published reports documenting racism in Israel, and the 2007 report suggested that anti-Arab racism in the country was increasing.[6] One analysis of the report summarized it thus: "Over two-thirds Israeli teens believe Arabs to be less intelligent, uncultured and violent. Over a third of Israeli teens fear Arabs all together....The report becomes even grimmer, citing the ACRI's racism poll, taken in March of 2007, in which 50% of Israelis taking part said they would not live in the same building as Arabs, will not befriend, or let their children befriend Arabs and would not let Arabs into their homes."[7] The 2008 report from ACRI says the trend of increasing racism is continuing.[8], However a Jerusalem Post article explained that Israeli Jews are suffering from violence by many Israeli Arabs[9], and are genuinely worried, not racists.[10]

Israeli Media and Arabs

Some authors, such as David Hirsi and Ayala Emmet, have criticized the Israeli media for anti-Arab prejudice.[11][12] The Israeli media has also been described as racist in its portrayals of Arabs and Palestinians [13] by critics of Zionism.[13]

Education system

Israel's education system has been sometimes been described as biased or prejudiced against Arabs.[14][15]

In 2001, Human Rights Watch issued a report that stated: "Government-run Arab schools are a world apart from government-run Jewish schools. In virtually every respect, Palestinian Arab children get an education inferior to that of Jewish children, and their relatively poor performance in school reflects this."[16][17][18]

Funding for schooling has been reported as discriminatory against Arab students: a 2009 study from the Hebrew University's School of Education demonstrated that the Israeli Education Ministry's budget for assistance to poor students "severely" discriminated against Arabs. It also showed that the average per-student allocation at Arab junior high schools was one-fifth the average at Jewish ones.[19]

The Follow-Up Committee for Arab Education notes that the Israeli government spends an average of $192 per year on each Arab student compared to $1,100 per Jewish student. The drop-out rate for Arab citizens of Israel is twice as high as that of their Jewish counterparts (12 percent versus 6 percent). The same group also notes that there is a 5,000-classroom shortage in the Arab sector.[20]

Zionism

See also Zionism as racist

Some critics of Israel equate Zionism (the political movement to re-create the state of Israel) with racism, or describe Zionism itself as racist or discriminatory.[21] However, supporters of Zionism assert that the movement is non-discrimanatory and contains no racist aspects.

Law of return controversy

See also: Law of return § Controversy

Some critics of Israel have described the Law of return as racist because it discriminates against non-Jews.[22]

Marriage benefits

Israel's Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law has been described as discriminatory against Arabs because it effectively makes it difficult for Arab citizens of Israel from marrying with the same privileges as Jewish citizens.[23][24] The law has been condemned by Amnesty International as "racial discrimination".[25]

Incidents

The Mossawa Advocacy Center for Arab Citizens in Israel reported a tenfold increase in racist incidents against Arabs in 2008. Jerusalem reported the highest number of incidents. The report blames Israeli leaders for the violence, saying "These attacks are not the hand of fate, but a direct result of incitement against the Arab citizens of this country by religious, public, and elected officials."[26]

During the latter part of the Arab riots in October 2000 events, thousands of Jewish Israelis counter-rioted in Nazareth and Tel Aviv, throwing stones at Arabs, destroying Arab property, and chanting "death to Arabs".[27] Haaretz editorialized that that year's "Yom Kippur will be infamous for the violent, racist outburst by Jews against Arabs within Israel".[28]

Many Israeli Jews oppose mixed relationships, particularly relationships between Jewish women and Arab men. largely due to: religious differences and for security worries. A 2007 opinion survey found that more than half of Israeli Jews believed intermarriage is equivalent to "national treason". A group of 35 Jewish men, known as "Fire for Judaism", in Pisgat Ze'ev have started patrolling the town in an effort to stop Jewish women from dating Arab men. The municipality of Petah Tikva has also announced an initiative to prevent interracial relationships, providing a telephone hotline for friends and family to inform on Jewish girls who date Arab men, as well as psychologists to provide counselling. The town of Kiryat Gat launched a school program in schools to warn Jewish girls against dating local Bedouin men.[29][30]

Racism by Israeli-Arabs

Towards Jews

Polls

A 2009 PEW poll showed 90% of the Middle East view Jews unfavorably. Polls show overwhelmingly negative attitudes toward Jews in Arab and Islamic countries, with more than 90% of Egyptians, Jordanians, Lebanese and Palestinians expressing unfavorable views toward Jews. However, "only" 35 percent of Israeli Arabs said they disliked Jews. [31][32]

Data from a 2007 poll shows that 76% of Israeli Arabs call Zionism "racism", 48% support Hezbollah's attacks on Israel, and 28% deny that the Holocaust happened.[33]

In 2009, a University of Haifa's poll showed that Holocaust denial was widespread among Israeli Arabs and showed it on the rise from 2007.[34] 40% of Israel's Arab citizens deny theHolocaust. Only 41% of Arab citizens recognize Israel's right to exist as a Jewish and democratic state, down from 65.6 percent from a previous poll.[35]

Attacks

Among the brazen attacks (amid a worrisome involvement of Israeli Arabs in terrorist attacks directed against Israeli Jews[clarification needed] [9][36]) are the 2008 bulldozer attacks [37], described by a writer:"He took the bulldozer, with which he fed his own wife and family, and used it to crush other families to death, simply for being Israeli Jews."[38] On July 7, 2008 a writer in Israel's lefty paper Haaretz [unreliable source?] asks: "If justifying the murder of innocents because they belong to a certain hated group is not abject racism, I'd like to know what is."[39]

One important Arab anti-Jewish riots was in Oct 2008, on Yom Kippur, when an Arab driver drove dangerously in Jewish neighbourhoods causing clashes, incited by calls from the mosque [40], Arabs ran riot through Jewish areas of the city. "Calling "Death to the Jews" and Allah hu akbar ("Allah is great"), the rioters vandalized hundreds of Jewish-owned shops and vehicles, and threw rocks at people on their way to or from Yom Kippur prayers."[41][42]

During the course of monitoring elections in 2009, a Member of the Knesset (MK) replaced another Jewish election monitor at the Israeli-Arab town of Umm El-Fahm, who was prevented by police from entering the city because of threats by local Arabs on his life. as soon as the MK began to perform his duties, an Israeli-Arab mob rioted outside attacking the guards and shouts of “Death to the Jews!” could be heard.[43]

Leadership

Journalist Ben-Meir wrote: "What's racist is denying the Jewish people a state of their own. Certain Arab Knesset members talk incessantly about the Palestinian people's rights, including their own state. But in the same breath they refuse to acknowledge Israel as the state of the Jewish people and deny the very existence of a Jewish people as a nation with national rights." he goes on to say that those deserving racist epithet are such Arab Member of Knesset (MK), who attended the conference of hate in Geneva and called themselves "victims of Israel's racist apartheid" while serving as a member of the Israeli parliament.[44] Such prominant Arab leaders as Arab member of Knesset A. Tibi was suggested, by some as being racist.[45]

The head of the Islamic movement in Israel's Northern Branch, was charged with incitement to racism and to violence. During legal proceedings, the prosecution said that Sheikh Raed Salah made his inflammatory remarks "with the objective of inciting racism."[46][47] he also accused Jews of using children's blood to bake bread.[48] In Umm el-Fahm – the heartland of the Islamic Movement’s Northern Branch, Salah is a hero, “Salah is our leader, not just here, but for all the Arabs in Israel.” explained an Arab resident. His movement is a faction of the regional Muslim Brotherhood.[49]

Towards Blacks

Arabs have been accused of racism towards blacks. An Arab Bus driver was charged with racism as he said to an Ethiopian: "Drink milk and you'll be white."[50] In August 2010, an Israeli-Arab, Elias Abuelazam has been accused of racist attacks against blacks - African-Americans.[51]

Between Jewish groups

Jewish Israelis of European or German ancestry (Ashkenazi) are described as viewing themselves as superior to Jewish Israelis of other ancestries, and of maintaining an elite position in Israel society,[52][53] and some decribe the attitudes of Ashkenazi as racist or racism.[54]

However, Some academic sources identify discrimination aimed at Jewish groups as class-based, not race-based.[citation needed] For example, the differnces between (Mizrahi) Sephardic Jews (N. Africans, Middle Easterners, Yemenites, etc.) are referred to as Adatiyut [55][56][57][58] community-differences (resulting also in some traditional customary gaps).[59]

Some sources claim that reports of inter-Jewish discrimination in Israel arise from propaganda published by Arab sources which ignores the normality and harmony between the communities.[60][61]

Sephardi (Spanish and Portuguese)

Ashkenazi Jews in Israel, particularly of the Orthodox movement, have been alleged to discrimate against Sephardi Jews (Jews of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry) and view them inferior.[62] However, some claim that this discrimination is class-based, not race-based.[citation needed]

Examples of such attitudes have been reported in the school system, where Sephardi students are sometimes excluded, or are segregated within the school building.[63][64]

Mizrahi (Middle Eastern)

Israeli society has been described as harboring racist views towards Jews of Middle Eastern and North African descent, knows as Mizrahi Jews or Oriental Jews.[65]

Some claim that the education system discriminates against Jewish minorities from North Africa and the Middle East, and one source suggests that "ethnic prejudice against Mizrahi Jews is a relatively general phenomenon, not limited to the schooling process".[66]

Yemenite babies disappearance

Israeli Jews of European descent were accused of collaborating in the disappearance of babies of Yemeni Jews and racist motives were alleged. In 1950s, the Israeli government as well as other organizations in Israel were accused of kidnapping of between 2,400 and 10,000 children from their recently arrived Yemeni families. In most instances, the parents claim that they were told their children were ill and required hospitalization. Upon later visiting the hospital, it is claimed that the parents were told that their children had died though no bodies were presented or graves which have later proven to be empty in many cases were shown to the parents.[67][68][69]

Dov Levitan, a scholar on Yemenite immigration at Bar-Ilan University, said he found "no evidence of an organized conspiracy" to kidnap "Yemenite children for adoption" and he attributes the disappearances to negligence, the daily skirmishes on Israel's border, severe economic difficulties, and "mass immigration" that strained the country's resources creating dysfunction and "disorganization" in the new Israeli government.[70]

Bene Israel (Indian)

Authorities in Israel have been accused of racism in relation to Jews of Indian ancestry (called Bene Israel).[71][72] One instance of alleged racism was the 1962 ruling by the Chief Rabbi of Israel that reportedly discouraged marriage between Indian Jews and Jews of European descent.[71][72]

However, instance of alleged discrimination may actually be related to the fact that some religious authorities believe that the Bene Israel are not fully Jewish because of inter-marriage during their long separation.[73]

Beta Israel (Ethiopian)

Israeli society, particularly the Ashkenazi majority, has been accused of racism against blacks of Ethiopian origin (Beta Israel).[74] Racism was alleged regarding delays in admitting black Ethiopian Jews to Israel under the Law of return.[75]

However, alleged discrimination may have had religious motivations, since there was debate whether or not Falasha Jews' (Beta Israel) were genuinely Jewish,[76] as they might have have intermarried with local non-Jewish Ethiopians during the long years of separation.

Racism was alleged in a situation where school children of Ethiopian ancestry were denied admission into schools in the town of Petah Tikva. An Israeli government official said "for years, racism has developed here [Petah Tikvah] undeterred".[77] Anti-Zionist Gideon Levy[78] has elaborated on the case in great length.[79]

Anti-racism efforts

Israel has a law that prohibits incitment to racism.[80]

According to the State Department, "Israel has one of the broadest anti-discrimination laws of any country. "The law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, marital status, or sexual orientation. The law also prohibits discrimination by both government and nongovernment entities on the basis of race, religion, political beliefs, and age."[81]

The Anti Defamation League states: "There is no Israeli ideology, policy or plan to segregate, persecute or mistreat its Israeli Arab citizens, nor Palestinian Arabs," it goes on in saying that Israel is a democracy which encourages vibrant debate, which has a flourishing free press and which shares with other liberal democracies a core value: the equality of all its citizens before the law.[82]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Muslim anti-Semitism in Christian Europe: elemental and residual anti-semitism By Raphael Israeli, p. 151
  2. ^ http://www.cjpac.ca/news/read/50
  3. ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article6136165.ece
  4. ^ http://www.forbes.com/2009/02/22/obama-israel-holocaust-durban-opinions-contributors_united_nations.html
  5. ^ http://points.stand4facts.org/bin/index.cgi?ChapterID=2
  6. ^ "Israeli anti-Arab racism 'rises'", BBC, 10 Dec 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7136068.stm
  7. ^ Synopsis of the report, from "Racism in Israel on the rise", Aviram Zino, Ynet News, 12 Aug 2007, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3480345,00.html
  8. ^ "Reflections on October 2000 - Eight years later, discrimination and racism against Israel's Arab citizens have only increased" - news release from ACRI, http://www.acri.org.il/eng/story.aspx?id=556
  9. ^ a b http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2004/1/2003%20Terrorism%20Review
  10. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=49178
  11. ^ Hirst, David, The gun and the olive branch: the roots of violence in the Middle East, Nation Books, 2003, p. 91
  12. ^ Emmet, Ayala H., Our sisters' promised land: women, politics, and Israeli-Palestinian coexistence, University of Michigan Press, 2003, p 68
  13. ^ a b pp 108-109 Cite error: The named reference "nahla" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ Human Rights Watch, 'Second class: Discrimination against against palestinian arab children in Israel's schools, pp 13-16
  15. ^ Bar-Tal, Daniel, "The Arab Image in Hebrew School Textbooks", in Islamophobia and anti-Semitism, Hillel Schenker, Abu Zayyad Ziad, Ziad Abu Zayyad (Eds), Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006, pp 135-152
  16. ^ Israeli Schools Separate, Not Equal (Human Rights Watch, 5-12-2001)
  17. ^ Human Rights Watch: Second Class: Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools - Summary
  18. ^ Second Class - Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools, Human Rights Watch.
  19. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1106955.html Haaretz. Israel aids its needy Jewish students more than Arab counterparts by Or Kashti. Last accessed: 12 August 2009.
  20. ^ "Arab Sector: NIF Grantees Fight Discrimination in Arab Education". New Israel Fund. 2005-09-13. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07.
  21. ^
    • See United Nations Resolution 3379, stating in its conclusion that "Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination", passed in November 1975
    • Zionism, imperialism, and race, Abdul Wahhab Kayyali, ʻAbd al-Wahhāb Kayyālī (Eds), Croom Helm, 1979
    • Gerson, Allan, "The United Nations and Racism: the Case of Zionism and Racism", in Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17; Volume 1987, Yoram Dinstein, Mala Tabory (Eds), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988, p 68
    • Hadawi, Sami, Bitter harvest: a modern history of Palestine, Interlink Books, 1991, p 183
    • Beker, Avi, Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an obsession, Macmillan, 2008, p 131, 139, 151
    • Dinstein, Yoram, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17; Volume 1987, p 31, 136
    • Harkabi, Yehoshafat, Arab attitudes to Israel, pp 247-8
  22. ^ Matas, David, Aftershock: anti-zionism and anti-semitism,Dundurn Press Ltd., 2005, p 56-59
  23. ^ Amnesty International, The Amnesty International report, Amnesty International Publications, 2005, p. 142
  24. ^ Human Rights Watch World Report 2008, Seven Stories Press, 2008, p. 487
  25. ^ "Israel/Occupied Territories: High Court decision institutionalizes racial discrimination", Amnesty International news release, 16 May 2006, http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGMDE150422006
  26. ^ "Racist attacks against Arabs increase tenfold - report". Y-Net News. 2009-03-21.
  27. ^ "The Or Inquiry - Summary of Events". Haaretz. 2000-09-12. Retrieved 2006-04-08.
  28. ^ "Anti-Arab riots spark Israeli soulsearching". BBC. 2000-10-11. Retrieved 2006-04-08.
  29. ^ "'Protecting' Jewish girls from Arabs". The Jerusalem Post. 2009-09-18.
  30. ^ Cook, Jonathan. "Israeli drive to prevent Jewish girls dating Arabs". The National.
  31. ^ http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/main/showNews/id/8958
  32. ^ http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1486/survey-muslim-nations-middle-east-political-leaders-hamas-hezbollah
  33. ^ http://www.zoa.org/sitedocuments/pressrelease_view.asp?pressreleaseID=407
  34. ^ http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/index.php?m=200905&paged=2
  35. ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/131404
  36. ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/126817
  37. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3571614,00.html
  38. ^ http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=68770
  39. ^ Haaretz, Jul 7, 2008 "Fear of calling a terrorist a terrorist"
  40. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/10/12/israel.violence/index.html
  41. ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/127921
  42. ^ http://www.kadmiel.com/northernborderyomkippur/
  43. ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/129872
  44. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1081038.html
  45. ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/6146
  46. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/news/islamic-movement-head-charged-with-incitement-to-racism-violence-1.238209
  47. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3500219,00.html
  48. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1014706.htm
  49. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=179827
  50. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3673580,00.html
  51. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/13/israeli-elias-abuelazam-accused-us-racist-murders
  52. ^ Torstrick, Rebecca L., The limits of coexistence: identity politics in Israel, University of Michigan Press, 2000, p 32
  53. ^ Madmoni-Gerber, Shoshana, Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict: the Yemenite babies affair, Macmillan, 2009, p 54-56
  54. ^ Ruttenberg, Danya, Yentl's revenge: the next wave of Jewish feminism, p 178
  55. ^ http://www.allbookstores.com/Jews_Oriental_p4sd.html
  56. ^ http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~s.smooha/download/Mass_Immigrations_to_Israel.pdf
  57. ^ http://my.mli.org.il/Mli_Pdf/Graduate/SephardicMizrahiArab-JewsReflections.pdf
  58. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=jpoKj4IH5qQC&pg=PA250
  59. ^ [1]
  60. ^ Jewish spectator School of the Jewish Woman, New York, N.Y., 1981, p. 24
  61. ^ American Jewish Congress 1986, Congress monthly, Volumes 53-54, p. 34
  62. ^
  63. ^ Ashkenazi Against Sephardi Racism Lives, by Shelomo Alfassa "The haredim were found guilty by the Israeli High Court of Justice of racism. Evidence of their crime can easily be seen by the fact that schools were constructed with separate entrances and separate classrooms for Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews. The Ashkenazi parents say they need to keep the classrooms segregated because the families of the Sephardi girls "aren't religious enough."
  64. ^ Sephardim, Ashkenazim, and Ultra-Orthodox Racism in Israel, by David Shasha
  65. ^
    • Smooha, Sammy, "Jewish Ethnicity in Israel: Symbolic or Real?", in Jews in Israel: contemporary social and cultural patterns, Uzi Rebhun (Ed.), UPNE, 2004, p 60-74
    • Khazzoom, Loolwa, The flying camel: essays on identity by women of North African and Middle Eastern Jewish heritage, Seal Press, 2003, p 69
    • Sharoni, Simona, "Feminist Reflections on the Interplay of Sexism and Racism in Israel", in Challenging racism and sexism: alternatives to genetic explanations, Ethel Tobach, Betty Rosoff (Eds), Feminist Press, 1994, p 309-331
    • Hanieh, Adam, "The Reality Behind Israeli Socialism", in The Palestinian Struggle, Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Sean Malloy, Doug Lorimer, Doug Lorimer (Eds), Resistance Books, 2002, p 21-22
    • Lefkowitz, Daniel, Words and stones: the politics of language and identity in Israel, p 15
    • Thomas, Amelia, Israel and the Palestinian Territories, p 43
    • Zohar, Zion, Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry: from the Golden Age of Spain to modern times, p 324
    • Medding, Peter Y. Sephardic Jewry and Mizrahi Jews, p 81
  66. ^ Yuchtman-Yaar, Ephraim, "Ethnic Inequality in Israeli Schools and Sports: An Expectation-States Approach", in The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Nov., 1979), pp. 576-590, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778584
  67. ^ Solving the Mystery of Missing Yemeni Babies, ABC World News Tonight with Peter Jennings, Forrest Sawyer and Linda Patillo Reporting, August 25, 1997]
  68. ^ Madmoni-Gerber, Shoshana, Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict: the Yemenite babies affair, Macmillan, 2009
  69. ^ See also, regarding media and Yemeni Jews: Madmoni-Gerber, Shoshana, Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict: the Yemenite babies affair, Macmillan, 2009
  70. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/02/world/the-babies-from-yemen-an-enduring-mystery.html?pagewanted=all The Babies From Yemen: An Enduring Mystery
  71. ^ a b Abramov, S. Zalman, Perpetual dilemma: Jewish religion in the Jewish State, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1976, p. 277
  72. ^ a b Smooha, Sammy, Israel: pluralism and conflict, University of California Press, 1978, p. 400-401
  73. ^ http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/conversion.htm
  74. ^ Kemp, Adriana, Israelis in conflict: hegemonies, identities and challenges, Sussex Academic Press, 2004, p 155
  75. ^ Rebhun, Uzi, Jews in Israel: contemporary social and cultural patterns, UPNE, 2004, p. 140
  76. ^ http://www.jstor.org/stable/2784774
  77. ^ "Deal reached on Petah Tikva Ethiopian olim", Jerusalem Post, 31 Aug 2009. http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=153392
  78. ^ http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=382&PID=471&IID=1757
  79. ^ "Ethiopian students affair shows prevalent racism in Israel", 3 Sep 2009, Haaretz.com, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/ethiopian-students-affair-shows-prevalent-racism-in-israel-1.8578
  80. ^ Navot, Suzi, Constitutional law of Israel, p 240
  81. ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Human_Rights/human_rts_in_Israel.html
  82. ^ http://www.adl.org/main_Israel/Divestment_02_17_05.htm
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