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== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Stephen Wolfram's parents were [[Jewish]] refugees who emigrated from [[Westphalia]] to [[England]] in 1933.<ref name=jew>{{
Stephen Wolfram's parents were [[Jewish]] refugees who emigrated from [[Westphalia]], Germany, to [[England]] in 1933.<ref name=jew>{{
Cite web
Cite web
|url=http://www.juedischeliteraturwestfalen.de/index.php?valex=101&vArticle=1&author_id=00000308&id=1
|url=http://www.juedischeliteraturwestfalen.de/index.php?valex=101&vArticle=1&author_id=00000308&id=1

Revision as of 14:17, 4 February 2011

Stephen Wolfram
Born (1959-08-29) 29 August 1959 (age 65)
London, England, UK
NationalityBritish
Alma materOxford University, Caltech
Known forCreator of Mathematica and Wolfram Alpha
Author of A New Kind of Science
AwardsMacArthur Fellowship
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics, Physics, Computing
InstitutionsWolfram Research

Stephen Wolfram (born 29 August 1959) is a British physicist, software developer, mathematician, author and businessman, known for his work in theoretical particle physics, cosmology, cellular automata, computational complexity theory, computer algebra, the Mathematica software application, and the Wolfram Alpha computational knowledge engine.

Biography

Stephen Wolfram's parents were Jewish refugees who emigrated from Westphalia, Germany, to England in 1933.[1][2] Wolfram's father, Hugo Wolfram, was a novelist (Into a Neutral Country), and his mother, Sybil Wolfram, was a professor of philosophy at the University of Oxford. He has a younger brother, Conrad Wolfram.[3]

Wolfram was educated at Eton. At the age of 15, he published an article on particle physics[4] and entered St John's College, University of Oxford at age 17. Wolfram wrote a widely cited paper on heavy quark production at age 18.[2] He received his Ph.D. in particle physics from the California Institute of Technology at age 20[5] and joined the faculty there.

Wolfram became highly interested in cellular automata at age 21.[2] His work in particle physics, cosmology and computer science earned him one of the first MacArthur awards. Wolfram's work with Geoffrey Fox on the theory of the strong interaction is still used today in experimental particle physics.[6] He founded the journal Complex Systems in 1987.

He is married to a mathematician and has four children.[7]

Work

Symbolic Manipulation Program

Wolfram led the development of the computer algebra system SMP (Symbolic Manipulation Program: SMP was essentially Version Zero of Mathematica) in the Caltech physics department during 1979–1981, but a dispute with the administration over the intellectual property rights regarding SMP—patents, copyright, and faculty involvement in commercial ventures—eventually caused him to resign from Caltech.[8] SMP was further developed and marketed commercially by Inference Corp. of Los Angeles during 1983–1988.

In 1981, Wolfram was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship. In 1983, he left for the School of Natural Sciences of the Institute for Advanced Study, where he studied cellular automata, mainly with computer simulations. In the middle 1980s Wolfram worked on simulations of physical processes (such as turbulent fluid flow) with cellular automata on the Connection Machine alongside Richard Feynman.[9]

Mathematica

Main article: Mathematica

In 1986 Wolfram left the Institute for Advanced Study for the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he founded their Center for Complex Systems Research and started to develop the computer algebra system Mathematica, which was first released in 1988, when he left academia. In 1987 he co-founded a company called Wolfram Research which continues to develop and market the program.[2] Stephen Wolfram is currently the majority shareholder.

A New Kind of Science

Main article: A New Kind of Science

From 1992 to 2002, he worked on his controversial book A New Kind of Science, which presents an empirical study of very simple computational systems. Additionally, it argues that for fundamental reasons these types of systems, rather than traditional mathematics, are needed to model and understand complexity in nature. Wolfram's conclusion is that the universe is digital in its nature, and runs on fundamental laws which can be described as simple programs. He predicts a realization of this within the scientific communities will have a major and revolutionary influence on physics, chemistry and biology and the majority of the scientific areas in general, which is the reason for the book's title.

Since the release of the book in 2002, Wolfram has split his time between developing Mathematica and encouraging people to get involved with the subject matter of A New Kind of Science by giving talks, holding conferences, and starting a summer school devoted to the topic.[10]

The simplest universal Turing machine

In A New Kind of Science, Wolfram claimed to have found the simplest known universal Turing machine, one with 2 states and 5 colours. Afterwards, Wolfram made an empirical investigation of 2,985,984 (i.e., 126) possible 2-state 3-colour Turing machines (because it was known that no machine with 2 states and 2 colours can be universal), and from among these candidates he selected one that he had an intuition might indeed be the simplest universal Turing machine.

A US $25,000 prize[11] was announced, to be awarded to the first person or group who would provide a formal proof that that particular candidate is universal or that it is not. Alex Smith, a 20-year-old undergraduate from Birmingham, UK, claimed to have proven the universality of Wolfram's 2,3 Turing machine and was awarded the prize.[12] Computer scientist Vaughan Pratt later claimed to have found an error in the proof's reasoning.[13] Wolfram, Smith, and others disputed Pratt's claim on the same discussion group.[14][15][16]

Computational knowledge engine

Main article: Wolfram Alpha

In March 2009, Wolfram announced Wolfram|Alpha, a computational data engine with a new approach to knowledge extraction and an easy-to-use interface, launched on May 16, 2009.[17][18] The engine is based on natural language processing, a large library of algorithms and answers queries using the approach described in A New Kind of Science. The application programming interface (API) allows other applications to extend and enhance Alpha.[19] The Wolfram|Alpha engine is not a search engine in that it does not simply return a list of results based on a query, but it instead attempts to compute an answer to its input. Nova Spivack opined that "it could be as important as Google".[20]

References

  1. ^ "Jüdische Schriftsteller in Westfalen: Hugo Wolfram".
  2. ^ a b c d Giles, J (2002). "Stephen Wolfram". Nature. 417 (6886): 216–8. doi:10.1038/417216a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 12015565. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ "Stephen Wolfram". nndb.com. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  4. ^ "Hadronic Electrons?". The SPIRES date of April 1975 refers to the date the preprint was received, not the date of journal publication.
  5. ^ Thesis listing: Some Topics In Theoretical High-Energy Physics
  6. ^ See A Model for Parton Showers in QCD and Observables for the Analysis of Event Shapes in e+ e- Annihilation and Other Processes
  7. ^ "Stephen Wolfram". Sunday Profile. 2009-05-31. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. {{cite episode}}: External link in |transcripturl= (help); Unknown parameter |transcripturl= ignored (|transcript-url= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Kolata, Gina. "Caltech Torn by Dispute Over Software," Science, 27 May 1983 (Vol. 220, No. 4600) issue, pp. 932-934.
  9. ^ W. Daniel Hillis (1989-02). "Richard Feynman and The Connection Machine". Physics Today. Retrieved 3 November 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ TED (2010) Stephen Wolfram: Scientist, inventor. [Online] http://www.ted.com/speakers/stephen_wolfram.html (accessed 19 January 2010).
  11. ^ "The Prize Announcement; Looking for the formal proof".
  12. ^ "The Prize Is Won; The Simplest Universal Turing Machine Is Proved". The 24 October entry at Wolfram Research's blog announcing the news.
  13. ^ "Argument against the proof claimed in the FOM list".
  14. ^ "Stephen Wolfram reply in the FOM list".
  15. ^ "Todd Rowland reply to Vaughan Pratt in the FOM list".
  16. ^ "Alex Smith reply to Vaughan Pratt in the FOM list".
  17. ^ Wolfram, Stephen (2009-03-05). "Wolfram|Alpha Is Coming!". Wolfram blog. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  18. ^ "Wolfram|Alpha". Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  19. ^ Johnson, Bobbie (2009-03-09). "British search engine 'could rival Google'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  20. ^ Spivack, Nova (2009-03-07). "Wolfram Alpha Is Coming—And It Could Be as Important as Google". Nova Spivack—My Public Twine. Twine. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
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