3D printing: Difference between revisions
m Reverted edit(s) by 67.255.21.221 identified as external link spam using STiki |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
'''3D printing''' is a form of [[additive manufacturing]] technology where a [[three dimensional]] object is created by laying down successive layers of material.<ref>[http://www.createitreal.com/index.php/en/3d-printer/48 See animation of layering]</ref> 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive manufacturing technologies. 3D printers offer product developers the ability to print parts and assemblies made of several materials with different mechanical and physical properties in a single build process. Advanced 3D printing technologies yield models that can serve as product [[prototype|prototypes]].{{cite}} |
'''3D printing''' is a form of [[additive manufacturing]] technology where a [[three dimensional]] object is created by laying down successive layers of material.<ref>[http://www.createitreal.com/index.php/en/3d-printer/48 See animation of layering]</ref> 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive manufacturing technologies. 3D printers offer product developers the ability to print parts and assemblies made of several materials with different mechanical and physical properties in a single build process. Advanced 3D printing technologies yield models that can serve as product [[prototype|prototypes]].{{cite}} |
||
A 3D printer works by taking a 3D computer file and constructing from it a series of cross-sectional slices. |
A 3D printer works by taking a 3D computer file and constructing from it a series of cross-sectional slices. Each slice is then printed one on top of the other to create the 3D object. |
||
Since 2003 there has been large growth in the sale of 3D printers. |
Since 2003 there has been large growth in the sale of 3D printers. Additionally, the cost of 3D printers has declined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptonline.com/articles/200408cu3.html |title=Close-Up On Technology - 3D Printers Lead Growth of Rapid Prototyping - 08/04 |publisher=Ptonline.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-01}}</ref> The technology also finds use in the jewellery, footwear, [[industrial design]], architecture, engineering and construction (AEC), automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries, among others. |
||
== Methods == |
== Methods == |
||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
A large number of competing technologies are available to do 3D printing. Their main differences are found in the way layers are built to create parts. Some methods use melting or softening material to produce the layers, e.g. [[selective laser sintering]] (SLS) and [[fused deposition modeling]] (FDM), while others lay liquid materials that are cured with different technologies. In the case of lamination systems, thin layers are cut to shape and joined together. |
A large number of competing technologies are available to do 3D printing. Their main differences are found in the way layers are built to create parts. Some methods use melting or softening material to produce the layers, e.g. [[selective laser sintering]] (SLS) and [[fused deposition modeling]] (FDM), while others lay liquid materials that are cured with different technologies. In the case of lamination systems, thin layers are cut to shape and joined together. |
||
Each method has its advantages and drawbacks, and consequently some companies offer a choice between powder and polymer as the material from which the object emerges.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/theworldin/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10105016 |title=The World In 2008 |publisher=Economist.com |date=2007-11-15 |accessdate=2009-09-01}}</ref> |
Each method has its advantages and drawbacks, and consequently some companies offer a choice between powder and polymer as the material from which the object emerges.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/theworldin/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10105016 |title=The World In 2008 |publisher=Economist.com |date=2007-11-15 |accessdate=2009-09-01}}</ref> Generally, the main considerations are speed, cost of the printed prototype, cost of the 3D printer, choice of materials and colour capabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wohlersassociates.com/NovDec05TCT3dp.htm |title=Factors to Consider When Choosing a 3D Printer|date= |accessdate=2009-09-01}}</ref> |
||
{{rquote|right|Three-dimensional printing makes it as cheap to create single items as it is to produce thousands and thus undermines [[economies of scale]]. It may have as profound an impact on the world as the coming of the factory did....Just as nobody could have predicted the impact of the [[History of the steam engine|steam engine in 1750]]—or the [[Global spread of the printing press|printing press in 1450]], or the [[History of the transistor|transistor in 1950]]—it is impossible to foresee the long-term impact of 3D printing. But the technology is coming, and it is likely to disrupt every field it touches.|''[[The Economist]]'', in a February 10, 2011 leader<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.economist.com/node/18114327?story_id=18114327 | title= Print me a Stradivarius| date=February 10, 2011 | work= [[editorial|Leader]] | publisher=[[The Economist]]| accessdate=2011-02-15}}</ref>}} |
{{rquote|right|Three-dimensional printing makes it as cheap to create single items as it is to produce thousands and thus undermines [[economies of scale]]. It may have as profound an impact on the world as the coming of the factory did....Just as nobody could have predicted the impact of the [[History of the steam engine|steam engine in 1750]]—or the [[Global spread of the printing press|printing press in 1450]], or the [[History of the transistor|transistor in 1950]]—it is impossible to foresee the long-term impact of 3D printing. But the technology is coming, and it is likely to disrupt every field it touches.|''[[The Economist]]'', in a February 10, 2011 leader<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.economist.com/node/18114327?story_id=18114327 | title= Print me a Stradivarius| date=February 10, 2011 | work= [[editorial|Leader]] | publisher=[[The Economist]]| accessdate=2011-02-15}}</ref>}} |
||
One method of 3D printing consists of an [[inkjet printer|inkjet printing]] system. |
One method of 3D printing consists of an [[inkjet printer|inkjet printing]] system. The printer creates the model one layer at a time by spreading a layer of powder ([[plaster]], or [[resin]]s) and inkjet printing a binder in the cross-section of the part. The process is repeated until every layer is printed. This technology is the only one that allows for the printing of full colour prototypes. This method also allows overhangs. It is also recognized as the fastest method. {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} |
||
In [[digital light processing]] (DLP), a vat of liquid polymer is exposed to light from a DLP projector under [[safelight]] conditions. The exposed liquid polymer hardens. The build plate then moves down in small increments and the liquid polymer is again exposed to light. The process repeats until the model is built. The liquid polymer is then drained from the vat, leaving the solid model. The [http://www.zcorp.com/en/Products/Rapid-Prototyping-Machines/ZBuilder--andtrade--Ultra/spage.aspx ZBuilder Ultra] is an example of a DLP rapid prototyping system. |
In [[digital light processing]] (DLP), a vat of liquid polymer is exposed to light from a DLP projector under [[safelight]] conditions. The exposed liquid polymer hardens. The build plate then moves down in small increments and the liquid polymer is again exposed to light. The process repeats until the model is built. The liquid polymer is then drained from the vat, leaving the solid model. The [http://www.zcorp.com/en/Products/Rapid-Prototyping-Machines/ZBuilder--andtrade--Ultra/spage.aspx ZBuilder Ultra] is an example of a DLP rapid prototyping system. |
||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
Unlike [[stereolithography]], inkjet 3D printing is optimized for speed, low cost, and ease-of-use, making it suitable for visualizing during the conceptual stages of engineering design through to early-stage functional testing. No toxic chemicals like those used in stereolithography are required, and minimal post printing finish work is needed; one need only to use the printer itself to blow off surrounding powder after the printing process. Bonded powder prints can be further strengthened by wax or thermoset polymer impregnation. FDM parts can be strengthened by wicking another metal into the part. |
Unlike [[stereolithography]], inkjet 3D printing is optimized for speed, low cost, and ease-of-use, making it suitable for visualizing during the conceptual stages of engineering design through to early-stage functional testing. No toxic chemicals like those used in stereolithography are required, and minimal post printing finish work is needed; one need only to use the printer itself to blow off surrounding powder after the printing process. Bonded powder prints can be further strengthened by wax or thermoset polymer impregnation. FDM parts can be strengthened by wicking another metal into the part. |
||
In 2006, Sébastien Dion, John Balistreri and others at [[Bowling Green State University]] began research into 3D rapid prototyping machines, creating printed ceramic art objects. This research has led to the invention of ceramic powders and binder systems that enable [[clay]] material to be printed from a computer model and then fired for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balistreri |first=John |year=2008 |month=Summer-Fall |title=Creating Ceramic Art Using the Rapid Prototyping Process |
In 2006, Sébastien Dion, John Balistreri and others at [[Bowling Green State University]] began research into 3D rapid prototyping machines, creating printed ceramic art objects. This research has led to the invention of ceramic powders and binder systems that enable [[clay]] material to be printed from a computer model and then fired for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balistreri |first=John |year=2008 |month=Summer-Fall |title=Creating Ceramic Art Using the Rapid Prototyping Process |journal=Studio Potter |volume=36 |issue=2 |url=http://www.studiopotter.org/}}</ref> |
||
== Resolution == |
== Resolution == |
||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
3D printing technology is currently being studied by biotechnology firms and academia for possible use in tissue engineering applications where organs and body parts are built using inkjet techniques. Layers of living cells are deposited onto a gel medium and slowly built up to form three dimensional structures. Several terms have been used to refer to this field of research: [[Organ printing]], bio-printing, and computer-aided [[tissue engineering]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=1603783&page=1 |title=ABC News: 'Organ Printing' Could Drastically Change Medicine |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-01}}</ref> 3D printing can produce a personalised hip replacement in one pass, with the ball permanently inside the socket, and even at current printing resolutions the unit will not require polishing. |
3D printing technology is currently being studied by biotechnology firms and academia for possible use in tissue engineering applications where organs and body parts are built using inkjet techniques. Layers of living cells are deposited onto a gel medium and slowly built up to form three dimensional structures. Several terms have been used to refer to this field of research: [[Organ printing]], bio-printing, and computer-aided [[tissue engineering]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=1603783&page=1 |title=ABC News: 'Organ Printing' Could Drastically Change Medicine |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-01}}</ref> 3D printing can produce a personalised hip replacement in one pass, with the ball permanently inside the socket, and even at current printing resolutions the unit will not require polishing. |
||
The use of 3D scanning technologies allow the replication of real objects without the use of [[molding (process)|molding]] techniques, that in many cases can be more expensive, more difficult, or too invasive to be performed; particularly with precious or delicate cultural heritage artifacts<ref>{{Citation |author=Paolo Cignoni, Roberto Scopigno |
The use of 3D scanning technologies allow the replication of real objects without the use of [[molding (process)|molding]] techniques, that in many cases can be more expensive, more difficult, or too invasive to be performed; particularly with precious or delicate cultural heritage artifacts<ref>{{Citation |author=Paolo Cignoni, Roberto Scopigno |title=Sampled 3D models for CH applications: A viable and enabling new medium or just a technological exercise?|journal=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] (ACM) Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage |volume=1 | issue=1 |page=1 |month=June |year=2008 |doi=10.1145/1367080.1367082| url=http://vcg.isti.cnr.it/Publications/2008/CS08/ | format=PDF |postscript=.}}</ref> where the direct contact of the molding substances could harm the surface of the original object. |
||
== Home 3D printers == |
== Home 3D printers == |
||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
There have been several, often related efforts to develop 3D printers suitable for desktop use, and to make this technology available at price points affordable to many individual [[end-user]]s. Much of this work was driven by and targeted on [[Do it yourself|DIY]]/enthusiast/[[early adopter]] communities, with links to both the academic and [[Hacker (hobbyist)|hacker]]<ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131644649</ref> communities. |
There have been several, often related efforts to develop 3D printers suitable for desktop use, and to make this technology available at price points affordable to many individual [[end-user]]s. Much of this work was driven by and targeted on [[Do it yourself|DIY]]/enthusiast/[[early adopter]] communities, with links to both the academic and [[Hacker (hobbyist)|hacker]]<ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131644649</ref> communities. |
||
[[RepRap]] is a project that aims to produce a [[FOSS]] 3D printer, whose full specifications are released under the [[GNU General Public License]], and which can print a copy of itself. |
[[RepRap]] is a project that aims to produce a [[FOSS]] 3D printer, whose full specifications are released under the [[GNU General Public License]], and which can print a copy of itself. As of November 2010, the RepRap can only print [[plastic]] parts. Research is under way to enable the device to print [[circuit board]]s too, as well as metal parts. |
||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
| Line 86: | Line 86: | ||
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3238 'Gadget printer' promises industrial revolution ''New Scientist''] |
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3238 'Gadget printer' promises industrial revolution ''New Scientist''] |
||
* [http://www.zcorp.com/documents/696_story_id=14299.pdf A Factory on Your Desk] |
* [http://www.zcorp.com/documents/696_story_id=14299.pdf A Factory on Your Desk] |
||
* [http://www.economist.com/node/18114221?story_id=18114221 3D Printing: |
* [http://www.economist.com/node/18114221?story_id=18114221 3D Printing: The Printed World] from [[The Economist]] |
||
Revision as of 11:19, 27 June 2011
| Part of a series on the |
| History of printing |
|---|
 |
3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material.[1] 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive manufacturing technologies. 3D printers offer product developers the ability to print parts and assemblies made of several materials with different mechanical and physical properties in a single build process. Advanced 3D printing technologies yield models that can serve as product prototypes. {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)
A 3D printer works by taking a 3D computer file and constructing from it a series of cross-sectional slices. Each slice is then printed one on top of the other to create the 3D object.
Since 2003 there has been large growth in the sale of 3D printers. Additionally, the cost of 3D printers has declined.[2] The technology also finds use in the jewellery, footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and construction (AEC), automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries, among others.
Methods
A large number of competing technologies are available to do 3D printing. Their main differences are found in the way layers are built to create parts. Some methods use melting or softening material to produce the layers, e.g. selective laser sintering (SLS) and fused deposition modeling (FDM), while others lay liquid materials that are cured with different technologies. In the case of lamination systems, thin layers are cut to shape and joined together.
Each method has its advantages and drawbacks, and consequently some companies offer a choice between powder and polymer as the material from which the object emerges.[3] Generally, the main considerations are speed, cost of the printed prototype, cost of the 3D printer, choice of materials and colour capabilities.[4]
Three-dimensional printing makes it as cheap to create single items as it is to produce thousands and thus undermines economies of scale. It may have as profound an impact on the world as the coming of the factory did....Just as nobody could have predicted the impact of the steam engine in 1750—or the printing press in 1450, or the transistor in 1950—it is impossible to foresee the long-term impact of 3D printing. But the technology is coming, and it is likely to disrupt every field it touches.
— The Economist, in a February 10, 2011 leader[5]
One method of 3D printing consists of an inkjet printing system. The printer creates the model one layer at a time by spreading a layer of powder (plaster, or resins) and inkjet printing a binder in the cross-section of the part. The process is repeated until every layer is printed. This technology is the only one that allows for the printing of full colour prototypes. This method also allows overhangs. It is also recognized as the fastest method. [citation needed]
In digital light processing (DLP), a vat of liquid polymer is exposed to light from a DLP projector under safelight conditions. The exposed liquid polymer hardens. The build plate then moves down in small increments and the liquid polymer is again exposed to light. The process repeats until the model is built. The liquid polymer is then drained from the vat, leaving the solid model. The ZBuilder Ultra is an example of a DLP rapid prototyping system.
Fused deposition modeling, a technology developed by Stratasys[6] that is used in traditional rapid prototyping, uses a nozzle to deposit molten polymer onto a support structure, layer by layer.
Another approach is selective fusing of print media in a granular bed. In this variation, the unfused media serves to support overhangs and thin walls in the part being produced, reducing the need for auxiliary temporary supports for the workpiece. Typically a laser is used to sinter the media and form the solid. Examples of this are selective laser sintering and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) using metals.
Finally, ultra-small features may be made by the 3D microfabrication technique of 2-photon photopolymerization. In this approach, the desired 3D object is traced out in a block of gel by a focused laser. The gel is cured to a solid only in the places where the laser was focused, due to the nonlinear nature of photoexcitation, and then the remaining gel is washed away. Feature sizes of under 100 nm are easily produced, as well as complex structures such as moving and interlocked parts.[7]
Unlike stereolithography, inkjet 3D printing is optimized for speed, low cost, and ease-of-use, making it suitable for visualizing during the conceptual stages of engineering design through to early-stage functional testing. No toxic chemicals like those used in stereolithography are required, and minimal post printing finish work is needed; one need only to use the printer itself to blow off surrounding powder after the printing process. Bonded powder prints can be further strengthened by wax or thermoset polymer impregnation. FDM parts can be strengthened by wicking another metal into the part.
In 2006, Sébastien Dion, John Balistreri and others at Bowling Green State University began research into 3D rapid prototyping machines, creating printed ceramic art objects. This research has led to the invention of ceramic powders and binder systems that enable clay material to be printed from a computer model and then fired for the first time.[8]
Resolution
Resolution is given in layer thickness and X-Y resolution in dpi. Typical layer thickness is around 100 micrometres (0.1 mm), while X-Y resolution is comparable to that of laser printers. The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 micrometres (0.05-0.1 mm) in diameter.
Applications
Standard applications include design visualization, prototyping/CAD, metal casting, architecture, education, geospatial, healthcare and entertainment/retail. Other applications would include reconstructing fossils in paleontology, replicating ancient and priceless artifacts in archaeology, reconstructing bones and body parts in forensic pathology and reconstructing heavily damaged evidence acquired from crime scene investigations.
More recently, the use of 3D printing technology for artistic expression has been suggested.[9] Artists have been using 3D printers in various ways.[10]
3D printing technology is currently being studied by biotechnology firms and academia for possible use in tissue engineering applications where organs and body parts are built using inkjet techniques. Layers of living cells are deposited onto a gel medium and slowly built up to form three dimensional structures. Several terms have been used to refer to this field of research: Organ printing, bio-printing, and computer-aided tissue engineering among others.[11] 3D printing can produce a personalised hip replacement in one pass, with the ball permanently inside the socket, and even at current printing resolutions the unit will not require polishing.
The use of 3D scanning technologies allow the replication of real objects without the use of molding techniques, that in many cases can be more expensive, more difficult, or too invasive to be performed; particularly with precious or delicate cultural heritage artifacts[12] where the direct contact of the molding substances could harm the surface of the original object.
Home 3D printers
There have been several, often related efforts to develop 3D printers suitable for desktop use, and to make this technology available at price points affordable to many individual end-users. Much of this work was driven by and targeted on DIY/enthusiast/early adopter communities, with links to both the academic and hacker[13] communities.
RepRap is a project that aims to produce a FOSS 3D printer, whose full specifications are released under the GNU General Public License, and which can print a copy of itself. As of November 2010, the RepRap can only print plastic parts. Research is under way to enable the device to print circuit boards too, as well as metal parts.
See also
- Desktop manufacturing
- Digital fabricator
- Direct digital manufacturing
- List of emerging technologies
- Rapid manufacturing
- Self-replicating machine
- Solid freeform fabrication
- Additive Manufacturing File Format
References
- ^ See animation of layering
- ^ "Close-Up On Technology - 3D Printers Lead Growth of Rapid Prototyping - 08/04". Ptonline.com. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ "The World In 2008". Economist.com. 2007-11-15. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ "Factors to Consider When Choosing a 3D Printer". Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ "Print me a Stradivarius". Leader. The Economist. February 10, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
- ^ Chee Kai Chua (2003). Rapid Prototyping. World Scientific. p. 124. ISBN 978-981-238-117-0. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Cheaper avenue to 65 nm?". EETimes.com. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ Balistreri, John (2008). "Creating Ceramic Art Using the Rapid Prototyping Process". Studio Potter. Vol. 36, no. 2.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Wall Street Journal" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ Séquin, C. H. 2005. Rapid prototyping: a 3d visualization tool takes on sculpture and mathematical forms. Commun. ACM 48, 6 (June 2005), 66-73. [1]
- ^ "ABC News: 'Organ Printing' Could Drastically Change Medicine". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ Paolo Cignoni, Roberto Scopigno (2008), "Sampled 3D models for CH applications: A viable and enabling new medium or just a technological exercise?" (PDF), Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage, 1 (1): 1, doi:10.1145/1367080.1367082.
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131644649
Further reading
- Easton, Thomas A. (2008). "The 3D Trainwreck: How 3D Printing Will Shake Up Manufacturing". Analog. 128 (11): 50–63.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|day=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Wright, Paul K. (2001). 21st Century manufacturing. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
External links
- New York Times: With Help From Shapeways, You Can Print Your Dishes
- 3D Printing, The Next Napster?
- CNN Money: 3D Food Printers Being Brought to the Mass Market by Essential Dynamics
- New York Times: 3-D Printing Spurs a Manufacturing Revolution
- Business Week: Printing in 3D Gets Practical
- Something Completely Different - 3D Printing
- Times Online article - Microtrends: 3D Printing
- Technical Articles on 3D printing
- 3D printer reshapes world of copying
- 3D Printing for the Masses
- 'Gadget printer' promises industrial revolution New Scientist
- A Factory on Your Desk
- 3D Printing: The Printed World from The Economist
