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A serial killer is a very bad person.
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{{homicide}}
A '''serial killer''', as typically defined, is an individual who has murdered three or more people{{sfn|Holmes|2010|p=39}}{{sfn|Reavill|2007|p=228 "With only two confirmed kills, [[Ed Gein]] did not technically qualify as a serial killer (the traditional minimum requirement was three), but that did not deny him immediate entry into the pantheon of folk "}} over a period of more than a month, with down time (a "cooling off period") between the murders, and whose motivation for killing is largely based on [[abnormal psychology|psychological]] gratification.{{sfn|Holmes|1998b|p=9 "One of the most famous [geographically stable] serial killers is Wayne Williams. He was convicted of only two killings. However, his probable involvement in more than 30 killings of young black males in Atlanta qualifies him for classification as a geographically stable serial killer.."}}{{sfn|Burkhalter Chmelir|2003|p=1}} Other sources define the term as "a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone" or, including the vital characteristics, a minimum of at least two murders.{{sfn|Burkhalter Chmelir|2003|p=1}}{{sfn|Morton|2005|p=4, 9}} Often, a sexual element is involved with the killings, but the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] states that motives for serial murder include "anger, thrill, financial gain, and [[attention seeking]]."{{sfn|Morton|2005|p=4, 9}} The murders may have been attempted or completed in a similar fashion and the victims may have had something in common; for example, occupation, [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], appearance, [[sex]], or age group.<ref name="Tick"/>

Serial killers are not the same as [[mass murder]]ers, who commit multiple murders at one time; nor are they [[spree killer]]s, who commit murders in two or more locations with virtually no break in between. The English term and concept of the ''serial killer'' is commonly attributed to former FBI [[Special agent]] [[Robert Ressler]] in the 1970s.{{sfn|Ressler|1993|p=29}}{{sfn|Schechter|2003|p=5}} The concept had been described earlier, e.g. by [[German people|German]] police inspector [[Ernst Gennat]] coining the same term in 1930.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gennat|first=Ernst|year=1930|title=Die Düsseldorfer Sexualmorde|journal=Kriminalistische Monatshefte|issue=4|url=http://library.epfl.ch/en/periodicals/?recId=12821353|pages=S. 2–7, 27–32, 49–54, 79–82. }}</ref> Author [[Ann Rule]] postulates in her 2004 book ''Kiss Me, Kill Me'' that the English-language credit for coining the term "serial killer" goes to [[Los Angeles Police Department|LAPD]] detective Pierce Brooks, creator of the [[Violent Criminal Apprehension Program|ViCAP]] system.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Jtj8_7WxpUkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Kiss%20Me%2C%20Kill%20Me&pg=PA225#v=onepage&q&f=true|page=225|year=2004|title=Kiss me, kill me and other true cases|first=Ann|last=Rule|publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0671691392}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
<!-- NOTE: Refrain from adding too much information about one race/and or ethnicity, as to avoid bias and WP:UNDUE WEIGHT-->

The racial demographics regarding serial killers are often subject of debate. In the United States, the majority of reported and investigated serial killers are white males, from a lower-to-middle-class background, usually in their late twenties to early thirties.<ref name="Tick">{{cite web|first=Shirley Lynn|last=Scott|title=What Makes Serial Killers Tick?|publisher=[[truTV|truTV.com]]|accessdate=2011-01-09|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/tick/victims_1.html }}</ref><ref name="Pat Brown">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=gzLkN3VmVhwC&lpg=PP2&dq=Pat%20Brown%2C%20%22Killing%20For%20Sport-%20Inside%20The%20Minds%20of%20Serial%20Killers&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=true|title=Killing for Sport: Inside the Minds of Serial Killers|first=Pat |last=Brown|page=12|publisher=Phoenix Books|year=2008|isbn=9781597775755|accessdate=2011-09-01}}</ref><ref name="fbi.gov">{{cite news|url=http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder|first=Robert J|last= Morton |title=Serial Murder |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |accessdate=2011-01-01}}</ref> However, there are African American, Asian, and [[Hispanic Americans|Hispanic]] (of any race) serial killers as well, and, according to the FBI, based on percentages of the U.S. population, whites are not more likely than other races to be serial killers.<ref name="fbi.gov"/> [[Offender profiling|Criminal profiler]] [[Pat Brown (criminal profiler)|Pat Brown]] says serial killers are usually reported as white because the media typically focuses on "All-American" white and pretty female victims who were the targets of white male offenders, that crimes among minority offenders in urban communities, where crime rates are higher, are under-investigated, and that minority serial killers likely exist at the same ratios as white serial killers for the population. She believes that the "serial killers are always white" myth might have become "truth" in some research fields due to the over-reporting of white serial killers in the media.<ref name="Pat Brown"/>

Some authors state that African American serial killers are as prevalent, or more so, in proportion to the African American population. According to some sources, the percentage of African American serial killers is estimated to be between 13 and 22 percent.<ref>{{cite web|author=By N. R. Kleinfield And Erica Goode |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503E1DD173FF93BA15753C1A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 |title=RETRACING A TRAIL - THE SNIPER SUSPECTS - RETRACING A TRAIL - THE SNIPER SUSPECTS - Serial Killing's Squarest Pegs - Not Solo, White, Psychosexual or Picky - NYTimes.com |location=Montgomery County (Md); Washington (Dc) |publisher=New York Times |date=2002-10-28 |accessdate=2011-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=da_fY9EfydsC&lpg=PA42&dq=black%20serial%20killers&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q=black%20serial%20killers&f=false |title=The serial killer files: the who ... - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2011-01-27 |accessdate=2011-03-05}}</ref> Another study has shown that 16 percent of serial killers are African American, what author Maurice Godwin describes as a "sizeable portion."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V3jUu-vIcaAC&lpg=PA60&dq=black%20serial%20killers&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q=black%20serial%20killers&f=false |title=Hunting Serial Predators - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-05}}</ref> Anthony Walsh writes, "While it is true that most serial killers are white males, white (Anglo) males are actually slightly underrepresented in the serial killer ranks in terms of their
proportion of the general male population" and that "[w]hatever the true proportion of black serial killers in the United States is or has been, it is greater than the proportion of African Americans in the general population."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vgHgNsmZ3vsC&lpg=PA40&dq=black%20serial%20killers&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q=black%20serial%20killers&f=false |title=Race and crime: a biosocial analysis - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-05}}</ref>

Compared to [[South Africa]] and the United States, [[Australia]] has a much lower incidence of known serial murders.{{sfn|Mouzos|2007|}} While South Africa has no known motive for sexual killing, Australia and U.S. share the motive of "lust killing," as well as childhood sexual abuse, drugs, and animal cruelty.{{sfn|Ressler|1993|}}

Other typical characteristics of serial killers include:

*Intelligence, with [[IQ]]s in the "bright normal" range.<ref name="Tick"/><ref name="phil" />
*Often, they have trouble staying employed and tend to work in menial jobs.<ref name="phil">{{cite web| url=http://www.drphil.com/articles/article/188 | title=Parenting: Fourteen Characteristics of a Serial Killer | publisher=Dr. Phil.com | accessdate=2008-10-05 }}</ref> The FBI, however, states, "Serial murderers often seem normal; have families and a steady job."<ref name=fbi.gov/> Other sources state they often come from unstable families.<ref name="Tick"/><ref name="phil" />
*As children, they are often abandoned by their fathers and raised by domineering mothers.<ref name="phil" />
*Their families often have criminal, psychiatric and [[alcoholic]] histories.<ref name="phil" />
*They were often [[child abuse|abused]] &mdash; [[emotional abuse|emotionally]], [[physical abuse|physically]] and/or [[child molestation|sexually]] &mdash; by a family member.<ref name="Tick"/><ref name="phil" />
*They have high rates of [[suicide]] attempts.<ref name="phil" />
*From an early age, many are intensely interested in [[voyeurism]], [[fetishism]], and [[Sadomasochism|sadomasochistic]] [[pornography]].<ref name="phil" />
Fetishism, partialism, and necrophilia, are paraphilias which involve a strong tendency to experience the object of erotic interest almost as if it were a physical representations of the symbolized body. Individuals engage in paraphilias which are organized along a continuum; participating in varying levels of fantasy perhaps by focusing on body parts (partialism), symbolic objects which serve as physical extensions of the body (Fetishism), or the anatomical physicality of the human body; specifically regarding its inner parts and sexual organs (one example being necrophilia) (<ref>Silva, J. Arturo., Leong, Gregory B., Ferrari, Michelle M. “A neuropsychiatric developmental model of serial homicidal behavior”. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 2004, p794.</ref>
*More than 60 percent [[enuresis|wet their beds]] beyond the age of 12.<ref name="Tick"/><ref name="phil" />
*Many are fascinated with [[Pyromania|fire setting]].<ref name="Tick"/><ref name="phil" />
*They are involved in [[Sadomasochism|sadistic]] activity or [[zoosadism|torturing animals]].<ref name="Tick"/><ref name="phil" />
*They were frequently [[bullying|bullied]] as children.<ref name="phil" />
*Some were involved in petty crimes, such as [[theft]], [[fraud]], [[vandalism]], dishonesty or similar offenses.

There are exceptions to these criteria, however. For example, [[Harold Shipman]] was a successful professional (a [[General Practitioner]] working for the [[National Health Service|NHS]]). He was considered a pillar of the local community, even winning a professional award for a children's Asthma clinic and was interviewed by [[Granada Television]]'s ''[[World in Action]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3391897.stm |title=UK &#124; Harold Shipman: The killer doctor |publisher=BBC News |date=2004-01-13 |accessdate=2010-07-29}}</ref> [[Dennis Nilsen]] was an ex-soldier turned civil servant and [[trade unionist]] who had no previous criminal record when arrested. Neither were known to have exhibited many of these signs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/predators/nilsen/alone_4.html |title=CrimeLibrary.com/Serial Killers/Sexual Predators/Dennis Nilsen — Growing Up Alone — Crime Library on |publisher=Trutv.com |date=1945-11-23 |accessdate=2010-07-29}}</ref> [[Vlado Taneski]] was a career [[journalist]] who was caught after a series of articles he wrote gave clues that he had murdered people. Ironically, he was a crime reporter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/serial-murder-journalist-commits-suicide-852848.html |title='Serial murder' journalist commits suicide - Europe, World |publisher=The Independent |date=2008-06-24 |accessdate=2010-07-29 | location=London | first=Konstantin | last=Testorides}}</ref> Colonel [[Russell Williams]] was a successful and respected career [[Canadian Air Force]] Officer who was convicted of the murder of two women, along with fetish burglaries and rapes.

{{Off-topic?}}Psychopaths lack empathy and guilt, are egocentric and impulsive, and theoretically do not conform to social, moral and legal norms. Instead, psychopaths often follow a distinct set of rules which they have created for themselves. They may appear to be normal and often quite charming, a state of adaptation that [[psychiatrist]] [[Hervey M. Cleckley|Hervey Cleckley]] called the "[[The Mask of Sanity|mask of sanity]]".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Morse |first=Stephen J. |encyclopedia=Law Library - American Law and Legal Information |title=Psychopathy - What Is Psychopathy? |url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/1884/Psychopathy-What-psychopathy.html |accessdate=2008-09-25 |volume=Crime and Justice Vol 3|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5b5vnGYP0 |archivedate=2008-09-25 }}</ref>
In the DSM-IV, psychopathy is listed under Axis II Personality disorders NOS. It is a disorder mainly defined by traits of both antisocial personality disorder and [[narcissism|narcissistic]]. In the near future, the concept of psychopathy requires revision because the new version of the DSM (DSM-V) no longer includes narcissism. [[Robert Hare (psychologist)|Robert Hare]] created a checklist to differentiate psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), known as the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R).{{sfn|Vronsky|2007b|p=57}} The questionnaire scores people on Axis I interpersonal/affective and Axis II Behavioral traits.(anti- social). His test found that while 50–80 percent of criminals were diagnosed with ASPD, only 15–30 percent scored as primary psychopaths on the PCL-R test.

The [[Macdonald triad]] &mdash; [[Cruelty to animals|animal cruelty]], [[pyromania]], and persistent [[bedwetting]] (also known as [[enuresis]]) past the age of five &mdash; is often exhibited by serial killers during their childhood.<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1177/0306624X04265087|last1= Singer|first1=S.D|last2=Hensley|first2=C|year=2004|url=http://ijo.sagepub.com/content/48/4/461.abstract|title= Learning theory to childhood and adolescent firesetting: Can it lead to serial murder. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology|pages= 48, 461–476.|issue= 4|volume= 48|journal= International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology|accessdate= 2011-02-13|pmid= 15245657}}</ref> Subsequent research, however, found that bedwetting is not related to psychopathy.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Weatherby | first1 = G. A. | last2 = Buller | first2 = D. M. | last3 = McGinnis | first3 = K. | year = 2009 | title = The Buller-McGinnis model of serial-homicidal behavior: An integrated approach | url = http://www.scientificjournals.org/journals2009/articles/1441.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice Research and Education | volume = 3 | issue =1 | page = }}</ref>

===Development===
Many serial killers have faced similar problems in their childhood development. Hickey's Trauma Control Model explains how early childhood trauma can set the child up for [[deviant behavior]] in adulthood.{{sfn|Holmes|2000|p=107}} The child's environment (either their parents or society) is the dominant factor in whether or not the child's behavior escalates into homicidal activity.

Family, or lack thereof, is the most prominent part of a child's development because it is what the child can identify with on a regular basis.{{sfn|Tithecott|1997|p=38}} "The serial killer is no different than any other individual who is instigated to seek approval from parents, sexual partners, or others."{{sfn|Hale|1993|p=41}} This need for approval is what influences children to attempt to develop social relationships with their family and peers, but if they are rejected or neglected, they are unable to do so. This results in the lowering of their self-esteem and helps develop their fantasy world in which they are in control. Hickey's Trauma Control Model clearly shows that the development of a serial killer is based on an early trauma followed by facilitators (porn, drugs, and alcohol) and disposition (the inability to attach).{{sfn|Hickey|2010|p=107}}

Family interaction also plays an important role in a child's growth and development. "The quality of their attachments to parents and other members of the family is critical to how these children relate to and value other members of society."{{sfn|Hasselt|1999|p=166}}

Wilson and Seaman (1990) conducted a study on incarcerated serial killers and what they felt was the most influential factor that contributed to their homicidal activity.<ref>Seaman, D. & Wilson, C. (1990). ''The serial killers: A study in the psychology of violence''. London, Great Britain: Virgin Books</ref> Almost all of the serial killers in the study had experienced some sort of environmental problems during their childhood, such as a [[Divorce|broken home]], or a lack of discipline in the home. It was common for the serial killers to come from a family that had experienced divorce, separation, or the lack of a parent. Furthermore, nearly half of the serial killers had experienced some type of physical and sexual abuse and even more had experienced emotional neglect.{{sfn|Hasselt|1999|p=162}} When a parent has a [[drug]] or [[alcohol]] problem, the attention in the household is on the parents rather than the child. This neglect of the child leads to the lowering of their self-esteem and helps develop a fantasy world in which they are in control. Hickey's Trauma Control Model supports how the neglect from parents can facilitate deviant behavior especially if the child sees substance abuse in action.{{sfn|Hickey|2010|p=107}} This then leads to [[disposition]] (the inability to attach), which can further lead to homicidal behavior unless the child finds a way to develop substantial relationships and fight the label they receive. If a child receives no support from those around him or her, then he or she is unlikely to recover from the [[psychological trauma|traumatic]] event in a positive way. As stated by E. E. Maccoby, "the family has continued to be seen as a major &mdash; perhaps ''the'' major &mdash; arena for socialization."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maccoby|first= E. E|year=1992|page=1006–17| doi = 10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1006 |title=The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview''|publisher= American Psychological Association Developmental Psychology |volume=28 | issue = 6 }}</ref>

====Fantasy====
Children who do not have the power to control the mistreatment they suffer sometimes create a new reality to which they can escape. This new reality becomes their fantasy that they have total control of and becomes part of their daily existence. In this fantasy world their emotional development is guided and maintained. According to Garrison (1996), "the child becomes sociopathic because the normal development of the concepts of right and wrong and [[empathy]] towards others is retarded because of the child's emotional and [[social development]] occurs within his self-centered fantasies. A person can do no wrong in his own world and the pain of others is of no consequence when the purpose of the fantasy world is to satisfy the needs of one person" (Garrison, 1996). Boundaries between fantasy and reality are lost and fantasies turn to dominance, control, sexual conquest, and violence, eventually leading to murder. Fantasy can lead to the first step in the process of a dissociative state, which, in the words of Stephen Giannangelo, "allows the serial killer to leave the stream of consciousness for what is, to him, a better place."<ref name="Giannangelo1996">{{Cite book|last=Giannangelo|first=Stephen J.|title=The psychopathology of serial murder: a theory of violence|url=http://books.google.com/?id=rPLpWHyrM-MC&pg=PA33|accessdate=29 May 2010|date=January 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275954345|page=33}}</ref>

[[Criminology|Criminologist]] Jose Sanchez reports, "the young criminal you see today is more detached from his victim, more ready to hurt or kill . . . The lack of empathy for their victims among young criminals is just one symptom of a problem that afflicts the whole society."{{sfn|Tithecott|1997|p=38}} Lorenzo Carcaterra, author of Gangster (2001), explains how potential criminals are [[Labeling theory|labeled by society]], which can then lead to their offspring also developing in the same way through the [[cycle of violence]].The ability for serial killers to appreciate the mental life of others is severely compromised, presumably leading to their dehumanization of others. This process may be considered as an expression of the intersubjectivity associated with a cognitive deficit regarding the capability to make sharp distinctions between other people and inanimate objects. For these individuals objects can appear to possess animistic or humanistic power while people are perceived as objects <ref>Silva, J. Arturo., Leong, Gregory B., Ferrari, Michelle M. “A neuropsychiatric developmental model of serial homicidal behavior”. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 2004, p790.</ref>{{sfn|Tithecott|1997|page=43}} Before he was executed, serial killer [[Ted Bundy]] stated media violence and [[pornography]] had stimulated and increased his need to commit homicide, although this statement was made during last ditch efforts to appeal his death sentence.{{sfn|Hasselt|1999|p=162}}

===Organized, disorganized, and mixed ===
The [[FBI]]'s ''[[Crime Classification Manual]]'' places serial killers into three categories: ''organized'', ''disorganized'', and ''mixed'' &mdash; offenders who exhibit organized and disorganized characteristics.{{sfn|Vronsky|2004|p=99-100}} Some killers descend from being organized into disorganized behavior as their killings continue.

Organized nonsocial offenders usually have above average intelligence, with a mean [[IQ]] of 123.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Serial%20Killer%20Information%20Center/Serial%20Killer%20IQ.htm |title=Serial Killer IQ |last=Aamodt |first=Dr. Mike |authorlink=Mike Aamodt |publisher=[[Radford University|Radford University Department of Psychology]] |accessdate=May 21, 2009}}</ref> They often plan their crimes quite methodically, usually abducting victims, killing them in one place and disposing of them in another. They will often lure the victims with ploys appealing to their sense of sympathy. For example, Ted Bundy would put his arm in a fake plaster cast and ask women to help him carry something to his car, where he would beat them unconscious with a tire iron, and carry them away. Others specifically target [[prostitution|prostitutes]], who are likely to go voluntarily with a stranger. They maintain a high degree of control over the [[crime scene]], and usually have a solid knowledge of [[forensic science]] that enables them to cover their tracks, such as burying the body or weighing it down and sinking it in a river. They follow their crimes in the [[News media|media]] carefully and often take pride in their actions, as if it were all a grand project. The organized killer is usually socially adequate, has friends and lovers, and sometimes even a spouse and children. They are the type who, when/if captured, are most likely to be described by acquaintances as kind and unlikely to hurt anyone. Bundy and [[John Wayne Gacy]] are examples of organized serial killers.{{sfn|Ressler|1993|p=113}}

===Medical professionals===
{{Main|Angel of Mercy (criminology)}}
Some people with a pathological interest in the power of life and death tend to be attracted to medical professions or acquiring such a job.{{sfn|Sitpond|2000|p={{Page needed|date=February 2011}}}}{{sfn|Whittle|2000|p={{Page needed|date=February 2011}}}}{{sfn|Linedecker|1990|p={{Page needed|date=February 2011}}}}{{sfn|Hickey|1997|p=142}} These kinds of killers are sometimes referred to as "angels of death"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/angels/index.html |title=Angels of Death |accessdate=30 December 2008 |work= |publisher=[[Crime Library]] |date=}}</ref> or angels of mercy. Medical professionals will kill their patients for money, for a sense of sadistic pleasure, for a belief that they are "easing" the patient's pain, or simply "because they can."{{sfn| Holmes|1998|p=204}} One such killer was nurse [[Jane Toppan]], who admitted during her murder trial that she was [[Lust murder|sexually aroused by death]].<ref name="Female_Lust_Kill">{{cite web| title=When Women Kill Together|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1613/is_1_16/ai_n29335603/|first=Katherine |last=Ramsland| publisher= The Forensic Examiner - American College of Forensic Examiners Institute| date=2007-03-22|accessdate=2009-08-02}}</ref> She would administer a drug mixture to patients she chose as her victims, lie in bed with them and [[frotteurism|hold them close to her body]] as they died.<ref name="Female_Lust_Kill"/>

===Female serial killers===
Female serial killers are rare.<ref name="ABCnews.go.com">{{Cite news|title=Your Questions Answered About Black Widow Case. Forensic Psychiatrist Dr. James Knoll Answers Viewers' Questions About Stacey Castor |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC News]] |date=April 27, 2009 |accessdate=April 27, 2009 |url=http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=7438161&page=1}}</ref><ref name="Frei">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/cbm.615|last=Frei|first=A.|coauthors=Völlm, B.; Graf, M.; Dittmann, V.|year=2006|title=Female serial killing: Review and case report |journal=Criminal Behavior and Mental Health|publisher=[[Wiley InterScience]]|volume=16|issue=33|pages=167–176|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16838388|pmid=16838388}}</ref><ref name="Wilson">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2466/PR0.82.2.495-498|last=Wilson|first=W.|coauthors=Hilton, T.|year=1998|title=Modus operandi of female serial killers|journal=Psychological Reports|publisher=Ammons Scientific|volume=82|issue=2|pages=495–498|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9621726|pmid=9621726}}</ref>{{sfn|Kelleher|1998|p=12}} They tend to murder men for material gain, are usually emotionally close to their victims,<ref name="ABCnews.go.com"/><ref name="Frei"/><ref name="Wilson"/>{{sfn|Kelleher|1998|p=12}} and generally need to have a relationship with a person before killing them.<ref name="Frei"/> "An analysis of 86 female serial killers from the U.S. found that the victims tended to be spouses, children or the elderly."<ref name=ABCnews.go.com/><ref name="Frei"/> The methods they use for murder are covert or low-profile, such as murder by poison (the preferred choice for killing).<ref name=ABCnews.go.com/><ref name="Frei"/><ref name="Wilson"/>{{sfn| Holmes|1998|p=171}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|first=Newton,|last=Michael|title= The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers. New York: Checkmark Books|year=2000|edition=1st |publisher=Facts on File|isbn=081603978X }}</ref> They commit killings in specific places, such as their home or a health-care facility, or at different locations within the same city or state.{{sfn|Vronsky|2007|p=1, 42-43}}{{sfn|Schechter|2003|p=312}} Other methods used by female serial killers include shootings (used by 20%), suffocation (16%), stabbing (11%), and drowning (5%).<ref name="concordia1">{{cite manual|url=http://www-psychology.concordia.ca/fac/Laurence/forensic/ProfileAnalysis1.ppt |title=Educated attempt to provide specific information about a certain type of suspect |publisher=Department of Psychology - Concordia University |format=PPT |year=2008 |accessdate=2010-07-01}}</ref> Though most female serial killers murder for money or other such material gain<ref name=ABCnews.go.com/><ref name="Frei"/> others do it for attention.<ref name="concordia1"/> While many female serial killers have been diagnosed with [[Münchausen syndrome]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> little research has been conducted focusing on the societal influences—particularly [[gender role]]s and expectations of women—which contribute to these women committing multiple murders. Each killer will have her own proclivities, needs and triggers, as specific reasons can only be obtained from the killer herself.<ref name=ABCnews.go.com/><ref name="Frei"/><ref name="Wilson"/>
"In a review of published literature on female serial murder, sexual or [[Sadomasochism|sadistic]] motives are believed to be extremely rare in female serial murderers, and psychopathic traits and histories of childhood abuse have been consistently reported in these women."<ref name=ABCnews.go.com/><ref name="Frei"/> On some occasions, women may be involved with a male serial killer as a part of a serial killing "team".<ref name=ABCnews.go.com/><ref name="Frei"/><ref name="Wilson"/>

Kelleher and Kelleher (1998) created several categories to describe female serial killers. They used the classifications of ''black widow'', ''angel of death'', ''sexual predator'', ''revenge'', ''profit or crime'', ''team killer'', ''question of sanity'', ''unexplained'' and ''unsolved.'' In using these categories, they found that most women fell into the categories of black widow and team killer.<ref>Frei, A., Vollom, B., Graf, M. & Dittmann, V. (2006). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbm.615/abstract Female serial killing: review and case report. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health.] 15, 167-176.</ref> In describing murderer [[Stacey Castor]], [[Forensic psychiatry|forensic psychiatrist]] Dr. James Knoll offered a [[Psychology|psychological perspective]] on what defines a "black widow" type. In simple terms, he described it as a woman who kills two or more husbands or lovers for material gain. Though Castor was not officially defined as a serial killer, it is likely that she would have killed again.<ref name=ABCnews.go.com/>

A notable exception to the typical characteristics of female serial killers is [[Aileen Wuornos]],{{sfn|Schechter|2003|p=31}}{{sfn|Fox|2005|p=117}} who killed outdoors instead of at home, used a gun instead of poison, killed strangers instead of friends or family, and killed for personal gratification.{{sfn|Schmid|2005|p=231}}<ref name="Arrigo">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/bsl.583|last=Arrigo|first=B.|coauthors=Griffin, A.|year=2004|title=Serial Murder and the Case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment Theory, Psychopathy, and Predatory Aggression|journal=Behavioral Sciences & the Law|publisher=Wiley InterScience|volume=22|issue=3|pages=375–393|pmid=15211558}}</ref> The most prolific serial killer in all of history is allegedly [[Elizabeth Báthory]]. Countess Elizabeth Báthory de Ecsed (Báthory Erzsébet in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], August 17, 1560 – August 21, 1614) was a countess from the renowned [[Báthory]] family. After her husband's death, she and four collaborators were accused of [[torture|torturing]] and killing hundreds of girls and young women, with one witness attributing to them over 600 victims, though the number for which they were convicted was 80. Elizabeth herself was neither tried nor convicted. In 1610, however, she was imprisoned in the Csejte Castle, where she remained bricked in a set of rooms until her death four years later.{{sfn|Vronsky|2007|p=73}}

An article which addressed some of the misperceptions of female criminality has appeared in the forensic literature.<ref name="Perri">Perri, Frank S. and Lichtenwald, Terrance G. (2010). "[http://www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/support-files/female-psychopathic-killers.pdf The Last Frontier: Myths & The Female Psychopathic Killer]", ‘’Forensic Examiner’’, 19:2, 50-67.</ref> The Perri and Lichtenwald article addresses the current research regarding female psychopathy and includes case studies of female psychopathic killers featuring [[Münchausen Syndrome by Proxy]], Cesarean Section Homicide, Fraud Detection Homicide, female kill teams, and a female serial killer.<ref name="Perri"/>

==Motives==
The [[Motive (law)|motives]] of serial killers are generally placed into four categories: ''visionary'', ''mission-oriented'', ''hedonistic'' and ''power or control''; however, the motives of any given killer may display considerable overlap among these categories.{{sfn| Holmes|1998|p=43-44}}{{sfn|Bartol|2004|p=284}}

===Visionary===
Visionary serial killers suffer from [[Psychosis|psychotic]] breaks with reality, sometimes believing they are another person or are compelled to murder by entities such as the [[Devil]] or [[God]].{{sfn| Holmes|1998|p=62}} The two most common subgroups are "demon mandated" and "God mandated."{{sfn|Bartol|2004|p=145}}

[[Herbert Mullin]] believed the American casualties in the [[Vietnam War]] were preventing [[California]] from experiencing an earthquake. As the war wound down, Mullin claimed his father instructed him via [[telepathy]] to raise the amount of "human sacrifices to nature" in order to delay a catastrophic earthquake that would plunge California into the ocean.{{sfn|Ressler|1993|p=146}}

[[David Berkowitz]] ("Son of Sam") is an example of a visionary killer. He claimed a [[demon]] transmitted orders through his neighbor's dog, instructing him to commit murder.{{sfn|Schechter|2003|p=291}}

===Mission-oriented===
Mission-oriented killers typically justify their acts as "ridding the world" of a certain type of person perceived as undesirable, such as [[homosexual]]s, prostitutes, or people of different ethnicity or religion; however, they are generally not psychotic.{{sfn| Holmes|1998|p=43}} Some see themselves as attempting to change society, often to cure a societal ill.{{sfn|Holmes|2002|p=112}}

===Hedonistic===
This type of serial killer seeks thrills and derives pleasure from killing, seeing people as expendable means to this goal. [[Forensic psychology|Forensic psychologists]] have identified three subtypes of the hedonistic killer: "lust", "thrill" and "comfort".{{sfn|Bartol|2004|p=146}}

====Lust====
Sex is the primary motive of [[lust murder|lust killers]], whether or not the victims are dead, and fantasy plays a large role in their killings. Their sexual gratification depends on the amount of [[torture]] and [[mutilation]] they perform on their victims. They usually use weapons that require close contact with the victims, such as knives or hands. As lust killers continue with their murders, the time between killings decreases or the required level of stimulation increases, sometimes both.{{sfn|Bartol|2004|p=146}}{{sfn|Holmes|2001|p=163}}{{sfn|Dobbert|2004|p=10-11}}

[[Kenneth Bianchi]], one of the "[[Hillside Strangler]]s", murdered women and girls of different ages, races and appearance because his sexual urges required different types of stimulation and increasing intensity.{{sfn|Dobbert|2004|p=10-11}}

[[Jeffrey Dahmer]] searched for his perfect fantasy lover &mdash; beautiful, submissive and eternal. As his desire increased, he experimented with drugs, alcohol and exotic sex. His increasing need for stimulation was demonstrated by the dismemberment of victims, whose heads and genitals he preserved. He experimented with [[cannibalism]] to "ensure his victims would always be a part of him".{{sfn|Dobbert|2004|p=11}}

====Thrill====
The primary motive of a thrill killer is to induce pain or create terror in their victims, which provides stimulation and excitement for the killer. They seek the [[adrenaline]] rush provided by hunting and killing victims. Thrill killers murder only for the kill; usually the attack is not prolonged, and there is no sexual aspect. Usually the victims are strangers, although the killer may have followed them for a period of time. Thrill killers can abstain from killing for long periods of time and become more successful at killing as they refine their [[Modus operandi|murder methods]]. Many attempt to commit the [[perfect crime]] and believe they will not be caught.{{sfn|Bartol|2004|p=146}}{{sfn|Howard|2004|p=4}} [[Robert Hansen]] took his victims to a secluded area, where he would let them loose and then hunt and kill them.{{sfn|Howard|2004|p=4}} In one of his letters to [[San Francisco Bay Area]] newspapers, the [[Zodiac Killer]] wrote "[killing] gives me the most thrilling experience it is even better than getting your rocks off with a girl".<ref name="Graysmith">{{Cite book|last=Graysmith |first=Robert |authorlink= Robert Graysmith |title=Zodiac |publisher=[[Berkley Books|Berkley]] |year=2007 |edition=Reissue |pages=54–55 |isbn=0425212181}}</ref> [[Coral Watts]] was described by a surviving victim as "excited and hyper and clappin’ and just making noises like he was excited, that this was gonna be fun" during the 1982 attack.<ref name=Cbs2004>{{cite news| url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/14/60minutes/main649363.shtml | title = A Deal With the Devil? | publisher = [[60 Minutes]] | date = October 14, 2004 |accessdate = June 28, 2008}}</ref> Slashing, stabbing, hanging, drowning, asphyxiating, and strangling were among the ways Watts killed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Corey|title=Evil Eyes|url=http://books.google.com/?id=eQFezeQkRFMC&pg=PT1&lpg=PT1&dq=%22drowning+her+in+her+bathtub%22++%22Evil+Eyes%22&q=|accessdate=2009-08-02|year=2006|publisher=[[Kensington Books|Pinnacle]]|isbn=9780786016761|pages=207–208}}</ref>

====Comfort (profit)====
Material gain and a comfortable lifestyle are the primary motives of comfort killers. Usually, the victims are family members and close acquaintances. After a murder, a comfort killer will usually wait for a period of time before killing again to allow any suspicions by family or authorities to subside. They often use poison, most notably [[arsenic]], to kill their victims. Female serial killers are often comfort killers, although not all comfort killers are female.{{sfn|Bartol|2004|p=146}}{{sfn|Schlesinger|2000|p=276}}{{sfn|Holmes|2000|p=41}} [[Dorothea Puente]] killed her tenants for their [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] checks and buried them in the backyard of her home.{{sfn|Holmes|2000|p=44}} [[H. H. Holmes]] killed for insurance and business profits.{{sfn|Holmes|2000|p=43}} Professional killers ("[[Hitman|hitmen]]") may also be considered serial killers.{{sfn| Holmes|1998|p=7}} [[Richard Kuklinski]] charged tens of thousands of dollars for a "hit", earning enough money to support his family in a middle-class lifestyle (Bruno, 1993).<ref>Bruno, Anthony. (1993) The Ice Man: THe true story of a cold-blooded killer. Lincoln: Nebraska. 142.</ref>

Some, like Puente and Holmes, may be involved in and/or have previous convictions for [[theft]], [[fraud]], [[debt|non payment of debts]], [[embezzlement]] and other crimes of a similar nature. [[Dorothea Puente]] was finally arrested on a [[parole]] violation, having been on parole for a previous fraud conviction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/puente/9.html |title=Dorothea Puente, Killing for Profit — Easy Money — Crime Library on |publisher=Trutv.com |date= |accessdate=2010-07-29}}</ref>

===Power/control===
The main objective for this type of serial killer is to gain and exert power over their victim. Such killers are sometimes [[child abuse|abused]] as children, leaving them with feelings of powerlessness and inadequacy as adults. Many power- or control-motivated killers [[sexual abuse|sexually abuse]] their victims, but they differ from hedonistic killers in that [[rape]] is not motivated by lust but as simply another form of dominating the victim.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Egger|first=Steven A.|year=2000|title=Why Serial Murderers Kill: An Overview|journal=Contemporary Issues Companion: Serial Killers}}</ref> Ted Bundy traveled around the United States seeking women to control.{{sfn|Peck|2000|p=255}}

===Theories===
====Biological and sociological====
{{Globalize/USA|section|date=May 2010}}
Theories for why certain people commit serial murder have been advanced. Some theorists believe the reasons are biological, suggesting serial killers are born, not made, and that their violent behavior is a result of abnormal brain activity. Holmes and Holmes believe that "[u]ntil a reliable sample can be obtained and tested, there is no scientific statement that can be made concerning the exact role of [[biology]] as a determining factor of a serial killer personality."{{sfn|Holmes|2010b|p=55-56}} The "Fractured Identity Syndrome" (FIS) is a merging of [[Charles Cooley]]'s Looking Glass Self and [[Erving Goffman]]'s "virtual" and "actual social identity" theories. The FIS suggests a social event, or series of events, during one's childhood or adolescence results in a fracturing of the personality of the serial killer. The term "fracture" is defined as a small breakage of the personality which is often not visible to the outside world and is only felt by the killer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fbilibrary.fbiacademy.edu/bibliographies/serialkillers.htm|title=SERIAL KILLERS|publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigations]]|accessdate=2010-05-26}}</ref>

"Social Process Theory" has also been suggested as an explanation for serial murder. Social process theory states that offenders may turn to crime due to peer pressure, family, and friends. Criminal behavior is a process of interaction with social institutions, in which everyone has the potential for criminal behavior.{{sfn|Hickey|2010|p={{Page needed|date=February 2011}}}} A lack of family structure and identity could also be a cause leading to serial murder traits. A child used as a scapegoat will be deprived of their capacity to feel guilt. Displaced anger could result in animal torture, as identified in the [[Macdonald triad]], and a further lack of basic identity.<ref>Claus, C. & Lindberg, L. (1999). Serial Murder as a ‘Shariar Syndrome.’ The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 10, (2), 427-435.</ref>
====Military====
The "military theory" can be included as to why serial murderers kill. Looking deeper into some serial murderer's pasts reveals that some have served in the military or other such fields. According to Castle and Hensley, 7% of the serial killers studied had military experience.<ref>Castle, T., & Hensley, C. (2002). [http://www.shsu.edu/~stdrem26/pictures/MilitarySerialKillers.pdf Serial killers with military experience: Applying learning theory to serial murder]. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 46 (4), 453-465</ref> [[Jeffrey Dahmer]] served in the [[US Army]] as a Combat medic/Orderly until being medically discharged. [[John Reginald Christie]] served in the [[Sherwood Foresters]] in the trenches during [[World War I]], later serving in the [[Metropolitan Police]] as a [[Special constable]] (a [[reserved occupation]]) during [[World War II]], despite having convictions for theft and [[assault]]. [[Dennis Nilsen]] was a former soldier (working as a butcher) who later served in the [[Metropolitan Police]] before becoming a civil servant and trade unionist.

Seven per cent of serial killers today have some background or experience in the military.<ref name="Defronzo">DeFronzo, J, & Prochnow, J. (2004). Violent cultural factors and serial homicide by males. Psychological Reports, 94, 104-108.</ref> Two such serial killers are [[David Russell Williams]] "The Kinky Killer Colonel" and Robert Lee Yates. David Russell Williams was a colonel in the Canadian Air Force who escalated from panty heists to serial rape to serial murder.<ref name="Hunter">Hunter, B. (2010, October 20). British-Born Colonel David Russell Williams murdered and raped to satisfy a fetish for women’s lingerie. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2010/10/20/british-born-colonel-david-russell-williams-murdered-and-raped-to-satisfy-a-fetish-for-women’-s-lingerie-115875-226458141/.</ref> [[Robert Lee Yates]] killed prostitutes in different areas of Washington State while he was in the military. He is currently staying on death row of the prison he, ironically, worked in earlier in life.<ref name="Robert">Robert lee yates. (2011, April 30). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_Yates.</ref> However, serial killer Randy Steven Kraft killed US Marines after he was discharged from the military for mental health reasons. He figured "if I couldn't be a marine, they can't either".<ref name="Hamamoto">Hamamoto, D. (2002). Empire of death: militarized society and the rise of serial killing and mass murder. New Political Science, 24(1), 105-120.</ref>

There are two theories that can be used to study the correlation between serial killing and military training, and those two theories are "applied learning theory" and "social learning theory." Applied learning theory states that serial killing can be learned. The military is training for higher kill rates for servicemen while training the soldiers to be desensitized to killing a human life.However, serial killing can be unlearned as well as learned.<ref name="Castle">Castle, T. (2002). Serial killers with military experience: applying learning theory to serial murder. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48(4), Retrieved from http://ijo.sagepub.com/content/46/4/453.short doi: 10.1177/0306624X02464007.</ref> Social learning theory can be used when soldiers get praised and accommodated for killing. They learn that it is okay to kill because they were praised for it in the military. Serial killers want accreditation for the work that they have done.<ref name="Exploring">Exploring serial murder from a social learning perspective. (2011, January 3). Retrieved from http://www.deviantcrimes.com/serialmurder_sociallearning.htm.</ref>

In both the military and serial killing, either the offender or the officer are dehumanized to killing as well as compartmentalized. The soldiers do not see the other soldiers as humans while killers do not see their victims as humans.<ref name="Hamamoto"/> However, soldiers are trained to know when not to kill.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

==Investigation==
===Federal Bureau of Investigation: Issues and best practices===
In 2008, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) published a handbook entitled '''Serial Murder''' which was the product of a symposium held in 2005 to bring together the many issues surrounding serial murder, including its investigation.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder|title=Serial Murder|publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]|accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref>
====Identification====
According to the FBI identifying one, or multiple, murders as being the work of a serial killer is the first challenge an investigation faces. Especially if the victim(s) come from a marginalized or high risk population and is normally linked through forensic or behavioral evidence (FBI 2008).<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Should the cases cross multiple jurisdictions, the law enforcement system in the United States is fragmented and thus not configured to detect multiple similar murders across a large geographic area (Egger 1998).<ref name="egger1998">{{cite book|last=Egger|first=S. A.|title=The Killers Among Us|year=1998|publisher=Upper Saddle River|location=NJ}}</ref> The FBI suggests utilizing databases and increasing interdepartmental communication. Keppel (1989)<ref name="keppel1990">{{cite book|last=Keppel|first=R. D.|title=Serial murder future implications for police investigations|year=1990|publisher=Anderson Publishing Co.|location=Cincinnati OH}}</ref> suggests holding multi-jurisdictional conferences regularly to compare cases giving departments a greater chance to detect linked cases and overcome linkage blindness.
====Leadership====
Leadership, or administration, should play a small or virtually non-existent role in the actual investigation past assigning knowledgeable or experienced homicide investigators to lead positions. The administrations roll is not to run the investigation but to establish and reaffirm the primary goal of catching the serial killer, as well as provide support for the investigators. The FBI (2008)<ref name="autogenerated1"/> suggests completing Memorandums of Understanding to facilitate support and commitment of resources from different jurisdictions to an investigation. Egger (1998)<ref name="egger1998"/> takes this one step further and suggests completing mutual aid pacts, which are written agreements to provide support to each other in a time of need, with surrounding jurisdictions. Doing this in advance would save time and resources that could be used on the investigation.

====Organization====
Organization of the structure of an investigation is key to its success, as demonstrated by the investigation of the Green River Killer. Once a serial murder case was established a task force was created to track down and arrest the offender. Over the course of the investigation, for various reasons, the task force’s organization was radically changed and reorganized multiple times - at one point including more than 50 full time personnel, and at another, only a single investigator. Eventually, what lead to the end of the investigation was a conference of 25 detectives organized to share ideas to solve the case (Guillen 2007).<ref name="guillen2007">{{cite book|last=Guillen|title=Serial Killers: Issues Explored Through the Green River Murders|year=2007|publisher=Prentice Hall, Inc.|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ}}</ref>

The FBI handbook provides a description of how a task force should be organized but offers no additional options on how to structure the investigation. While it appears advantageous to have a full time staff assigned to a serial murder investigation it can become prohibitively expensive. For example the Green River Task Force cost upwards of two million dollars a year (Guillen 2007),<ref name="guillen2007"/> and as we witnessed with the Green River Killer investigation, other strategies can prevail where a task force fails.

A common strategy, already employed by many departments for other reasons, is the conference (Egger 1990)<ref name="egger1990">{{cite book|last=Egger|first=S. A.|title=Serial Murder An Elusive Phenomenon|year=1990|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=Westport, CT}}</ref> in which departments get together and focus on a specific set of topics. With serial murders the focus is typically on unsolved cases, with evidence thought to be related to the case at hand.

Similar to a conference is an information clearing house in which a jurisdiction with a suspected serial murder case collects all of it’s evidence and actively seeks data which may be related from other jurisdictions (Egger 1990).<ref name="egger1990"/> By collecting all of the related information into one place they provide a central point in which it can be organized and easily accessed by other jurisdictions working toward the goal of arresting an offender and ending the murders.

Already mentioned was the task force (Egger 1990,<ref name="egger1990"/> FBI 2008,<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Keppel 1989)<ref name="keppel1990"/> which provides for a flexible, organized, framework for jurisdictions depending on the needs of the investigation. Unfortunately due to the need to commit resources (manpower, money, equipment, etc.) for long periods of time it can be an unsustainable option.

In the case of the investigation of Aileen Wournos the Marion County Sheriff coordinated multiple agencies without any written or formal agreement (Egger 1998).<ref name="egger1998"/> While not a specific strategy for a serial murder investigation this is certainly a best practice in so far as the agencies were able to work easily together toward a common goal.

Finally once a serial murder investigation has been identified, utilization of an FBI Rapid Response Team can assist both experienced and inexperienced jurisdictions in setting up a task force. This is completed by organizing and delegating jobs, by compiling and analyzing clues, and by establishing communication between the parties involved (Egger 1998).<ref name="egger1998"/>
====Resource augmentation====
During the course of a serial murder investigation it may become necessary to call in additional resources; the FBI defines this as Resource Augmentation. Within the structure of a task force the addition of a resource should be thought of as either long term, or short term. If the task force’s framework is expanded to include the new resource, then it should be permanent and not removed. For short term needs, such as setting up road blocks or canvassing a neighborhood, additional resources should be called in on a short term basis. The decision of whether resources are needed short or long term should be left to the lead investigator and facilitated by the administration (FBI 2008).<ref name="autogenerated1"/> The confusion and counter productiveness created by changing the structure of a task force mid investigation is illustrated by the way the Green River Task Force’s staffing and structure was changed multiple times throughout the investigation. This made an already complicated situation more difficult, resulting in the delay or loss of information, which allowed Ridgeway to continue killing (Guillen 2007).<ref name="guillen2007"/> The FBI model does not take into account that permanently expanding a task force, or investigative structure, may not be possible due to cost or personnel availability. Egger (1998).<ref name="egger1998"/> offers several alternative strategies including; using investigative consultants, or experienced staff to augment an investigative team. Not all departments have investigators experienced in serial murder and by temporarily bringing in consultants they can educate a department to a level of competence then step out. This would reduce the initially established framework of the investigation team and save the department the cost of retaining the consultants until the conclusion of the investigation.
====Communication====
While the FBI handbook (2008)<ref name="autogenerated1"/> and Keppel (1989)<ref name="keppel1990"/> both stress communication as paramount. The difference is that the FBI handbook(2008)<ref name="autogenerated1"/> concentrates primarily on communication within a task force while Keppel (1989)<ref name="keppel1990"/> makes getting information out to, and allowing information to be passed back from patrol officers a priority. The FBI handbook (2008)<ref name="autogenerated1"/> suggest having daily e-mail or in person briefings for all staff involved in the investigation and providing periodic summary briefings to patrol officer and managers. Looking back on a majority of serial murderer arrests, most are exercised by patrol officers in the course of their every day duties and unrelated to the ongoing serial murder investigation (Egger 1998,<ref name="egger1998"/> Keppel 1989).<ref name="keppel1990"/> Keppel (1989)<ref name="keppel1990"/> provides examples of Larry Eyler, who was arrested during a traffic stop for a parking violation, and Ted Bundy, who was arrested during a traffic stop for operating a stolen vehicle. In each case it was informed officers, not directly involved in the investigation, who knew what to look for and took the direct action that stopped the killer. By providing up to date (as opposed to periodic) briefings and information to officers on the street the chances of catching a serial killer, or finding solid leads, are increased.
====Data management====
A serial murder investigation generates staggering amounts of data, all of which needs to be reviewed and analyzed. A standardized method of documenting and distributing information must be established and investigators must be allowed time to complete reports while investigating leads and at the end of a shift (FBI 2008).<ref name="autogenerated1"/> When the mechanism for data management is insufficient, leads are not only lost or buried but the investigation can be hindered and new information can become difficult to obtain or become corrupted. During the Green River Killer investigation, reporters would often find and interview possible victims or witnesses ahead of investigators. The understaffed investigation was unable to keep up the information flow, which prevented them from promptly responding to leads. To make matters worse, investigators believed that the journalists, untrained in interviewing victims or witnesses of crimes, would corrupt the information and result in unreliable leads (Guillen 2007).<ref name="guillen2007"/>

==In history==
{{further|[[List of serial killers before 1900]]}}

Historical [[criminology|criminologists]] have suggested that there may have been serial murders throughout history, but specific cases were not adequately recorded. Some sources suggest that legends such as [[werewolves]] and [[vampires]] were inspired by [[medieval]] serial killers.{{sfn|Schlesinger|2000|p=5}} In Africa, there have been periodic outbreaks of murder by ''Lion'' and ''[[Leopard men]]''. In [[Tanganyika Territory|Tanganyika]], the ''Lion men'' committed an estimated 200 murders in a single three-month period.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867859,00.html Murder by Lion]". ''Time.'' November 4, 1957</ref>
[[Image:ErzsébetBáthory.jpg|thumb|160px|The “Blood Countess of Transylvania,” as [[Elizabeth Báthory]] (1560–1614) was known.]]
[[Liu Pengli]] of China, cousin of the [[Han Dynasty|Han]] Emperor [[Emperor Jing of Han|Jing]], was made king of Jidong in the sixth year of the middle period of Jing's reign (144 BC). According to the Chinese historian [[Sima Qian]], he would "go out on marauding expeditions with 20 or 30 [[slave]]s or young men who were in hiding from the law, murdering people and seizing their belongings for sheer sport". Although many of his subjects knew about these murders, it was not until the 29th year of his reign that the son of one of his victims finally sent a report to the Emperor. Eventually, it was discovered that he had murdered at least 100 people. The officials of the court requested that Liu Pengli be executed; however, the emperor could not bear to have his own cousin killed, so Liu Pengli was made a commoner and banished.{{sfn|Qian|2003|p=387}}

In the 15th century, one of the wealthiest men in Europe and a former companion-in-arms of [[Joan of Arc]], [[Gilles de Rais]], [[Sexual assault|sexually assaulted]] and killed peasant children, mainly boys, whom he had abducted from the surrounding villages and taken to his castle.{{sfn|Vronsky|2004|p=45-48}} It is estimated that his victims numbered between 140 and 800.{{sfn|Vronsky|2004|p=47}} The [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] aristocrat [[Elizabeth Báthory]] allegedly [[torture]]d and killed as many as 650 girls and young women before her arrest in 1610.{{sfn|Vronsky|2007b|p=78}}

[[Thug Behram]], a gang leader of the Indian [[Thuggee]] [[cult]] of [[assassination|assassin]]s, has frequently been said to be the world's most prolific serial killer. According to numerous sources, he was believed to have murdered 931 victims by means of strangulation with a ceremonial cloth between 1790 and 1830.<ref>{{cite book|first=Newton,|last=Michael|title=encyclopedia of serial killers|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DwNVbOcTncwC&lpg=PP1&dq=inauthor%3A%22Michael%20Newton%22&#v=onepage&q&f=true |edition=2nd|publisher= Infobase Publishing|page=117|isbn=0816061955|date=2006-02}}</ref> According to some estimates the Thuggees murdered 1 million people between 1740 and 1840.<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Rubinstein
| first = W. D.
| title = [http://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Genocide: a history]
| publisher = Pearson Education
| year = 2004
| pages = 82–83
| isbn = 0582506018 }}
</ref>

In his 1886 book ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis (book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]]'', psychiatrist [[Richard von Krafft-Ebing]] noted a case of a serial murderer in the 1870s, a [[France|Frenchman]] named Eusebius Pieydagnelle who had a sexual obsession with blood and confessed to murdering six people.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=w2YjJKWZvz4C&pg=PA18&dq=Eusebius+Pieydagnelle+six+people#v=onepage&q&f=true|title=Ripper Notes: Madmen, Myths and Magic|first=Dan |last=Norder|coauthors= Wolf Vanderlinden, Paul Begg|publisher=Inklings Press |year=2004|isbn=0975912917}}</ref>

The unidentified killer [[Jack the Ripper]] killed prostitutes (the exact number of victims is not known) in London in 1888. Those crimes gained enormous press attention because London was the world's greatest center of power at the time, so having such dramatic murders of financially destitute women in the midst of such wealth focused the news media's attention on the plight of the urban poor and gained coverage worldwide. He has also been called the most famous serial killer of all time.<ref name="Trutv.com.com">{{cite web|first=Marilyn|last=Bardsley|title=Jack the Ripper -- the most famous serial killer of all time|publisher=[[truTV|truTV.com]]|accessdate=2009-08-03|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/ripper/index_1.html}}</ref>

American serial killer [[H. H. Holmes]] was [[hanging|hanged]] in [[Philadelphia]] in 1896 after confessing to 27 murders. [[Joseph Vacher]] was executed in France in 1898 after confessing to killing and mutilating 11 women and children.<ref name="TRutv.com.com">{{cite web|first= Katherine|last=Ramsland|title=The Werewolf Syndrome: Compulsive Bestial Slaughterers. Vacher the Ripper|publisher=[[truTV|truTV.com]]|accessdate=2009-08-03|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/psychology/werewolf_killers/14.html}}</ref><ref name=".nytimes.com">{{cite news|title=FRENCH "RIPPER" GUILLOTINED; Joseph Vacher, Who Murdered More Than a Score of Persons, Executed at Bourg-en-Bresse.|publisher=The New York Times|date=1899-01-01|accessdate=2009-08-03|page=Page 7|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C06E5DF1738E733A25752C0A9679C94689ED7CF}}</ref>

==In media and popular culture==
<!-- NOTE: PER WIKIPEDIA POLICY, IT IS NOT AN INDISCRIMINATE COLLECTION OF INFORMATION. PLEASE PROVIDE CITATIONS FROM RELIABLE SOURCES WHEN ADDING TO THIS SECTION. INFORMATION THAT IS UNCITED OR FROM UNRELIABLE SOURCES WILL BE REMOVED. -->

===Art===
Collecting art created by convicted serial killers has become a special pastime for some. [[John Wayne Gacy]] drew and painted art from prison, much of which he gave away. Some people took the work just to trash or burn it, especially after discovering many of his images depicted his own victims.
In 2005, serial killer Alfred Gaynor's art was offered on an online auction. One of his more popular works, titled "A Righteous Man's Reward", was a drawing depicting the figure of [[Jesus]].<ref name="Ramsland">{{cite web|url= http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/psychology/s_k_culture/1.html|title=Serial Killer Culture|last=Ramsland|first=Katherine|coauthors=Karen Pepper|publisher=Tru.tv Crime Library|accessdate=April 2, 2010}}</ref>

===Books===
There is a huge market for "True Crime" and mystery murder novels, some of the more successful authors being [[Patricia Cornwell]], [[Ann Rule]], [[Truman Capote]], and [[Philip Carlo]].
The novella [[The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]] by [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] can be seen as a metaphor for the complex personality of the organized serial killer type that later disintegrates into the disorganized version. One of the greatest themes of this book, however, is the possibility that the dualistic conflict seen in Jekyll/Hyde could happen to anyone.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/jekyll/themes.html|title=Sparknotes on Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde|last=Sparknotes Editors|publisher=[[LLC.]]|accessdate=April 1, 2010}}</ref>

===Controversy===
One of the most well-known opponents of collectors of serial killer remnants, Andrew Kahan, is said to have coined the term "murderabilia". He is the director of the Mayor's Crime Victims Office in Houston and is backed by the families of murder victims, and "[[Son of Sam]]" laws existing in some states that prevent murderers from profiting from the publicity generated by their crimes.<ref name="Ramsland"/>

===Film===
Since its invention, portrayals of violence seem to have been an integral part of filmmaking. One of [[Thomas Edison]]'s first [[phonograph]] recordings dealt with the confessions of serial killer [[H. H. Holmes]].{{sfn|Schmid|2007|p={{Page needed|date=February 2011}}}} The creation of a monster helps society cope with the scarier side of humanity and starts to create a desensitization of [[media violence]].<ref>Santaularia, I. (2007). [http://www.atlantisjournal.org/ARCHIVE/29.1/2007Santaularia.pdf The Great Good Place No More? Integrating and Dismantling Oppositional Disclosure in Some Recent Examples of Serial Killer Fiction]. Atlantis, 29(1), 55-67.</ref> The already vast and continuing production of serial-killer based works shows that the serial killer is simply fascinating to a large portion of American culture. (Anderson) We cringe at their bloody antics but remain transfixed watching violence on television. (“Serendip”) They seem unable to give love and affection to others and have been called moral idiots since their conduct is often motivated by an excessive physiological need for thrills and excitement. (Gado) This fascination may be our way of connecting with a power that has been repressed within us. (“Serendip”)

Serial killers are featured as [[stock character]]s in many types of media, including books, films, television programs, songs and video games.{{sfn|Roy|2002|p=90}} Films featuring serial killers include ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'', ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (film)|The Silence of the Lambs]]'', ''[[The Watcher (film)|The Watcher]]'', ''[[Mr. Brooks]]'', ''[[Zodiac (film)|Zodiac]]'', ''[[Seven (film)|Seven]]'', ''[[Copycat (film)|Copycat]]'', ''[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]]'', ''[[Scream (film series)|Scream]]'', ''[[Man Bites Dog (film)|Man Bites Dog]]'', ''[[The Hitcher (1986 film)|The Hitcher]]'', ''[[Monster (2003 film)|Monster]]'', ''[[The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)|The Killer Inside Me]]'' and many others.{{sfn|Roy|2002|p=90}}{{sfn|Schmid|2005|p=112-115}}

The television series ''[[Dexter (TV series)|Dexter]]'' revolves around [[Dexter Morgan]], a police [[Bloodstain pattern analysis|blood-spatter pattern analyst]] who moonlights as a vigilante serial killer, attempting to channel his homicidal urges in a "positive" direction by killing other murderers who have slipped through the cracks of the legal system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/29/arts/television/29dext.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/S/Serial%20Murders |title=He Kills People and Cuts Them Up. But They Deserve It. Besides, He's Neat. |last=Stanley |first=Alessandra |date=September 29, 2006 |work=[[New York Times]] |pages=E24 |accessdate=April 5, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/dexter/characters.do |title=Dexter Character Guide |publisher=[[Showtime (TV network)|]] |accessdate=April 5, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> It is based on the novel ''[[Darkly Dreaming Dexter]]''. Other notable literature with a serial killer theme includes [[Davis Grubb]]'s ''[[The Night of the Hunter (novel)|The Night of the Hunter]]'', [[Bret Easton Ellis]]' ''[[American Psycho]]'', [[Jim Thompson (writer)|Jim Thompson]]'s ''[[The Killer Inside Me]]'' and [[Thomas Harris]]' books ''[[Red Dragon (novel)|Red Dragon]]'', ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (novel)|The Silence of the Lambs]]'', ''[[Hannibal (novel)|Hannibal]]'' and ''[[Hannibal Rising]]'', all featuring [[Hannibal Lecter]], a brilliant [[psychiatrist]] who is also a [[cannibalism|cannibalistic]] serial killer.{{sfn|Newitz|2006|p=23-37}}{{sfn|Seltzer|1998|p=156}} The television show ''[[Criminal Minds]]'' follows the cases of an FBI [[Behavioral Analysis Unit]] as it pursues serial killers.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_SP62gz8AmEC&pg=PA313&dq=Criminal+Minds+TV+show#v=onepage&q&f=true|page=113|title=Criminal profiling: international theory, research and practice|first=Richard N|last= Kocsis|publisher=Humana Press|year= 2007|isbn=9781588296849}}</ref>

===Memorabilia===
Notorious and infamous serial killers number in the hundreds, and a subculture revolves around their legacies. "[[Murderabilia]]", or memorabilia centered around famous serial killers, includes the paintings, writings, and poems of these killers.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=91786&page=1
|title=Serial Killer Action Figures For Sale|last=Robinson|first=Bryan|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=April 1, 2010}}</ref> Recently, marketing has capitalized even more upon interest in serial killers with the rise of various merchandise such as trading cards, action figures, and encyclopedias like ''The Serial Killer Files'' "The Encyclepedia of Serial Killer" by [[Harold Schecter]].
Some serial killers literally attain the status of "celebrity" in the way they acquire 'fans'. Some killers even have previous personal possessions auctioned off on websites like eBay. A few examples of this are [[Ed Gein]]'s 150 pound stolen gravestone, and Bobby Joe Long's sunglasses.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/psychology/s_k_culture/6.html|title=Serial Killer Culture|last=Ramsland|first=Katherine|coauthors=Karen Pepper|publisher=Tru.tv Crime Library|accessdate=April 2, 2010}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|List of songs about killers}}
Modern singers and bands, some more popular than others, have felt the fascination and horror toward certain celebrity serial killers, writing their own songs about them.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=LFOn7rpkVdQC&pg=PA333&dq=Serial+killers+in+music#v=onepage&q&f=true|first1=Clifton D |last1=Bryant|first2= Dennis L |last2=Peck|page=333|title=Encyclopedia of death & the human experience|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2009|isbn=9781412972031}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of serial killers by country]]
*[[List of serial killers by number of victims]]
*[[Offender profiling]]
*[[Serial crime]]
*[[Spree killer]]
*[[List of horror movie serial killers]]
*[[Son of Sam Law]]

==Footnotes==
;References
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|last=Borgeson | first=Kevin | coauthors=Kuehnle | title=Serial Offenders: Theory and Practice | publisher=Jones & Bartell Learning | url=http://books.google.ca/books id=KV9GQwAACAAJ&dq=serial+offenders++Theory+and+Practice&hl=en&ei=VJvpTeT8LZSsQPR58HcDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA }}
*{{Cite book |unused_data=Sage |last=Bartol |first=Curt R. |coauthors=Anne M. Bartol |title=Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application |publisher=SAGE Publications|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=on2XfplaMTQC&lpg=PP1&dq=Introduction%20to%20Forensic%20Psychology%3A%20Research%20and%20Application&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |year=2004 |isbn=978-0761926061 }}
*{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Burkhalter Chmelir |first=Sandra |editor=Robert Kastenbaum |encyclopedia=Macmillan Encyclopedia of Death and Dying |title=Serial Killers |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5214/is_2003/ai_n19132282?tag=content;col1 |year=2003 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson/Gale |volume=2 |location=New York |page=1 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5b0rm5Zum |archivedate=2008-09-21 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Dobbert|first=Duane L. |title=Halting the Sexual Predators Among Us: Preventing Attack, Rape, and Lust Homicide |publisher=Greenwood |year=2004|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=79BtniCkcLsC&lpg=PP1&dq=Halting%20the%20Sexual%20Predators%20Among%20Us%3A&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |isbn=9780275978624 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=James Alan |coauthors=Jack Levin |title=Extreme Killing: Understanding Serial and Mass Murder |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|Sage]] |year=2005 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=txPYzY1_HLQC&lpg=PP1&dq=Extreme%20Killing%3A%20Understanding%20Serial%20and%20Mass%20Murder&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=9780761988571}}
*{{Cite book |last=Hasselt|first=V. B. Van |year=1999|title=Handbook of psychological approaches with violent offenders: Contemporary strategies and issues|publisher= New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers|url=http://books.google.com/?id=K4v-xqq4SmsC&lpg=PP1&dq=Handbook%20of%20psychological%20approaches%20with%20violent%20offenders&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=0306458454}}
*{{Cite book |last=Howard |first=Amanda |coauthors=Martin Smith |title=River of Blood: Serial Killers and Their Victims |publisher=Universal |year=2004 |isbn=9781581125184 }}
*{{Cite document |last=Hickey |first=Eric W.|year=2010|title=Serial murderers and their victims|publisher=Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, California}}
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*{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Ronald M. |coauthors=Stephen T. Holmes |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ol24tui7vo8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Serial%20Murder%20%20By%20Ronald%20M.%20Holmes%2C%20Stephen%20T.%20Holmes&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |title=Serial murder |edition=3rd|year=2010 |publisher=Thousand Oaks, Sage, California|isbn=9781412974424 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Ronald M. |coauthors=Stephen T. Holmes |title=Contemporary Perspectives on Serial Murder |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=1998b |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=0yfoJz6jHwkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Contemporary%20Perspectives%20on%20Serial%20Murder&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |isbn=9780761914211 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Ronald M. |coauthors=Stephen T. Holmes |title=Serial Murder |edition=Second |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|Sage]] |year=1998|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ol24tui7vo8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Serial%20Murder&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |isbn=978-0761913672 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Ronald M. |coauthors=Stephen T. Holmes |title=Murder in America |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|Sage]] |year=2000 |edition=Second |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=WC6OFOW4a6wC&lpg=PP1&dq=Murder%20in%20America&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=9780761920922 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Kelleher|first=Michael D.|coauthors=Kelleher, C.L.|title=Murder Most Rare: The Female Serial Killer|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger]]|location=Westport, Connecticut|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14217482|year=1998|isbn=9780275960032 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Linedecker |first=Clifford L. |coauthors=William A. Burt |title=Nurses who Kill |publisher=Windsor |year=1990 |isbn=9781558174498 }}
*{{Cite document |last=Morton |first=RJ |url=http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder/serial-murder-july-2008-pdf|title= Serial murder multi-disciplinary perspectives for investigators|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|year= 2005 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Peck |first=Dennis L. |coauthors=Norman Allan Dolche |title=Extraordinary Behavior: A Case Study Approach to Understanding Social Problems |publisher=Greenwood |year=2000 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=rDBqd3zKGoYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Extraordinary%20Behavior&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=978-0-275-97057-4 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Qian |first=Sima |title=Records of the Grand Historian |publisher=Columba University Press |edition=Revised |year=1993 |volume=I |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wDDLb8LjlNAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Records%20of%20the%20Grand%20Historian%20%22han%22&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|chapter=Han Dynasty|isbn=0231081642 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Reavill |first=Gil |authorlink= Gil Reavill|title=Aftermath, Inc.: Cleaning Up After CSI Goes Home |publisher=Gotham |year=2007 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JyowrVlO5pIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Aftermath%2C%20Inc&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |isbn=9781592402960}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ressler |first=Robert K. |authorlink=Robert Ressler |coauthors=Thomas Schachtman |title=Whoever Fights Monsters: My Twenty Years Tracking Serial Killers for the FBI |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]/[[St. Martin's Press|St. Martin's]] |year=1993 |location=New York |isbn=978-0312950446 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Jody M.| title=Love to Hate: America's Obsession with Hatred and Violence |publisher=Columbia University Press | year=2002 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=hcKDXg0bNrEC&lpg=PP1&dq=Love%20to%20Hate%3A%20America's%20Obsession%20with%20Hatred%20and%20Violence&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true| isbn=9780231125697 }}
*{{Cite book |last = Schechter | first = Harold | authorlink = Harold Schechter | coauthors = | title = The Serial Killer Files: The Who, What, Where, How, and Why of the World's Most Terrifying Murderers | publisher = [[Ballantine Books]] | year = 2003 | pages = | isbn = 9780345472007 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=5qroGXAa-wIC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Serial%20Killer%20Files%3A%20The%20Who%2C%20What%2C%20Where%2C%20How%2C%20and%20Why%20of%20the%20World's%20Most%20Terrifying%20Murderers&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true }}
*{{Cite book | last=Schmid |first=David |title=Natural Born Celebrities: Serial Killers in American Culture |publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=2005 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=a_GwiSGfZFoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Natural%20Born%20Celebrities%3A%20Serial%20Killers%20in%20American%20Culture&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true| isbn=9780226738673 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Schmid|first=David|title=Natural Born Celebrities: Serial Killers in American Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-226-73869-7 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Sitpond |first=M. |title=Addicted to murder: The true story of Dr Harold Shipman |publisher=Virgin Books, |year=2000|isbn=0753504456 }}
*{{Cite book |first=R|last= Tithecott |year=1997|title=Of men and monsters: Jeffrey Dahmer and the construction of the serial killer|publisher= Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9E9navv807cC&lpg=PP1&dq=Of%20men%20and%20monsters%3A%20Jeffrey%20Dahmer%20and%20the%20construction%20of%20the%20serial%20killer&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=029915680X }}
*{{Cite book | last=Seltzer |first=Mark |title=Serial Killers: Death and Life in America's Wound Culture |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=UQ-AGFx0hBMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Serial%20Killers%3A%20Death%20and%20Life%20in%20America's%20Wound%20Culture&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |isbn=978-0-415-91481-9 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Vronsky |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Vronsky |title=Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters |publisher=[[Penguin Group]]/Berkley |year=2004 |isbn=0425196402 | url=http://www.amazon.com/Serial-Killers-Method-Madness-Monsters/dp/0425196402/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1299255347&sr=1-1 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Vronsky|first= Peter|year=2007b|title= Female Serial Killers: How and Why Women Become Monsters|publisher= New York: Berkley Publishing Group|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lff8T6YnG10C&lpg=PP1&dq=Female%20Serial%20Killers%3A%20How%20and%20Why%20Women%20Become%20Monsters&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=9780425213902}}
*{{Cite book |last=Yudofsky |first=Stuart C. |title=Fatal Flaws: Navigating Destructive Relationships with People with Disorders of Personality and Character |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |year=2005|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ip3FA7RZUR4C&lpg=PP1&dq=Fatal%20Flaws%3A%20Navigating%20Destructive%20Relationships%20with%20People%20with%20Disorders%20of%20Personality%20and%20Character&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |isbn=9781585622146 }}
*{{Cite document |last=Whittle |first=Brian |coauthors=Jean Ritchie |title=Prescription for Murder: The True Story of Mass Murderer Dr Harold Frederick Shipman |publisher=Warner |year=2000 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite journal|last=DeFronzo |first=James |coauthors= Ashley Ditta, Lance Hannon, Jane Prochnow |title=Male Serial Homicide:The Influence of Cultural And Structural Variables |publisher=Homicide Studies, 11(1), 3-14 |year=2007 |url=http://hsx.sagepub.com.proxy.seattleu.edu/cgi/reprint/11/1/3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Douglas|first=John|authorlink=John E. Douglas|coauthors=Mark Olshaker|title=Journey into Darkness|publisher=Pocket Books|year=1997|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=CFo6GM5i-W0C&lpg=PP1&dq=Journey%20into%20Darkness&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=0-671-00394-1 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite book|last=Douglas|first=John|coauthors=Mark Olshaker|title=Mind Hunter: Inside the FBI's Elite Serial Crime Unit|publisher=Pocket Books|year=1997|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=bgj6kXeIgYMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Mind%20Hunter%3A%20Inside%20the%20FBI's%20Elite%20Serial%20Crime%20Unit&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=0-671-01375-0|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Douglas |first=John E. |coauthors=Allen G. Burgess, Robert K. Ressler, and Ann W. Burgess |title=Crime Classification Manual: A Standard System for Investigating and Classifying Violent Crimes |publisher=Wiley |year=2006 |edition=Second |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=2IprmNStlAwC&lpg=PP1&dq=Crime%20Classification%20Manual%3A&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=9780787985011 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}
*{{Cite book |last=Godwin |first=Grover Maurice |title=Hunting Serial Predators: A Multivariate Classification Approach to Profiling Violent Behavior |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=V3jUu-vIcaAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Hunting%20Serial%20Predators%3A&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=9780849313981 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Haggerty |first=Kevin D. |title=Crime, Media, Culture: Modern Serial Killer |publisher=Sage 5(2), 1-21 |year=2009 |url=http://cmc.sagepub.com.proxy.seattleu.edu/cgi/reprint/5/2/168}}
*{{Cite book |last=Holmes|first=Ronald M.|coauthors=Stephen T. Holmes |title=Sex Crimes: Patterns and Behavior |publisher=Sage |year=2001 |edition=Second |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_zqOsZSZxYQC&lpg=PP1&dq=Sex%20Crimes%3A%20Patterns%20and%20Behavior&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=9780761924173 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}
*{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Ronald M. |coauthors=Stephen T. Holmes |title=Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool |publisher=Sage |year=2002 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=a2uYI0C_AXkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Profiling%20Violent%20Crimes%3A%20An%20Investigative%20Tool&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |isbn=9780761925941 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lane|first=Brian|title=The New Encyclopedia Of Serial Killers|publisher=Facts On File|year=2006|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DwNVbOcTncwC&lpg=PA190&dq=The%20New%20Encyclopedia%20Of%20Serial%20Killers%2C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn= 0816061955 |edition=2nd |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Leyton|first=Elliott|title=Hunting Humans: The Rise of the Modern Multiple Murderer|publisher=[[McClelland and Stewart]]|year=1986|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZV8OstrJKn0C&lpg=PA1&dq=Hunting%20Humans%3A&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=0-7710-5025-9 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{cite journal|last=MacDonald|first= J. M|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/citation/120/2/125 The threat to kill|title=American Journal of Psychiatry|year=1963|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|accessdate=2011-05-31}}
*{{Cite book |last=Newitz |first=Annalee |title=Pretend We're Dead: Capitalist Monsters in American Pop Culture |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2006 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ySly2TdG-w8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Pretend%20We're%20Dead%3A%20Capitalist%20Monsters%20in%20American%20Pop%20Culture&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=9780822337454 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Norris|first=Joel|title=Serial Killers: The Growing Menace|publisher=Arrow Books|year=1990|isbn=0-09-971750-6 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ramsland|first=Katherine|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=i4PjlaAOEHEC&lpg=PR1&dq=Serial%20killer&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=true|title=Inside the minds of healthcare serial killers : why they kill|publisher=Praeger |year= 2007|isbn=9780275994228 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}
*{{cite web|url= http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/psychology/s_k_culture/1.html|title=Serial Killer Culture|last=Ramsland|first=Katherine|coauthors=Karen Pepper|publisher=Tru.tv Crime Library|accessdate=April 2, 2010}}
*{{cite web|url= http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/psychology/s_k_culture/6.html|title=Serial Killer Culture|last=Ramsland|first=Katherine|coauthors=Karen Pepper|publisher=Tru.tv Crime Library|accessdate=April 2, 2010}}
*{{cite web|url= http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=91786&page=1
|title=Serial Killer Action Figures For Sale|last=Robinson|first=Bryan|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=April 1, 2010}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rosner |first=Lisa| title=The Anatomy Murders. Being the True and Spectacular History of Edinburgh's Notorious Burke and Hare and of the Man of Science Who Abetted Them in the Commission of Their Most Heinous Crimes |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | year=2010| isbn=9780812241916 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rushby |first=Kevin |title=Children of Kali: Through India in Search of Bandits, the Thug Cult, and the British Raj |publisher=Walker & Company |year=2003 |isbn=0802714188 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Schlesinger |first=Louis B. |title=Serial Offenders: Current Thought, Recent Findings |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780849322365 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Vronsky |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Vronsky |title=Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters |publisher=[[Penguin Group]]/Berkley |year=2004 |isbn=0425196402 | url=http://www.amazon.com/Serial-Killers-Method-Madness-Monsters/dp/0425196402/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1299255347&sr=1-1 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite book|last=Vronsky|first= Peter|authorlink=Peter Vronsky |title= Female Serial Killers: How and Why Women Become Monsters|publisher= New York: Berkley Publishing Group|year=2007 | url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lff8T6YnG10C&lpg=PP1&dq=Female%20Serial%20Killers%3A%20How%20and%20Why%20Women%20Become%20Monsters&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=9780425213902|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}

*{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Colin|title=A Plague Of Murder|publisher=Constable & Robinson|year=1995|isbn=1-85487-249-4|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Serial killers}}
*[http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/index.html Crime Library's Serial Killer page]
*[http://www.fbi.gov/publications/serial_murder.htm Serial Murder: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators] Official FBI publication

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serial Killer}}
[[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]]
[[Category:Crime]]
[[Category:Murder]]
[[Category:Serial killers| ]]

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[[cy:Llofrudd cyfresol]]
[[da:Seriemorder]]
[[de:Serienmord]]
[[et:Sarimõrvar]]
[[es:Asesino en serie]]
[[eo:Seria murdisto]]
[[fa:آدم‌کشی زنجیره‌ای]]
[[fr:Tueur en série]]
[[ga:Sraithmharfóir]]
[[ko:연쇄 살인범]]
[[io:Seria ocidanto]]
[[id:Pembunuh berantai]]
[[is:Raðmorðingi]]
[[it:Serial killer]]
[[he:רוצח סדרתי]]
[[rw:Umwicanyi wa ruhongohongo]]
[[lv:Sērijveida slepkava]]
[[lb:Seriemäerder]]
[[hu:Sorozatgyilkos]]
[[mk:Сериски убиец]]
[[nl:Seriemoordenaar]]
[[ja:シリアルキラー]]
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[[uz:Serial qotil]]
[[pl:Seryjny morderca]]
[[pt:Assassino em série]]
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[[simple:Serial killer]]
[[sk:Sériový vrah]]
[[sr:Серијски убица]]
[[fi:Sarjamurhaaja]]
[[sv:Seriemördare]]
[[th:ฆาตกรต่อเนื่อง]]
[[tr:Seri katil]]
[[uk:Серійний вбивця]]
[[vi:Kẻ giết người hàng loạt]]
[[zh:連環殺手]]

Revision as of 11:07, 12 July 2011

A serial killer is a very bad person.

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