Battle of Cape Kaliakra: Difference between revisions

Battle of Cape Kaliakra
	Part of the Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792
Date	11 August 1791
Location	Cape Kaliakra off the coast of northern Bulgaria in the Black Sea
Result	Inconclusive, Russian Strategic Success
Belligerents
Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire Algeria
Commanders and leaders
Admiral Fyodor Ushakov	Hussein Pasha,; Said Ali
Strength
15 battleships; 2 frigates, ; 19 small crafts	18 battleships; 17 frigates, ; 48 small crafts, ; The coastal battery
Casualties and losses
17 killed and 28 wounded, and 1 ship damaged	Unknown

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Revision as of 20:13, 31 July 2011

The Battle of Cape Kaliakra was the last naval battle of the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792. It took place on 11 August 1791 off the coast of northern Bulgaria in the Black Sea. Neither side lost a ship, but the Ottomans retreated to Istanbul afterwards.

The Russian fleet under Fyodor Ushakov of 15 battleships and 2 frigates (990 guns) and some small craft sailed from Sevastopol on 8 August, and at midday on 11 August encountered the Ottoman-Algerian fleet under Hussein Pasha of 18 battleships and 17 frigates (1,500–1,600 guns) and some smaller craft at anchor just south of Cape Kaliakra. Ushakov sailed, in 3 columns, from the north-east, between the Ottomans and the cape, despite the presence on the cape of several guns. Said Ali, the commander of the Algerian ships, weighed anchor and sailed east, followed by Hussein Pasha with the 18 battleships. The Russians then turned around south to a parallel east-south-east course and formed up mostly into 1 line, with Ushakov in 3rd position and one ship out of line on the off-battle side. Said Ali, leading the line, turned north to try to double the Russian van, but Ushakov sailed out of the line and attacked him, as the rest of the Russian fleet approached. This was at 4.45 p.m.. Gradually the Turks turned to the south and when darkness put an end to fighting at 8.30 p.m. they were in full retreat to Istanbul. Russian casualties were 17 killed and 28 wounded, and Sv. Aleksandr Nevskii was damaged.

Ships involved

Russia (Ushakov)

Rozhdestvo Christovo 84 (flag)
Ioann Predtecha 74
Maria Magdalina 66
Preobrazhenie Gospodne 66
Sv. Pavel 66
Sv. Vladimir 66
Leontii Mutchenik 62
Sv. Aleksandr Nevskii 50
Sv. Andrei Pervozvannyi 50
Sv. Nikolai 50
Feodor Stratilat 46
Ioann Bogoslov 46
Navarchia Vosnesenie Gospodne 46
Sv. Petr Apostol 46
Tsar Konstantin 46
Fanagoria 40
Makropolea Sv. Mark Evangelist 36
Rozhdestvo Christovo (bomb)
Sv. Ieronim (bomb)
? (fireship)
? (repeater ship)
Panagia Apotumengana (privateer) 14
16 privateers

Ottoman Turkey/Algeria/Tripoli (Hussein Pasha)

18 battleships
10 large frigates
7 smaller frigates
43 small

Consequence

Battle has approached the end of Russian-Turkish war which has ended with signing of the Jassky peace treaty.

Tactics used by Ushakov, was a serious innovation in the theory of sea fight. After that similar maneuver used admiral Nelson in Battle at Aboukir in 1798 and Trafalgar battle in 1805.

For a victory at Kaliakrii Sacred Alexander Nevsky's award has been welcomed F.F. Ushakov.

References

Naval wars in the Levant 1559-1853 (1952) - R. C. Anderson ISBN 1-57898-538-2

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 |combatant1={{flag|Russian Empire}}
 |combatant2={{flag|Ottoman Empire|1453}}
+[[File:Dz.flag.gif|22px]] [[History of Ottoman Algeria|Algeria]]
 |commander1={{flagicon|Russian Empire}}Admiral [[Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov|Fyodor Ushakov]]
-|commander2={{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1453}}[[Hussein Pasha]],<br>[[Said Ali (Admiral)|Said Ali]]
+|commander2={{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1453}}[[Hussein Pasha]],<br>[[File:Dz.flag.gif|22px]] [[Said Ali (Admiral)|Said Ali]]
 |strength1=15 battleships<br>2 frigates, <br /> 19 small crafts
 |strength2=18 battleships<br>17 frigates, <br /> 48 small crafts, <br /> The coastal battery
 |casualties1=17 killed and 28 wounded, and 1 ship damaged
@@ Line 21: / Line 22: @@
 {{Campaignbox Russo-Ottoman Wars}}
-The '''Battle of Cape Kaliakra''' or ''' Battle off Cape Kaliakra''' was the last naval battle of the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792|Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792]]. It took place on 11 August 1791 off the coast of northern [[Bulgaria]] in the [[Black Sea]]. Neither side lost a ship, but the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]s retreated to [[Istanbul]] afterwards.
+The '''Battle of Cape Kaliakra''' was the last naval battle of the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792|Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792]]. It took place on 11 August 1791 off the coast of northern [[Bulgaria]] in the [[Black Sea]]. Neither side lost a ship, but the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]s retreated to [[Istanbul]] afterwards.
 The Russian fleet under [[Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov|Fyodor Ushakov]] of 15&nbsp;battleships and 2&nbsp;frigates <!--(should be 18 total)--> (990&nbsp;guns) and some small craft sailed from [[Sevastopol]] on 8 August, and at midday on 11 August encountered the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]-Algerian fleet under [[Hussein Pasha]] of 18&nbsp;battleships and 17&nbsp;frigates (1,500&ndash;1,600&nbsp;guns) and some smaller craft at anchor just south of Cape Kaliakra. Ushakov sailed, in 3 columns, from the north-east, between the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]s and the cape, despite the presence on the cape of several guns. [[Said Ali (Admiral)|Said Ali]], the commander of the Algerian ships, weighed anchor and sailed east, followed by Hussein Pasha with the 18 battleships. The Russians then turned around south to a parallel east-south-east course and formed up mostly into 1 line, with Ushakov in 3rd position and one ship out of line on the off-battle side. Said Ali, leading the line, turned north to try to double the Russian van, but Ushakov sailed out of the line and attacked him, as the rest of the Russian fleet approached. This was at 4.45 p.m.. Gradually the Turks turned to the south and when darkness put an end to fighting at 8.30 p.m. they were in full retreat to Istanbul. Russian casualties were 17 killed and 28 wounded, and ''Sv. Aleksandr Nevskii'' was damaged.