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==Possible psychological and environmental factors==
==Possible psychological and environmental factors==
Psychological factors commonly contribute to premature ejaculation. While men sometimes underestimate the relationship between sexual performance and emotional well-being, premature ejaculation can be caused by temporary [[clinical depression|depression]], stress over financial matters, unrealistic expectations about performance, a history of [[sexual repression (psychology)|sexual repression]], or an overall lack of confidence. Interpersonal dynamics strongly contribute to sexual function, and premature ejaculation can be caused by a lack of communication between partners, hurt feelings, or unresolved conflicts that interfere with the ability to achieve [[emotion]]al intimacy. Neurological premature ejaculation can also lead to other forms of [[sexual dysfunction]], or intensify the existing problem, by creating performance anxiety. In a less pathological context, premature ejaculation could also be caused simply by extreme arousal. Another suggestion offered by biologists to explain premature ejaculation in young or inexperienced men is that early ejaculation maximizes the chances of impregnating a female if sex is infrequent, furtive, or rushed. For younger males who are lower in the social hierarchy, especially among troupe primates such as chimpanzees, sexual access to females may be limited to dominant males; therefore, a young male chimpanzee taking covert advantage of rare copulatory opportunities will have greater likelihood of impregnating a female and passing on his genes if he achieves climax quickly. The same mechanism can be postulated in the males of the human species for whom sexual intercourse is infrequent; the body is attempting to maximize the opportunity to pass along its genes in a short burst of transmission. However, men generally interpret early ejaculation as premature and associate it with sexual inadequacy.
Psychological factors commonly contribute to premature ejaculation. While men sometimes underestimate the relationship between sexual performance and emotional well-being, premature ejaculation can be caused by temporary [[clinical depression|depression]], stress over financial matters, unrealistic expectations about performance, a history of [[sexual repression (psychology)|sexual repression]], or an overall lack of confidence. Interpersonal dynamics strongly contribute to sexual function, and premature ejaculation can be caused by a lack of communication between partners, hurt feelings, or unresolved conflicts that interfere with the ability to achieve [[emotion]]al intimacy. Neurological premature ejaculation can also lead to other forms of [[sexual dysfunction]], or intensify the existing problem, by creating performance anxiety. In a less pathological context, premature ejaculation could also be caused simply by extreme arousal.
Another suggestion offered by evolutionary biologists to explain premature ejaculation in young or inexperienced men is that early ejaculation maximizes the chances of impregnating a female if sex is infrequent, furtive, or rushed. For example, males who are lower in the social hierarchy, especially among troupe primates such as chimpanzees, sexual access to females can be usually limited to dominant males; therefore, male chimpanzees taking covert advantage of rare copulatory opportunities will have greater likelihood of impregnating a female and passing on his genes if he achieves climax quickly. The body may interpret infrequent sex as evidence of scarcity and therefore attempt to utilize that potentially limited opportunity by passing genes quickly as possible.


One study of young married couples (Tullberg, 1999) reported that the husband's [[IELT]] seems to be affected by the phases of the wife's [[menstrual cycle]], the IELT tending to be shortest during the [[ovulation|fertile phase]]. Other studies suggest that young men with older female partners reach the ''ejaculatory threshold'' sooner, on average, than those whose partners are their own age or younger {{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}.
One study of young married couples (Tullberg, 1999) reported that the husband's [[IELT]] seems to be affected by the phases of the wife's [[menstrual cycle]], the IELT tending to be shortest during the [[ovulation|fertile phase]]. Other studies suggest that young men with older female partners reach the ''ejaculatory threshold'' sooner, on average, than those whose partners are their own age or younger {{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}.

Revision as of 12:57, 18 December 2011

For other uses, see Premature Ejaculation (band).
Premature ejaculation
SpecialtyPsychiatry, psychology Edit this on Wikidata

Premature ejaculation (PE) is a condition in which a man ejaculates earlier than he or his partner would like him to. Premature ejaculation is also known as rapid ejaculation, rapid climax, premature climax, or early ejaculation. Masters and Johnson defines PE as the condition in which a man ejaculates before his sex partner achieves orgasm, in more than fifty percent of their sexual encounters. Other [who?] sex researchers have defined premature ejaculation as occurring if the man ejaculates within two minutes of penetration; however, a survey by Alfred Kinsey in the 1950s demonstrated that three quarters of men ejaculate within two minutes of penetration in over half of their sexual encounters.[1]

Most men experience premature ejaculation at least once in their lives. Because there is great variability in both how long it takes men to ejaculate and how long both partners want sex to last, researchers have begun to form a quantitative definition of premature ejaculation. Current evidence supports an average intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) of six and a half minutes in 18-30 year olds.[2][3] If the disorder is defined as an IELT percentile below 2.5, then premature ejaculation could be suggested by an IELT of less than about 2 minutes.[4] Nevertheless, it is well accepted that men with IELTs below 1.5 minutes could be "happy" with their performance and do not report a lack of control and therefore would not be defined as having PE[citation needed]. On the other hand, a man with 2 minutes IELT may have the perception of poor control over his ejaculation, distressed about his condition, has interpersonal difficulties and therefore be diagnosed with Premature Ejaculation[citation needed]. Over 72% of teenage males (in sexual relations) ejaculate prematurely[citation needed].

Possible psychological and environmental factors

Psychological factors commonly contribute to premature ejaculation. While men sometimes underestimate the relationship between sexual performance and emotional well-being, premature ejaculation can be caused by temporary depression, stress over financial matters, unrealistic expectations about performance, a history of sexual repression, or an overall lack of confidence. Interpersonal dynamics strongly contribute to sexual function, and premature ejaculation can be caused by a lack of communication between partners, hurt feelings, or unresolved conflicts that interfere with the ability to achieve emotional intimacy. Neurological premature ejaculation can also lead to other forms of sexual dysfunction, or intensify the existing problem, by creating performance anxiety. In a less pathological context, premature ejaculation could also be caused simply by extreme arousal.

Another suggestion offered by evolutionary biologists to explain premature ejaculation in young or inexperienced men is that early ejaculation maximizes the chances of impregnating a female if sex is infrequent, furtive, or rushed. For example, males who are lower in the social hierarchy, especially among troupe primates such as chimpanzees, sexual access to females can be usually limited to dominant males; therefore, male chimpanzees taking covert advantage of rare copulatory opportunities will have greater likelihood of impregnating a female and passing on his genes if he achieves climax quickly. The body may interpret infrequent sex as evidence of scarcity and therefore attempt to utilize that potentially limited opportunity by passing genes quickly as possible.

One study of young married couples (Tullberg, 1999) reported that the husband's IELT seems to be affected by the phases of the wife's menstrual cycle, the IELT tending to be shortest during the fertile phase. Other studies suggest that young men with older female partners reach the ejaculatory threshold sooner, on average, than those whose partners are their own age or younger [citation needed].

Possible physical factors

Mechanism of ejaculation

The physical process of ejaculation requires two sequential actions: emission and expulsion.

Mechanism of Ejaculation

The emission phase is the first phase. It involves deposition of seminal fluid from the ampullary vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland into the posterior urethra.[5] The second phase is the expulsion phase. It involves closure of bladder neck, followed by the rhythmic contractions of the urethra by pelvic-perineal and bulbospongiosus muscle, and intermittent relaxation of external urethral sphincters.[6]

It is believed that the neurotransmitter serotonin (5HT) plays a central role in modulating ejaculation. Several animal studies have demonstrated its inhibitory effect on ejaculation. Therefore, it is perceived that low level of serotonin in the synaptic cleft in these specific areas in the brain could cause premature ejaculation. This theory is further supported by the proven effectiveness of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase serotonin level in the synapse, in treating Premature Ejaculation.

Sympathetic motor neurons control the emission phase of ejaculation reflex, and expulsion phase is executed by somatic and autonomic motor neurons. These motor neurons are located in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord and are activated in a coordinated manner when sufficient sensory input to reach the ejaculatory threshold has entered the central nervous system.[7][8]

Several areas in the brain, and especially the nucleus paragigantocellularis, have been identified to be involved in ejaculatory control.[9] Scientists have long suspected a genetic link to certain forms of premature ejaculation. In one study, ninety-one percent of men who have had premature ejaculation for their entire lives also had a first-relative with lifelong premature ejaculation. Other researchers have noted that men who have premature ejaculation have a faster neurological response in the pelvic muscles. Simple exercises commonly suggested by sex therapists can significantly improve ejaculatory control for men with premature ejaculation caused by neurological factors[citation needed]. Often, these men may benefit from anti-anxiety medication or SSRIs, such as sertraline, paroxetine or Dapoxetine, as these slow down ejaculation times [1]. Some men prefer using anaesthetic creams; however, these creams may also deaden sensations in the man's partner, and are not generally recommended by sex therapists.

Differential diagnosis

Premature ejaculation should be distinguished from erectile dysfunction related to the development of a general medical condition. Some individuals with erectile dysfunction may omit their usual strategies for delaying orgasm. Others require prolonged noncoital stimulation to develop a degree of erection sufficient for intromission. In such individuals, sexual arousal may be so high that ejaculation occurs immediately. Occasional problems with premature ejaculation that are not persistent or recurrent or are not accompanied by marked distress or interpersonal difficulty do not qualify for the diagnosis of premature ejaculation. The clinician should also take into account the individual's age, overall sexual experience, recent sexual activity, and the novelty of the partner. When problems with premature ejaculation are due exclusively to substance use (e.g., opioid withdrawal), a substance-induced sexual dysfunction can be diagnosed.

Other ejaculation disorder types

Treatment

When deciding the appropriate treatment, it is important for physician to distinguish PE as a "complaint" versus PE as a "syndrome". [11] About 20 years ago, PE was classified into "lifelong PE" and "acquired PE".[12] Recently, a new classification of PE was proposed based on controlled clinical and epidemiological stopwatch studies,[13] and it included 2 other PE syndromes: "natural variable PE" and "premature-like ejaculatory dysfunction". Only men with lifelong PE with Intravaginal ejaculation latency time(IELT) <1 to 1.5 minutes should require medication as a first option, along with or without therapy. For men who fall into one of the other categories, treatment should consist of patient reassurance, behavior therapy, and/or psychoeducation to explain irregular early ejaculation is a normal variation. [14][15]

Dapoxetine (Priligy) is a short-acting selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) marketed for the treatment of premature ejaculation.[16] Dapoxetine is the only drug with regulatory approval for such an indication. Currently, it is approved in several European countries, including Finland, Sweden, Portugal, Austria and Germany.[17][18] Dapoxetine is currently waiting for U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval after concluding the Phase III study, which included participants from 25 other countries, including the United States. In this diverse population, dapoxetine significantly improved all aspects of PE and was generally well tolerated.[19]

Tramadol (Ultram or Tramal) is an FDA approved atypical oral analgesic for mild pain. It is atypical because it is similar to an opioid, is an agonist at the mu receptor, but also is similar to an anti-depressant in that it increases levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. Tramadol also has few side effects, low abuse potential, and increases (IELT) 4-20 fold in >90% men.[20]

Clomipramine (Anafranil) is sometimes prescribed to treat PE. One side effect of the drug can help delay ejaculatory response. The side effect is described by the Mayo Clinic as "Increased [SIC] sexual ability, desire, drive, or performance."[21]


Another method is control instead of prevention.

One more method is entitled intracavernous pharmacotherapy. This is a method of injecting a drug known as a vasodilator directly into the penis to help men control premature ejaculation and maintain their erection. It has been proven to be effective in over seventy percent of test patients.[citation needed] This method is used by companies such as Florida Men’s Medical Clinic, Boston Medical Group and others.[22]

References

  1. ^ Kinsey, Alfred (1948), Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, W. B. Saunders Co {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Ejaculation delay: what's normal? [July 2005; 137-4]". Retrieved 2007-10-21.
  3. ^ Waldinger MD, Quinn P, Dilleen M, Mundayat R, Schweitzer DH, Boolell M (2005). "A multinational population survey of intravaginal ejaculation latency time". The journal of sexual medicine. 2 (4): 492–7. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00070.x. PMID 16422843.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Waldinger MD, Zwinderman AH, Olivier B, Schweitzer DH (2005). "Proposal for a definition of lifelong premature ejaculation based on epidemiological stopwatch data". The journal of sexual medicine. 2 (4): 498–507. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00069.x. PMID 16422844.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Böhlen D, Hugonnet CL, Mills RD, Weise ES, Schmid HP (2000). "Five meters of H(2)O: the pressure at the urinary bladder neck during human ejaculation". Prostate. 44 (4): 339–41. doi:10.1002/1097-0045(20000901)44:4<339::AID-PROS12>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 10951500.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Master VA, Turek PJ (2001). "Ejaculatory physiology and dysfunction". Urol. Clin. North Am. 28 (2): 363–75, x. doi:10.1016/S0094-0143(05)70145-2. PMID 11402588.
  7. ^ deGroat WC, Booth AM (1980). "Physiology of male sexual function". Ann. Intern. Med. 92 (2 Pt 2): 329–31. PMID 7356224.
  8. ^ Truitt WA, Coolen LM (2002). "Identification of a potential ejaculation generator in the spinal cord". Science. 297 (5586): 1566–9. doi:10.1126/science.1073885. PMID 12202834.
  9. ^ Coolen LM, Olivier B, Peters HJ, Veening JG (1997). "Demonstration of ejaculation-induced neural activity in the male rat brain using 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT". Physiol. Behav. 62 (4): 881–91. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00258-8. PMID 9284512.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Premature Ejaculation". Premature Ejaculation and Male Orgasmic Disorder. Armenian Medical Network. 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  11. ^ Waldinger, MD. "Changing paradigms from a historical DSM-III and DSM-IV view toward an evidence based definition of premature ejaculation. Part II: Proposals for DSM-V and ICD-11". Proposals for DSM-V and ICD-11. J Sex Med. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  12. ^ Godpodinoff, ML. "Premature ejaculation: clinical subgroups and etiology". J Sex Marital Ther. Vol15:130. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. ^ Waldinger, MD. "Changing paradigms from a historical DSM-III and DSM-IV view toward an evidence based definition of premature ejaculation. Part II: Proposals for DSM-V and ICD-11". Proposals for DSM-V and ICD-11. J Sex Med. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  14. ^ Waldinger, Marcel D. "New Insights in Premature Ejaculation". Psychiatric Times Vol. 24 No. 9. Psychiatric Times. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  15. ^ Serefoglu, EC (2011). "Prevalence of the complaint of ejaculating prematurely and the four premature ejaculation syndromes". J Sex Med (8): 540–8. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Kendirci M, Salem E, Hellstrom WJ (2007). "Dapoxetine, a novel selective serotonin transport inhibitor for the treatment of premature ejaculation". Ther Clin Risk Manag. 3 (2): 277–89. doi:10.2147/tcrm.2007.3.2.277. PMC 1936309. PMID 18360636. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ PRILIGY (Dapoxetin) erhält die Zulassung für die Behandlung der Ejaculatio praecox in Deutschland
  18. ^ Janssen-Cilag EMEA announces receipt of first regulatory approvals for Priligy for PE in Finland and Sweden, February 11, 2009
  19. ^ McMahon, CG (2011 Feb). "Efficacy and safety of dapoxetine for the treatment of premature ejaculation: integrated analysis of results from five phase 3 trials". The journal of sexual medicine. 8 (2): 524–39. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02097.x.. PMID 21059176. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Herrera (2011-10-28). "Scientific Studies/Articles: Premature Ejaculation and Successful Tramadol Treatment". Retrieved 2011-11-15.
  21. ^ "Clomipramine Side Effects". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  22. ^ Vasoactive intracavernous pharmacotherapy for the treatment of erectile impotence in men with spinal cord injury. BioMedSearch, 14. A A Sidi; J S Cameron; D D Dykstra; Y Reinberg; P H Lange, (2007)

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