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The '''Shantung Question''' ({{Zh|t=山東問題|s=山东问题|p=Shāndōng wèntí}}) refers to the dispute over Article 156 of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1919, which dealt with the concession of the [[Shandong]] peninsula. |
The '''Shantung Question''' ({{Zh|t=山東問題|s=山东问题|p=Shāndōng wèntí}}) refers to the dispute over Article 156 of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1919, which dealt with the concession of the [[Shandong]] peninsula. |
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During the First World War, China supported the Allies on condition that [[Germany]]'s [[Concession (territory)|concessions]] on the Shandong peninsula would be returned to China. In spite of this agreement, the Article transferred the concessions in Shandong to [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] rather than returning sovereign authority to China. Japan was allowed possession of the province because of secret agreements signed with European powers.<ref>The Genesis of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy, page 61</ref> One of the excuses the Japanese used was that [[Duan Qirui]] had borrowed money from Japan to strengthen his army, this now being repaid with the concession of the Shandong |
During the First World War, China supported the Allies on condition that [[Germany]]'s [[Concession (territory)|concessions]] on the Shandong peninsula would be returned to China. In spite of this agreement, the Article transferred the concessions in Shandong to [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] rather than returning sovereign authority to China. Japan was allowed possession of the province because of secret agreements signed with European powers.<ref>The Genesis of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy, page 61</ref> One of the excuses the Japanese used was that [[Duan Qirui]] had borrowed money from Japan to strengthen his army, this now being repaid with the concession of the Shandong peninsula.<ref name="Spence 288">The Search for Modern China, by Spence, page 288</ref> |
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The Chinese ambassador to [[Paris]], [[Wellington Koo]], stated that the Chinese could not concede Shandong, which was the birthplace of [[Confucius]], a highly important Chinese philosopher, as much as [[Christians]] could not concede [[Jerusalem]], and demanded the returning of sovereignty over Shandong, to no avail. Chinese outrage over this provision led to demonstrations and a cultural movement known as the [[May Fourth Movement]] and influenced Wellington Koo not to sign the treaty. |
The Chinese ambassador to [[Paris]], [[Wellington Koo]], stated that the Chinese could not concede Shandong, which was the birthplace of [[Confucius]], a highly important Chinese philosopher, as much as [[Christians]] could not concede [[Jerusalem]], and demanded the returning of sovereignty over Shandong, to no avail. Chinese outrage over this provision led to demonstrations and a cultural movement known as the [[May Fourth Movement]] and influenced Wellington Koo not to sign the treaty. |
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Revision as of 20:54, 22 January 2012
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The Shantung Question (simplified Chinese: 山东问题; traditional Chinese: 山東問題; pinyin: Shāndōng wèntí) refers to the dispute over Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, which dealt with the concession of the Shandong peninsula.
During the First World War, China supported the Allies on condition that Germany's concessions on the Shandong peninsula would be returned to China. In spite of this agreement, the Article transferred the concessions in Shandong to Japan rather than returning sovereign authority to China. Japan was allowed possession of the province because of secret agreements signed with European powers.[1] One of the excuses the Japanese used was that Duan Qirui had borrowed money from Japan to strengthen his army, this now being repaid with the concession of the Shandong peninsula.[2] The Chinese ambassador to Paris, Wellington Koo, stated that the Chinese could not concede Shandong, which was the birthplace of Confucius, a highly important Chinese philosopher, as much as Christians could not concede Jerusalem, and demanded the returning of sovereignty over Shandong, to no avail. Chinese outrage over this provision led to demonstrations and a cultural movement known as the May Fourth Movement and influenced Wellington Koo not to sign the treaty.
China declared the end of its war against Germany in September 1919 and signed a separate treaty with Germany in 1921. The dispute was mediated by the United States in 1922 during the Washington Naval Conference, and the sovereignty of Shandong was agreed to be returned to China on February 4 of that year, while Japanese residents in Shandong were given special rights.
See also
References
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