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===Northern Ireland===
===Northern Ireland===
The constitution of the [[Irish free state]] claimed the national territory consisted of the whole of the Island, which according to Frank Wels, was a denial of Northern Ireland's right to exist.<ref>[[The Four Nations: A History of the United Kingdom
The constitution of the [[Irish free state]] claimed the national territory consisted of the whole of the Island, which according to Frank Welsh, was a denial of Northern Ireland's right to exist.<ref>[[The Four Nations: A History of the United Kingdom
By Frank Welsh p358|http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a9SqQ2YkDhAC&pg=PA358&lpg=PA358&dq=%22ireland's+right+to+exist%22&source=bl&ots=x4LLJDAb-Z&sig=_J8NXKZbf8lipTyRiB4RwACtUxE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nTj-T-aGL6ag0QWUsch3&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22ireland's%20right%20to%20exist%22&f=false]]</ref>
By Frank Welsh p358|http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a9SqQ2YkDhAC&pg=PA358&lpg=PA358&dq=%22ireland's+right+to+exist%22&source=bl&ots=x4LLJDAb-Z&sig=_J8NXKZbf8lipTyRiB4RwACtUxE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nTj-T-aGL6ag0QWUsch3&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22ireland's%20right%20to%20exist%22&f=false]]</ref>


Revision as of 19:57, 12 July 2012

For a book, see Right to Exist: a Moral Defense of Israel's Wars.
For personal right to exist, see Right to life.
French historian Ernest Renan defended the right to exist in "What is a Nation?" (1882).

The right to exist is said to be an attribute of nations. According to an essay by the nineteenth century French philosopher Ernest Renan, a state has the right to exist when individuals are willing to sacrifice their own interests for the community it represents. Unlike self-determination, the right to exist is an attribute of states rather than of peoples. It is not a right recognized in international law. The phrase has featured prominently in the Arab–Israeli conflict since the 1950s.

The right to exist of a de facto state may be balanced against another state's right to territorial integrity.[1] Proponents of the right to exist trace it back to the "right of existence," said to be a fundamental right of states recognized by writers on international law for hundreds of years.[2]

Historical use

Thomas Paine used the phrase "right to exist" to refer to forms of government, arguing that representative government has a right to exist, but that hereditary government does not.[3] In 1823, Sir Walter Scott argued for the "right to exist in the Greek people".[4] (The Greeks were then revolting against Turkish rule.) According to Renan's "What is a Nation?" (1882), "A state has the right to exist when it gives proof of its strength by the sacrifices which demand the abdication of the individual."[5] Existence is not a historical right, but "a daily plebiscite, just as an individual's existence is a perpetual affirmation of life," Renan said.[5] The phrase gained enormous usage in reference to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. "If Turkey has a right to exist – and the Powers are very prompt to assert that she has – she possesses an equally good right to defend herself against all attempts to imperil her political existence," wrote Eliakim and Robert Littell in 1903.[6] In many cases, a nation's right to exist is not questioned, and is therefore not asserted, for example in the case of India.[7]

There is also a state's right "to perpetuate itself". This right was invoked in legal proceedings in post-War Germany as a defence of individuals in the judiciary system accused of participating in Nazi era repressions against those who were percecuted for "anti-state" activities, real or perceived.[citation needed]

Abkhazia

In 2008, Patricia Flor, German ambassador to Georgia, told the Georgian Times newspaper that "Abkhaz should feel they can voice their concerns and can be open about their identity... we also say of course that the Abkhaz nation has a right to exist and to decide for themselves how they are going to live and how they want to use the Abkhaz language".[8]

In August 2008 Russia recognised Abkhazia's independence, stating that "Using repeatedly brutal military force against the peoples, whom, according to his words, he would like to see within his State, Mikhail Saakashvili left them no other choice but to ensure their security and the right to exist through self-determination as independent States."[9]

Basque nation

According to Basque nationalists, "Euzkadi (the name of our country in our own language) is the country of the Basques with as such right to exist independently as a nation as Poland or Ireland. The Basques are a very ancient people..."[10]

Chechnya

The phrase, "right to exist" has also been used in reference to the right of Chechens (in the eyes of supporters) to establish a state independent from Russia.[11][failed verification][12][failed verification]

Israel

In 1947, the United Nations affirmed the right of an "Arab State" and a "Jewish State" to exist within Palestine. The Jewish Agency, precursor to the Israeli government, agreed to the plan, but several Arab states rejected it and attacked Israel after its May 14, 1948 declaration of independence, escalating a civil war into the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The legal and territorial status of Israel and Palestine is still hotly disputed in the region and within the international community. In the 1950s and 1960s Arab leaders did not acknowledge that Israel had a right to exist.[13] The issue was described as the central one between Israel and the Arabs, by James Farell Thomas, the Trotskyist American novelist.[14] After the June 1967 war, Egyptian spokesman Mohammed H. el-Zayyat stated that Cairo had accepted Israel's right to exist since the signing of the Egyptian-Israeli armistice in 1949.[15] He added that this did not imply recognition of Israel.[15] In September, the Arab leaders adopted a hardline "three no's" position in the Khartoum Resolution: No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, and no negotiations with Israel.[16] But in November, Egypt accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242, which implied acceptance of Israel's right to exist. King Hussein of Jordan also acknowledged that Israel had a right to exist at this time.[17] Meanwhile, Syria rejected Resolution 242, saying that it, "refers to Israel's right to exist and it ignores the right of the [Palestinian] refugees to return to their homes."[18]

Upon assuming the premiership in 1977, Menachem Begin spoke as follows:

Our right to exist—have you ever heard of such a thing? Would it enter the mind of any Briton or Frenchman, Belgian or Dutchman, Hungarian or Bulgarian, Russian or American, to request for its people recognition of its right to exist? ..... Mr. Speaker: From the Knesset of Israel, I say to the world, our very existence per se is our right to exist![19]

As reported by the Financial Times, in 1988 Yasser Arafat declared that the Palestinians had accepted Israel's right to exist.[20] In 1993, there was an official exchange of letters between Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Chairman Arafat, in which Arafat declared that "the PLO affirms that those articles of the Palestinian Covenant which deny Israel's right to exist, and the provisions of the Covenant which are inconsistent with the commitments of this letter are now inoperative and no longer valid."[21]

In 2009 Prime Minister Ehud Olmert demanded the Palestinian Authority's acceptance of Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state, which the Palestinian Authority rejected.[22] The Knesset plenum gave initial approval in May 2009 to a bill criminalising the public denial of Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state, with a penalty of up to a year in prison.[23]

According to the linguist Noam Chomsky, the term "right to exist" is unique to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict: "No state has a right to exist, and no one demands such a right....In an effort to prevent negotiations and a diplomatic settlement, the U.S. and Israel insisted on raising the barrier to something that nobody's going to accept....[Palestinians are] not going to accept...the legitimacy of their dispossession."[24] John V. Whitbeck argued that Israel's insistence on a right to exist forces Palestinians to provide a moral justification for their own suffering.[25]

Kurdistan

Representatives of the Kurdish people regularly assert their right to exist as a nation.[26][27][28]

Northern Ireland

The constitution of the Irish free state claimed the national territory consisted of the whole of the Island, which according to Frank Welsh, was a denial of Northern Ireland's right to exist.[29]

Palestine

In 1947, the United Nations affirmed the right of an "Arab State" and a "Jewish State" to exist within Palestine. The Jewish Agency, precursor to the Israeli government, agreed to the plan, but several Arab states rejected it and attacked Israel after its May 14, 1948 declaration of independence, escalating a civil war into the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The legal and territorial status of Israel and Palestine is still hotly disputed in the region and within the international community. As of 28 May 2024, 145 (75.1%) of the 193 member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine. Their total population is over 5.2 billion people, equalling 75% of the world's population.[30]

In June 2009 Barack Obama said "Israelis must acknowledge that just as Israel's right to exist cannot be denied, neither can Palestine's."[31]

Citations

  • 1791 Thomas Paine, Rights of Man: "The fact therefore must be that the individuals themselves, each in his own personal and sovereign right, entered into a contract with each other to produce a government: and this is the only mode in which governments have a right to arise, and the only principle on which they have a right to exist."[32]
  • 1823 Sir Walter Scott: "Admitting, however, this right to exist in the Greek people is a different question whether there is any right, much more any call, for the nations of Europe to interfere in their support."[4]
  • 1882 Ernest Renan, "What is a nation?": So long as this moral consciousness gives proof of its strength by the sacrifices which demand the abdication of the individual to the advantage of the community, it is legitimate and has the right to exist [French: le droit d'exister].[5]
  • 1916 American Institute of International Law: "Every nation has the right to exist, and to protect and to conserve its existence."[33]
  • 1922 Cemal Paşa: "In a word, the [Young Turks] want to make the Turkish race respected in the eyes of the world and secure its right to exist side by side with the other nations in the twentieth century."[34]
  • 1933 Nazis all over Germany checking if people had voted on withdrawal from the League of Nations said "We do this because Germany's right to exist is now a question of to be or not to be."[35]

See also

References

  1. ^ Lagerwall, Anne. "The Paradoxical Protection of State's Territorial Integrity by the United Nations: Law versus Power?", Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Law and Society Association, Hilton Bonaventure, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 27, 2008.
  2. ^ Oppenheim, Lassa and Ronald Roxburgh, (2005) International Law, p. 192–193.
  3. ^ Paine, Thomas, "Dissertation on the First Principles of Government" (1795), The Life and Works of Thomas Paine, 5:221--25.
  4. ^ a b Scott, Walter, "The Greek Revolution", Edinburgh Annual Register of 1823, p. 249.
  5. ^ a b c Renan, Ernest, "What is a Nation?", 1882.
  6. ^ Littell, Eliakim and Robert S. Littell, "The Reign of Terror in Macedonia", The Living Age, April–June 1903, p. 68.
  7. ^ India's Road to Nationhood, Wilhelm von Pochhammer, Allied Publishers, 2005, p. 527. "The right to exist of the new Indian state has never been seriously questioned..."
  8. ^ Patricia Flor: "Abkhaz conflict is no longer frozen; The German ambassador says Abkhazs distrust the European Union," by Ketevan Khachidze, Georgian Times, 2008.08.04 [1]
  9. ^ [2][dead link]
  10. ^ Nationalism, Naunihal Singh, Mittal Publications, 2006, p. 111.
  11. ^ Wood, Tony. Chechnya, the Case for Independence. Page 6
  12. ^ "Prague Watchdog - Crisis in Chechnya - An empire on the verge of collapse". Watchdog.cz. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
  13. ^ *"Foreign Affairs; A Time to Find a Solution for Palestine", New York Times Aug 2, 1958. "Most Arab leaders do not even dare admit Israel's right to exist. They fear assassination by fanatics."
    *Parliamentary debates: Official report: Volume 547 (1956), Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons: "I will give two short quotations, one from Colonel Nasser, the Prime Minister of Egypt, on 8th May, 1954. It is an extremist point of view based on the belief and the assertion that Israel has no right to exist at all."
    *"Arms and the Middle East", Toledo Blade, Sep 30, 1955. "the Arabs still refuse to acknowledge Israel's right to exist."
  14. ^ "And underlying all of the questions dividing Israel and its Arab neighbors, one issue is central: Does Israel have a right to exist?" (Farrell, James Thomas, It has come to pass, 1958)
  15. ^ a b Whetten, Lawrence L. (1974). The Canal War: Four-Power Conflict in the Middle East. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-262-23069-0.
  16. ^ "Khartoum Resolution". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 7 June 2012. The Khartoum Resolution passed by the Arab League in the wake of the 1967 war is famous for the "Three Nos" articulated in the third paragraph: No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, and no negotiations with Israel.
  17. ^ Dennon, Leon, "Key to Peace in Mideast", Owosso Argus-Press, Nov 25, 1967.
  18. ^ Lukacs, Yehuda, Israel, Jordan, and the Peace Process, 1999. Syracuse University Press, pp. 98–99.
  19. ^ "Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin upon the presentation of his government, June 20, 1977", Volumes 4–5: 1977–1979, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  20. ^ November 11, 2004 2:00 am (2004-11-11). "After Arafat, a chance for change". FT.com. Retrieved 2012-01-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Israel-PLO Recognition: Exchange of Letters between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat
  22. ^ Ronen, Gil, "[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/124218
  23. ^ Shragai, Nadav, "Knesset okays initial bill to outlaw denial of 'Jewish state'", Haaretz, May 30, 2009.
  24. ^ Titlow, John (2005-06-01). "On the Future of Democracy, Noam Chomsky interviewed by John P. Titlow". chomsky.info. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
  25. ^ Whitbeck, John V. (February 2, 2007). "What 'Israel's right to exist' means to Palestinians". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  26. ^ Official report of debates Authors Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, Council of Europe, Council of Europe, 1994, p. 747.
  27. ^ Democracy and Human Rights in Multicultural Societies, Matthias Koenig, Paul F. A. Guchteneire, Unesco, Ashgate Publishing, 2007, p. 95.
  28. ^ Homeward Bound; KURDISTAN: In the Shadow of History. By Susan Meiselas, Random House, 1997, reviewed by Christopher Hitchens, Los Angeles Times, Dec 7, 1997.
  29. ^ [[The Four Nations: A History of the United Kingdom By Frank Welsh p358|http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a9SqQ2YkDhAC&pg=PA358&lpg=PA358&dq=%22ireland's+right+to+exist%22&source=bl&ots=x4LLJDAb-Z&sig=_J8NXKZbf8lipTyRiB4RwACtUxE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nTj-T-aGL6ag0QWUsch3&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22ireland's%20right%20to%20exist%22&f=false]]
  30. ^ Staff writers (28 August 2011). "Three-quarters of world recognizes Palestine". Ma'an News Agency. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  31. ^ "Middle East | Obama on Israeli-Palestinian 'stalemate'". BBC News. 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
  32. ^ Paine, Thomas, (1791) The Rights of Man
  33. ^ Root, Elihu, "The Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Nations Adopted by the American Institute of International Law" The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 10, No. 2, (Apr., 1916), pp. 211–221.
  34. ^ Paşa Cemal, Memories of a Turkish Statesman-1913-1919, published by George H. Doran Company, 1922, p. 200
  35. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1933/nov/13/secondworldwar.germany

Further reading

External links

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