Jump to content

Sétif and Guelma massacre: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Belissarius (talk | contribs)
1,704 edits
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
[[File:Département de Sétif 1962.PNG|thumb|Map of Algeria showing Sétif province]]
[[File:Département de Sétif 1962.PNG|thumb|Map of Algeria showing Sétif province]]


The '''Sétif massacre''' refers to widespread disturbances and killings in northern Africa in and around the [[Algeria]]n market town of [[Sétif]] located to the west of [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] in 1945. The French police fired on local demonstrators at a protest on 8 May 1945.<ref>[http://www.algerie-dz.com/article611.html ''Témoins des massacres du 8 Mai 1945 en Algérie'']</ref> Then, riots in the town itself were followed by attacks on French ''colons'' (settlers) in the surrounding countryside resulting in 103 deaths. Subsequent reprisals by French authorities and vigilantes are estimated to have caused much greater numbers of deaths amongst the Muslim population of the region. Both the outbreak and the indiscriminate nature of its repression are believed to have marked a turning point in Franco-Algerian relations.<ref>{{citation | first = Ted | last = Morgan | page = 17 | title = My Battle of Algiers | ISBN = 0-06-085224-0}}.</ref>
The '''Sétif massacre''' refers to widespread disturbances and killings in northern Africa in and around the [[Algeria]]n market town of [[Sétif]] located to the west of [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] in 1945. The French police fired on local demonstrators at a protest on 8 May 1945.<ref>[http://www.algerie-dz.com/article611.html ''Témoins des massacres du 8 Mai 1945 en Algérie'']</ref> Then, riots in the town itself were followed by attacks on French ''colons'' (settlers) in the surrounding countryside resulting in 103 deaths. Subsequent attacks by French authorities and vigilantes are estimated to have caused much greater numbers of deaths amongst the Muslim population of the region. Both the outbreak and the indiscriminate nature of its repression are believed to have marked a turning point in Franco-Algerian relations.<ref>{{citation | first = Ted | last = Morgan | page = 17 | title = My Battle of Algiers | ISBN = 0-06-085224-0}}.</ref>


== Outbreak ==
== Outbreak ==
Line 7: Line 7:
[[File:Flag of the Sétif revolt (1945).svg|thumb|200px| Flag of the Algerian nationalism in 1945]]
[[File:Flag of the Sétif revolt (1945).svg|thumb|200px| Flag of the Algerian nationalism in 1945]]


The initial outbreak occurred on the morning of May 8, 1945, the same [[Victory in Europe Day|day]] that [[Nazi Germany]] surrendered in [[World War II]]. A parade by about 5,000 of the Muslim Algerian population of Sétif to celebrate [[Victory in Europe Day]] ended in clashes between the marchers and the local French [[gendarmerie]], when the latter tried to seize banners attacking colonial rule.<ref name="autogenerated2">Morgan, 26</ref> Many protestors were shot. A smaller scale protest in the neighboring town of [[Guelma]] was dispersed the same evening. Attacks on [[pieds noirs]] (French settlers) in the neighboring countryside then resulted in the deaths of 103 Europeans, mostly civilians, plus another hundred wounded.<ref>Alistair Horne, ''A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962'' (New York: The Viking Press, 1977), 26.</ref> The historian [[Alistair Horne]] reports that there were a number of rapes and that many of the corpses were mutilated.<ref name="autogenerated2">Horne, 26</ref>
The initial outbreak occurred on the morning of May 8, 1945, the same [[Victory in Europe Day|day]] that [[Nazi Germany]] surrendered in [[World War II]]. A parade by about 5,000 of the Muslim Algerian population of Sétif to celebrate [[Victory in Europe Day]] ended in clashes between the marchers and the local French [[gendarmerie]], when the latter tried to seize banners attacking colonial rule.<ref name="autogenerated2">Morgan, 26</ref> Many protestors were shot. A smaller scale protest in the neighboring town of [[Guelma]] was dispersed the same evening. Reprisal attacks on [[pieds noirs]] (French settlers) in the neighboring countryside then resulted in the deaths of 103 Europeans, mostly civilians, plus another hundred wounded.<ref>Alistair Horne, ''A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962'' (New York: The Viking Press, 1977), 26.</ref> The historian [[Alistair Horne]] reports that there were a number of rapes and that many of the corpses were mutilated.<ref name="autogenerated2">Horne, 26</ref>


== French reprisals ==
== French attacks ==


After five days of chaos, French military and police restored order, but then carried out a series of reprisals. The army, which included [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]], Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian and [[Senegal]]ese troops, carried out summary executions. Less accessible ''mechtas'' (Muslim villages) were bombed by French aircraft, and the cruiser ''[[French cruiser Duguay-Trouin|Duguay-Trouin]]'' standing off the coast in the [[Gulf of Bougie]], shelled [[Kherrata]]. Pied noir vigilantes lynched prisoners taken from local jails or randomly shot Muslims not wearing white arm bands (as instructed by the Army) out of hand.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> It is certain that the great majority of the Muslim victims had not been implicated in the original outbreak.<ref name="autogenerated1">Horne, 27.</ref>
After five days of chaos, French military and police restored order, but then carried out a series of attacks. The army, which included [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]], Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian and [[Senegal]]ese troops, carried out summary executions. Less accessible ''mechtas'' (Muslim villages) were bombed by French aircraft, and the cruiser ''[[French cruiser Duguay-Trouin|Duguay-Trouin]]'' standing off the coast in the [[Gulf of Bougie]], shelled [[Kherrata]]. Pied noir vigilantes lynched prisoners taken from local jails or randomly shot Muslims not wearing white arm bands (as instructed by the Army) out of hand.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> It is certain that the great majority of the Muslim victims had not been implicated in the original outbreak.<ref name="autogenerated1">Horne, 27.</ref>


These reprisals killed anywhere between 1,020 (the official French figure given in the Tubert Report shortly after the [[massacre]]) and 45,000 people (as claimed by Radio Cairo at the time). Alistair Horne notes that 6,000 was the figure finally settled on by moderate historians but acknowledges that this remains only an estimate.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The Sétif outbreak and the repression that followed marked a turning point in the relations between France, and the Muslim population since 1830, when France had [[French rule in Algeria|colonized Algeria]], the closest portion of Africa to France. While the details of the Sétif killings were largely overlooked in metropolitan France, the impact on the Algerian Muslim population was traumatic, especially on the large numbers of Muslim soldiers in the French Army who were then returning from the War in Europe.<ref>Professor Douglas Porch, page 569 "The French Foreign Legion", ISBN 0-333-58500-3</ref> Nine years later a general uprising began in Algeria, leading to independence from France in March 1962 with the signing of the [[Evian Accords]].
These attacks killed anywhere between 1,020 (the official French figure given in the Tubert Report shortly after the [[massacre]]) and 45,000 people (as claimed by Radio Cairo at the time). Alistair Horne notes that 6,000 was the figure finally settled on by moderate historians but acknowledges that this remains only an estimate.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The Sétif outbreak and the repression that followed marked a turning point in the relations between France, and the Muslim population since 1830, when France had [[French rule in Algeria|colonized Algeria]], the closest portion of Africa to France. While the details of the Sétif killings were largely overlooked in metropolitan France, the impact on the Algerian Muslim population was traumatic, especially on the large numbers of Muslim soldiers in the French Army who were then returning from the War in Europe.<ref>Professor Douglas Porch, page 569 "The French Foreign Legion", ISBN 0-333-58500-3</ref> Nine years later a general uprising began in Algeria, leading to independence from France in March 1962 with the signing of the [[Evian Accords]].


== Context ==
== Context ==

Revision as of 15:04, 6 July 2013

Map of Algeria showing Sétif province

The Sétif massacre refers to widespread disturbances and killings in northern Africa in and around the Algerian market town of Sétif located to the west of Constantine in 1945. The French police fired on local demonstrators at a protest on 8 May 1945.[1] Then, riots in the town itself were followed by attacks on French colons (settlers) in the surrounding countryside resulting in 103 deaths. Subsequent attacks by French authorities and vigilantes are estimated to have caused much greater numbers of deaths amongst the Muslim population of the region. Both the outbreak and the indiscriminate nature of its repression are believed to have marked a turning point in Franco-Algerian relations.[2]

Outbreak

Flag of the Algerian nationalism in 1945

The initial outbreak occurred on the morning of May 8, 1945, the same day that Nazi Germany surrendered in World War II. A parade by about 5,000 of the Muslim Algerian population of Sétif to celebrate Victory in Europe Day ended in clashes between the marchers and the local French gendarmerie, when the latter tried to seize banners attacking colonial rule.[3] Many protestors were shot. A smaller scale protest in the neighboring town of Guelma was dispersed the same evening. Reprisal attacks on pieds noirs (French settlers) in the neighboring countryside then resulted in the deaths of 103 Europeans, mostly civilians, plus another hundred wounded.[4] The historian Alistair Horne reports that there were a number of rapes and that many of the corpses were mutilated.[3]

French attacks

After five days of chaos, French military and police restored order, but then carried out a series of attacks. The army, which included Foreign Legion, Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian and Senegalese troops, carried out summary executions. Less accessible mechtas (Muslim villages) were bombed by French aircraft, and the cruiser Duguay-Trouin standing off the coast in the Gulf of Bougie, shelled Kherrata. Pied noir vigilantes lynched prisoners taken from local jails or randomly shot Muslims not wearing white arm bands (as instructed by the Army) out of hand.[3] It is certain that the great majority of the Muslim victims had not been implicated in the original outbreak.[5]

These attacks killed anywhere between 1,020 (the official French figure given in the Tubert Report shortly after the massacre) and 45,000 people (as claimed by Radio Cairo at the time). Alistair Horne notes that 6,000 was the figure finally settled on by moderate historians but acknowledges that this remains only an estimate.[5] The Sétif outbreak and the repression that followed marked a turning point in the relations between France, and the Muslim population since 1830, when France had colonized Algeria, the closest portion of Africa to France. While the details of the Sétif killings were largely overlooked in metropolitan France, the impact on the Algerian Muslim population was traumatic, especially on the large numbers of Muslim soldiers in the French Army who were then returning from the War in Europe.[6] Nine years later a general uprising began in Algeria, leading to independence from France in March 1962 with the signing of the Evian Accords.

Context

The anti-colonialist movement had started organizing itself before World War II, under Messali Hadj and Ferhat Abbas. Anti-French sentiment had been building across Algeria for months, leading to thousand-person protests in such cities as Mostaganem in the previous weeks. Contemporary factors other than those of the emergence of Arab nationalism included wide spread drought and famine in the Constantine region[7]With the end of World War II, 4,000[8] protesters took to the streets of Sétif, a town in northern Algeria, to press new demands for independence on the French administration.

Impact on modern Algerian/French relations

French officials during a remembrance ceremony held in France. France recognized these crimes for the first time in 2005

In February 2005, Hubert Colin de Verdière, France's ambassador to Algeria, formally apologized for the massacre, calling it an “inexcusable tragedy”.[9] It was the most explicit comment by the French State on the massacre.[10]

President of Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika has called the Sétif massacre the beginning of a “genocide” perpetrated during the Algerian War by the French occupation forces. This accusation of genocide was swiftly denounced by the French government and by various French historians, although massacres, the use of torture and other human rights abuses by both sides were not questioned. The Algerian War and its consequences remains a sensitive issue in both countries.

Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, in response to France passing a bill criminalizing denial of the Armenian Genocide, accused France of committing genocide in Algeria.[11]

The Algerian cinema, rich with war movies, depicted the massacres more than once. When Outside the law by Rachid Bouchareb was nominated best picture in the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, French pied noir, harkis and war veterans demonstrated against the film being shown in French cinemas, accusing it of distorting reality.

Bibliography

  • Yves Courrière, La guerre d'Algérie, tome 1 (Les fils de la Toussaint), Fayard, Paris 1969, ISBN 2-213-61118-1
  • Jean Louis Planche, Sétif 1945, histoire d'un massacre annoncé, Perrin, Paris 2006
  • Roger Vétillard, Sétif. Mai 1945. Massacres en Algérie, éd. de Paris, 2008, ISBN 978-2-85162-213-6
  • Eugène Vallet, Un drame algérien. La vérité sur les émeutes de mai 1945, éd. Grandes éditions françaises, 1948
  • Alistair Horne, “A Savage War of Peace. Algeria 1954–62”, New York 1978, Viking Press, ISBN 0-670-61964-7

See also

References

  1. ^ Témoins des massacres du 8 Mai 1945 en Algérie
  2. ^ Morgan, Ted, My Battle of Algiers, p. 17, ISBN 0-06-085224-0.
  3. ^ a b c Morgan, 26 Cite error: The named reference "autogenerated2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 (New York: The Viking Press, 1977), 26.
  5. ^ a b Horne, 27.
  6. ^ Professor Douglas Porch, page 569 "The French Foreign Legion", ISBN 0-333-58500-3
  7. ^ John Gunther, page 121 "Inside Africa", Hamish Hamilton Ltd 1955
  8. ^ Jean Louis Planche, Sétif 1945, histoire d'un massacre annoncé, p. 137.
  9. ^ Algeria Marks WWII Anniversary with Call for French Apology, VOA News, 2005-05-09.
  10. ^ , Al Jazeera http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/C50D0EF1-4FCE-48C6-89A9-D059B34F7B0D.htm {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (23 December 2011). "Turkey accuses France of genocide in Algeria". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 December 2011.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sétif_and_Guelma_massacre&oldid=563117148"