Lahnda: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 19:55, 18 July 2013
| Lahnda | |
|---|---|
| Western Punjabi | |
| Geographic distribution | Pakistan |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European |
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | lah |
| ISO 639-3 | lah |
Lahnda /ˈlɑːndə/[2] or Western Punjabi are those Indo-Aryan varieties in parts of western Punjab that are transitional between Eastern Punjabi and Sindhi. Two, Saraiki and Hindko, are being cultivated as literary languages.[3] The literary language of Lahnda speakers has traditionally been Punjabi.[4]: 2
Name
Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists—notably George Abraham Grierson—for a group which had no general local name.[5]: 883 Southern varieties are locally called Saraiki, and northern varieties Hindko.
Classification
 |
Since Sindhi, Punjabi, Urdu and Hindi are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the dialect versus language question. Recently, two Lahnda varieties, Saraiki and Hindko, have been standardized.[3] The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947, driven by a regionalist political movements.[6]: 838 [7] The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.[8]: 46
However, this standardization is controversial to date because Saraiki, Hindko and other Lahnda varieties are also considered to be dialects of mainstream Punjabi on the basis that they are mutually intelligible, and morphologically and syntactically similar by a majority of local linguists such as Dulai, K. Narinder, Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill, A. Henry. Gleason (Jr.), Koul, N. Omkar, Siya Madhu Bala, Afzal Ahmed Cheema, Aamir Malik, and Amar Nath[9][10][11][12] as well as modern linguistics publications such as the US National Advisory Committee-based UCLA Language Materials Project (LMP), along with modern linguists such as Cardona and Nataliya Ivanovna Tolstaya, classifying Saraiki, Hindko and other Lahnda varieties as dialects of the Punjabi language.[13][14][4]
Varieties
The varieties of Lahnda are:[15]
- Saraiki
- A problematic group of northern dialects wanting a linguistic survey, including Dhanni–Sawain (Sohain), Hindki of Hazara (Kagani), Tinauli, Dhundi-Kairali, Chibhali, Punchhi, and Potwari. Now called greater Panjistani.
- Hindko proper
- Mirpur Punjabi?
Khetrani is commonly included, but may be a remnant Dardic language.[15] Some of the northern dialects of what has for geographical reasons been considered Gujarati are actually closer to Lahnda. There is also a Lahnda language in Afghanistan and Ukraine in the form of Jakati.
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in -s-. Like Sindhi, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.[3]
Sindhi, Lahnda, Punjabi, and Western Pahari form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Panjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.[16] However, this does not accord with linguistic description, and is not accepted by specialists.
References
- ^ Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
- ^ "Lahnda". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ a b c Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 635. ISBN 9780080877754.
- ^ a b Tolstaya, Natalya I. (1981). The Panjabi Language. Routledge. ISBN 9780710009395.
- ^ Grierson, George A. (1930). "Lahndā and Lahndī". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 5 (4): 883–887. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090571.
- ^ Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.
- ^ Shackle, C. 1977. Saraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan. Modern Asian Studies, 11(3):379-403.
- ^ Javaid, Umbreen (2004). "Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Research (Humanities). 40 (2). Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab: 45–55.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|journal= - ^ Dulai, Narinder K. 1989. A Pedagogical Grammar of Punjabi. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies.
- ^ Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill and Henry A. Gleason, Jr: A Reference Grammar of Punjabi: Patiala University Press
- ^ Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala :Punjabi Language and Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography: New Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies
- ^ Malik, Amar Nath, Afzal Ahmed Cheema : 1995 : The Phonology and Morphology of Panjabi: New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
- ^ The Indo-Aryan Languages - Google Livres. Books.google.fr. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ^ UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile. Lmp.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ^ a b Masica (1991)
- ^ Lahnda at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
