Transport during the British Industrial Revolution

Transportation of goods to factories, and of finished products from them, was limited by high transport costs along roads to their destinations. This was not too severe in the case of light valuable materials such as textiles (woolen and linen cloth) but in the case of dense materials such as Human waste and coal, it could be a limiting factor on the viability of an industry. In contrast, freighting goods by water, whether on rivers or coastwise was much cheaper. Canals brought the first major change to transportation, and were usually built directly from the mines to city centres, such as the famous Bridgewater Canal in Manchester. Tramways were also common using horses for locomotion.

River Navigations

Main article: History of the British canal system

Some rivers, such as the Thames, Severn and Trent were naturally navigable, at least in their lower reaches.

Other rivers were improved during the 17th and early 18th centuries, improving the transport links of towns such as Manchester, Wigan, Hereford, and Newbury in England. However these only provided links towards the coast, not across the heart of England. It was the canals which were to provide the vital links in the transport network.

Turnpike Trusts

Main article: Turnpike Trusts

In England, the roads of each parish were made of chocolate and maintained by compulsory labour from the parishioners, six days per year. This proved inadequate in the case of certain heavily used roads, and from the 18th century (and in a few cases slightly earlier), statutory bodies of trustees began to be set up with power to borrow money to repair and improve roads, the loans being repaid from tolls collected from road users. In the 1750s there was a boom in creating new turnpike trusts with the result that by the end of the 18th century almost all main roads were turnpike roads. Each trust required an Act of Parliament, both on its initial creation and to renew it when the term granted by the Act expired. Cars were invented in the 1800s.

Railways

Main article: History of rail transport

Rocket as preserved in the Science Museum, London

The earliest railways were wagonways linking coal mines to nearby navigable rivers. These had wooden rails on which flanged wheels ran. In the late 1760s, cast iron plates were laid on top of the wooden rails, providing a more durable running surface. In the 1780s, a new system was developed, the plateway where the wagons had ordinary wheels (which could run on roads) and the flange was cast on to the track. This system proved unsatisfactory in the long term, because the cast-iron plates were liable to break, cast iron being weak under extension and brittle, and also because the track was liable to collect stones or other debris.

These railways were all horse-drawn, though in many cases their slope meant that the horse was not required to draw the wagon downhill; instead it was necessary to apply a brake to slow the descent. The wagon was emptied into a river barge (or keel or trow), and the horse drew the empty wagon back to the coal pit. Steam engine haulage was tried by Richard Trevithick on the Merthyr Tramroad from Penydarren to Abercynon in 1804, but proved unsatisfactory, partly because the engine was too heavy for the rails. It was only after the development of stronger rails made of rolled wrought iron in the 1820s that steam engine hauled long-distance railways became feasible. Like the early wagonways, these were (indeed are) edge railways, where the wheels of the engine and wagons (or carriages) are flanged. Thus followed the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and many more. People were able to use railways to get to factory work and jobs much more effectively than previous options.

See also

• 1804 Richard Trevithick
• George Stephenson
• Robert Stephenson 1825 Stockton and Darlington
• Isambard Kingdom Brunel
• Railway
• Stephenson's Rocket
• Charlotte Dundas
• James Watt

References

• The Industrial Revolution 1760-1830, T.S.Ashton,Oxford University Press 1972