Erythritol: Difference between revisions
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===Heat of solution=== |
===Heat of solution=== |
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Erythritol has a |
Erythritol has a strong cooling effect ([[endothermic]], or negative [[heat of solution]])<ref>{{cite book |author=Wohlfarth, Christian |title=CRC handbook of enthalpy data of polymer-solvent systems |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=e2XyFi-bMY8C&pg=PA3 |year=2006 |publisher=CRC/Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8493-9361-7 |pages=3–}}</ref> when it dissolves in water, which is often combined with the cooling effect of [[Mentha|mint]] flavors. The cooling effect is present only when erythritol is not already dissolved in water, a situation that might be experienced in an erythritol-sweetened frosting, chocolate bar, chewing gum, or hard candy. The cooling effect of erythritol is very similar to that of [[xylitol]] and among the strongest cooling effects of all sugar alcohols.<ref>Jasra,R.V.; Ahluwalia, J.C. 1982. Enthalpies of Solution, Partial Molal Heat Capacities and Apparent Molal Volumes of Sugars and Polyols in Water. Journal of Solution Chemistry, 11 ( 5): 325-338. {{ISSN |1572-8927}}</ref> |
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===Blending for sugar-like properties=== |
===Blending for sugar-like properties=== |
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Revision as of 17:48, 24 April 2014
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
(2R,3S)-butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| DrugBank | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.217 |
| E number | E968 (glazing agents, ...) |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C4H10O4 | |
| Molar mass | 122.120 g·mol−1 |
| Density | 1.45 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 121 °C (250 °F; 394 K) |
| Boiling point | 329 °C (624 °F; 602 K) |
| Hazards | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Erythritol ((2R,3S)-butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol) is a sugar alcohol (or polyol) that has been approved for use as a food additive in the United States[1] and throughout much of the world. It was discovered in 1848 by British chemist John Stenhouse.[2] It occurs naturally in some fruits and fermented foods.[3] At the industrial level, it is produced from glucose by fermentation with a yeast, Moniliella pollinis.[1] It is 60–70% as sweet as table sugar yet it is almost noncaloric, does not affect blood sugar, does not cause tooth decay, and is partially absorbed by the body, excreted in urine and feces. It is less likely to cause gastric side effects than other sugar alcohols because of its unique digestion pathway. Under U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling requirements, it has a caloric value of 0.2 kilocalories per gram (95% less than sugar and other carbohydrates), though nutritional labeling varies from country to country. Some countries, such as Japan and the United States, label it as zero-calorie, while European Union regulations currently label it and all other sugar alcohols at 0.24 kcal/g.
Erythritol and human digestion
In the body, most erythritol is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine, and then for the most part excreted unchanged in the urine. About 10% enters the colon.[4] Because 90% of erythritol is absorbed before it enters the large intestine, it does not normally cause laxative effects, as are often experienced after consumption of other sugar alcohols (such as xylitol and maltitol),[5] although extremely large doses can cause nausea and borborygmi (stomach rumbling).[6]
Side effects
In general, erythritol is free of side effects in regular use. Doses over 50 grams (1.8 oz) can cause a significant increase in nausea and stomach rumbling (borborygmi).[6] Rarely, erythritol can cause allergic hives (urticaria).[7]
When compared with other sugar alcohols, it is also much more difficult for intestinal bacteria to digest, so is less likely to cause gas or bloating than other polyols,[8] such as maltitol, sorbitol, or lactitol.
Physical properties
Heat of solution
Erythritol has a strong cooling effect (endothermic, or negative heat of solution)[9] when it dissolves in water, which is often combined with the cooling effect of mint flavors. The cooling effect is present only when erythritol is not already dissolved in water, a situation that might be experienced in an erythritol-sweetened frosting, chocolate bar, chewing gum, or hard candy. The cooling effect of erythritol is very similar to that of xylitol and among the strongest cooling effects of all sugar alcohols.[10]
Blending for sugar-like properties
Erythritol is commonly used as a medium in which to deliver high-intensity sweeteners, especially stevia derivatives, serving the dual function of providing both bulk and a flavor similar to that of table sugar. Diet beverages made with this blend, thus, contain erythritol in addition to the main sweetener. Beyond high-intensity sweeteners, erythritol is often paired with other bulky ingredients that exhibit sugar-like characteristics to better mimic the texture and mouthfeel of sucrose. The cooling effect of erythritol is rarely desired, hence other ingredients are chosen to dilute or negate that effect. Erythritol also has a propensity to crystallize and is not as soluble as sucrose, so ingredients may also be chosen to help negate this disadvantage. Furthermore, erythritol is not hygroscopic, meaning it does not attract moisture, which can lead to the drying out of products, in particular baked goods, if another hygroscopic ingredient is not used in the formulation.
Inulin is often combined with erythritol because of inulin's offering a complementary positive heat of solution (exothermic, or warming effect when dissolved, which helps cancel erythritol's cooling effect) and noncrystallizing properties. However, inulin has a propensity to cause gas and bloating in those having consumed it in moderate to large quantities, in particular in individuals unaccustomed to it. Other sugar alcohols are sometimes used with erythritol, in particular isomalt, because of its minimally positive heat of solution, and glycerin, which has a negative heat of solution, moderate hygroscopicity, and noncrystallizing liquid form.
Erythritol and bacteria
Erythritol has been certified as tooth-friendly.[11] The sugar alcohol cannot be metabolized by oral bacteria, so does not contribute to tooth decay.
See also
- Threitol, the diastereomer of erythritol
- Stevia
- Erythritol tetranitrate
References
- ^ a b FDA/CFSAN: Agency Response Letter: GRAS Notice No. GRN 000076
- ^ The discovery of erythritol, which Stenhouse called "erythroglucin", was announced in: Stenhouse, John (January 1, 1848). "Examination of the proximate principles of some of the lichens". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 138: 63–89, see especially p. 76.
- ^ Shindou, T., Sasaki, Y., Miki, H., Eguchi, T., Hagiwara, K., Ichikawa, T. (1988). "Determination of erythritol in fermented foods by high performance liquid chromatography". Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 29 (6): 419–422.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Arrigoni, E.; Brouns, F.; Amadò, R. (Nov 2005). "Human gut microbiota does not ferment erythritol". Br J Nutr. 94 (5): 643–6. PMID 16277764.
- ^ Munro IC, Berndt WO, Borzelleca JF; et al. (December 1998). "Erythritol: an interpretive summary of biochemical, metabolic, toxicological and clinical data". Food Chem. Toxicol. 36 (12): 1139–74. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00091-X. PMID 9862657.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Storey, D.; Lee, A.; Bornet, F.; Brouns, F. (Mar 2007). "Gastrointestinal tolerance of erythritol and xylitol ingested in a liquid". Eur J Clin Nutr. 61 (3): 349–54. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602532. PMID 16988647.
- ^ Hino, H.; Kasai, S.; Hattori, N.; Kenjo, K. (Mar 2000). "A case of allergic urticaria caused by erythritol". J Dermatol. 27 (3): 163–5. PMID 10774141.
- ^ Arrigoni E, Brouns F, Amadò R (November 2005). "Human gut microbiota does not ferment erythritol". Br. J. Nutr. 94 (5): 643–6. PMID 16277764.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wohlfarth, Christian (2006). CRC handbook of enthalpy data of polymer-solvent systems. CRC/Taylor & Francis. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-0-8493-9361-7.
- ^ Jasra,R.V.; Ahluwalia, J.C. 1982. Enthalpies of Solution, Partial Molal Heat Capacities and Apparent Molal Volumes of Sugars and Polyols in Water. Journal of Solution Chemistry, 11 ( 5): 325-338. ISSN 1572-8927
- ^ Kawanabe J, Hirasawa M, Takeuchi T, Oda T, Ikeda T (1992). "Noncariogenicity of erythritol as a substrate". Caries Res. 26 (5): 358–62. PMID 1468100.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)