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=== 1944 ===
=== 1944 ===
Underway with the [[Marshall Islands]] assault force on 12 January 1944, she bombarded [[Kwajalein]] and [[Ebeye]] on 31 January – 1 February, then replenished at [[Majuro]]. She then bombarded [[Wotje]] on 20 February and [[Kavieng]], and [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]] on 20 March, and visited [[Sydney, Australia|Sydney]] before arriving in the [[Solomon Islands|Solomons]] in May to rehearse the [[Mariana and Palau Islands campaign|Mariana Islands campaign]].{{sfn|Turner Publishing|2002|pp=21–23}}{{sfn|DANFS USS New Mexico (BB-40)}}
''New Mexico'' was part of the [[Marshall Islands]] invasion force on 12 January 1944. She shelled [[Kwajalein]] and [[Ebeye]] from 31 January to 1 February. She then replenished at [[Majuro]]. After that, which was on 20 February, she shelled [[Wotje]], and also shelled [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]] and [[Kaveing]] on 20 March. She then visited [[Sydney, Australia]]. After that, she sailed to the [[Solomon Islands]] to practice the attack on the [[Mariana Islands]] {{sfn|Turner Publishing|2002|pp=21–23}}{{sfn|DANFS USS New Mexico (BB-40)}}


She bombarded [[Tinian]] on 14 June, [[Saipan]] on 15 June, and [[Guam]] on 16 June, and twice helped drive off enemy air attacks on 18 June. She protected transports off the [[Mariana Islands]] while the carrier task force spelled the doom of Japanese naval aviation in its great victory, the [[Battle of the Philippine Sea]], on 20 June. she escorted transports to [[Eniwetok]], and then sailed on 9 July guarding [[escort carrier]]s until 12 July, when her guns opened on Guam in preparation for the landings on 21 July. Until 30 July, she fired on enemy positions and installations on the island.{{sfn|Turner Publishing|2002|pp=21–23}}{{sfn|DANFS USS New Mexico (BB-40)}}
After that, she shelled [[Tinian]] on 14 June, and also bombarded [[Saipan]] and [[Guam]] on 15 an 16 June respectably. On June 18, she helped drive away two air attacks, she later escorted transports off the Marianas on 20 June. Meanwhile, the carrier task force destroyed the Japanese carrier force at the [[Battle of the Philippine Sea]]. Later, she escorted troop transports to the naval base of [[Eniwetok]]. On 9 July, she sailed to guard [[escort carrier]]s until 12 July. Her guns later hit Guam on 21 July and kept on shelling the island until 30 July.{{sfn|Turner Publishing|2002|pp=21–23}}{{sfn|DANFS USS New Mexico (BB-40)}}


Overhauled at [[Bremerton, Washington|Bremerton]], Washington August to October, she arrived in [[Leyte Gulf]] on 22 November to cover the movement of reinforcement and supply convoys, firing in the almost daily air attacks over the area, as the Japanese posed desperate resistance to the reconquest of the [[Philippines]]. She left Leyte Gulf on 2 December for the [[Palau Islands]], where she joined a force covering the [[Mindoro]]-bound assault [[convoy]]. Again she sent up anti-aircraft fire as invasion troops stormed ashore on 15 December, providing cover for two days until sailing for the Palaus.{{sfn|Driscoll|2009|p=138}}{{sfn|DANFS USS New Mexico (BB-40)}}
After the invasion of the Mariana Islands, she got a overhaul of [[Bremerton, Washington]] from October to November. After the overhaul, she arrived in the [[Leyte Gulf]] to escort reinforcement and supply transports and convoys. She dealt with daily air attacks, as the Japanese put up heavy resistance to the liberation of the Philippines. She departed Leyte Gulf on 2 December to the [[Palau Islands|Palaus]], where she later joined a [[Mindoro]]-bound convoy. She provided anti-aircraft fire for the convoy and provided cover fire for invading forces. She provided cover for two more days before retiring to the Palaus.{{sfn|Driscoll|2009|p=138}}{{sfn|DANFS USS New Mexico (BB-40)}}


=== 1945 ===
=== 1945 ===

Revision as of 00:07, 5 July 2015

For other ships with the same name, see USS New Mexico.

USS New Mexico, 1943
USS New Mexico (BB-40), c. 1943
History
United States
NameUSS New Mexico
NamesakeState of New Mexico
BuilderNew York Navy Yard
Laid down14 October 1915
Launched13 April 1917
Commissioned20 May 1918
Decommissioned19 July 1946
Stricken25 February 1947
Nickname(s)"The Queen"
Honors and
awards		6 battle stars, World War II
FateSold 9 November 1947 and broken up for scrap in Newark, NJ
General characteristics
Class and typeTemplate:Sclass-
Displacement32,000 tons
Length624 ft (190 m)
Beam97 ft 5 in (29.69 m)
Draft30 ft (9.1 m)
Propulsionturbo-electric transmission
Speed21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph)
Complement1,084 officers and men
Armamentlist error: mixed text and list (help)
Armorlist error: mixed text and list (help)
  • Belt: 8–13.5 in (203–343 mm)
  • Barbettes: 13 in (330 mm)
  • Turret face: 18 in (457 mm)
  • Turret sides: 9–10 in (229–254 mm)
  • Turret top: 5 in (127 mm)
  • Turret rear 9 in (229 mm)
  • Conning tower: 11.5 in (292 mm)
  • Decks: 3.5 in (89 mm)

USS New Mexico (BB-40) was a battleship in service with the United States Navy from 1918 to 1946. She was the lead ship of a class of three battleships, and the first ship to be named for the state of New Mexico. Her keel was laid down on 14 October 1915 at the New York Navy Yard, she was launched on 23 April 1917, and was commissioned on 20 May 1918. She was the first ship with a turbo-electric transmission, which helped her reach a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Shortly after completing initial training, New Mexico escorted the ship that carried President Woodrow Wilson to Brest, France to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The interwar period was marked with repeated exercises with the Pacific and Atlantic Fleets, use as a trial ship for PID controllers, and a major modernisation between March 1931 and January 1933.

The ship's first actions during World War II were neutrality patrols in the Atlantic Ocean. She returned to the Pacific after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and participated in shore bombardments during operations at Attu and Kiska, Tarawa, the Marshall Islands, the Mariana and Palau islands, Leyte, Luzon, and Okinawa. These were interspersed with escort duties, patrols, and refits. The ship was attacked by kamikazes on several occasions. New Mexico was present in Tokyo Bay for the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on 2 September 1945. Four days later, she sailed for the United States, and arrived in Boston on 17 October.

New Mexico was decommissioned in Boston on 19 July 1946, and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 25 February 1947. The ship was sold for scrapping to the Lipsett Division of Luria Bros in November 1947, but attempts to bring the ship to Newark, New Jersey for breaking up were met by resistance from city officials. City fireboats were sent to block the passage of the battleship and the Lipsett tugboats, while the United States Coast Guard declared intentions to guarantee safe passage. The Under Secretary of the Navy Department was sent to defuse what the media began to call the "Battle of Newark Bay", with the city agreeing to the breaking up of New Mexico and two other battleships before scrapping operations in Newark Bay ceased, and Lipsett under instructions to dismantle the ships in a set timeframe or suffer financial penalties. Scrapping commenced in November and was completed by July 1948.

Description

Main article: Colorado-class battleship

New Mexico was 624 feet (190 m) long overall and had a beam of 97 ft 5 in (29.69 m) and a draft of 30 ft (9.1 m). She displaced 31,000 long tons (32,000 t) as designed and up to 32,000 long tons (33,000 t) at full load. The ship was powered by a turbo-electric drive made by General Electric (later replaced with standard Curtis gear steam turbines), rated at 27,000 shaft horsepower (20,000 kW) and had nine Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, generating a top speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph). She had a range of 8,000 nautical miles (9,200 mi) if she was going at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). She had a crew of 1084 officers and enlisted men.[2]

The ship's main armament comprised twelve 14"/50 caliber guns mounted three guns in each of four turrets, with each turret weighing 980 tonnes (1,080 short tons). The secondary battery consisted of fourteen 5 in (127 mm) /51 guns, with all of them being removed in May 1942. The anti-aircraft defense consisted of four 3 in (76 mm) guns, which were soon replaced by a battery of eight 5 in (127 mm) /25 guns. As was standard for capital ships of the period, Colorado carried two 21 in (530 mm) torpedo tubes in deck mounted torpedo launchers.[2]

New Mexico's main armored belt was 13.5 in (343 mm) thick over the magazines and the machinery spaces and 8 in (203 mm) elsewhere. The main battery gun turrets had 18-inch (460 mm) thick faces, and the supporting barbettes had 13 in (330 mm) of armor plating on their exposed sides. Armor that was 3.5 in (89 mm) thick protected the decks. The conning tower had 11.5 in (290 mm) thick sides.[2]

Construction

New Mexico's keel was laid down on 14 October 1915 by the New York Navy Yard. She was launched on 23 April 1917. The ship was sponsored by Miss Margaret Cabeza De Baca, the daughter of the recently deceased Governor of New Mexico, Ezequiel Cabeza De Baca (died on 28 February 1917). She was commissioned on 20 May 1918, with Captain Ashley Herman Robertson in charge.[3][4]

Unlike the other two battleships of this class which used geared turbines, New Mexico had turbo-electric transmission, in which the high-speed steam turbine drove a set of generators providing electricity to electric motors turning the propeller shafts. General Electric ran an advertisement titled "The "Constitution" of To-day — Electronically Propelled" with a drawing of New Mexico next to USS Constitution. The ad touted the battleship as "the first of any nation to be electrically propelled". The electrical generating plant was said to put out 28,000 horsepower (21,000 kW) for a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). GE called it one of the most important achievements of the scientific age and related it to consumer products noting that "so general are the applications of electricity to the needs of mankind that scarcely a home or individual today need be without the benefits of General Electric products and service." An illustrated booklet titled "The Electric Ship" was offered free of charge upon request.[5]

A comparison of the turbo-electric propulsion with the more conventional direct-drive turbine design used on her sister ships showed that the conventional design generated 2.5 times the power per ton of machinery and required 1/3 the floor area although at the cost of 20% greater fuel consumption, always a concern for the U.S. Navy given Pacific distances. The turbo-electric design allowed for the equipment to be split between smaller watertight compartments, which was a potential benefit should parts of the engine space be attacked and flooded. There was a design weakness in that all electrical connections went through a single switch room, which could entirely disable the ship were that room to be hit. Saratoga, which used a similar propulsion design, lost power for five minutes when it was hit by a torpedo in 1942. The scheme of watertight subdivisions was further weakened by large ventilation trunks passing through bulkheads and glass windows in the generator room bulkhead.[6]

Interwar period

After New Mexico passed her initial training, she left New York Harbor on 15 January 1919 for Brest, to escort the ship George Washington. The George Washington was carrying President Woodrow Wilson, which was coming back from the Versailles Peace Conference to the U.S. She returned to Hampton Roads area on 27 February.[7][4]

New Mexico in 1921.

When New Mexico came back to the Hampton Roads from Brest, she became the flagship of the newly created United States Pacific Fleet on 16 July. On July 19, she left Hampton for San Pedro, California. She passed through the Panama Canal and arrived at San Pedro on 9 August. Two of her 5-inch (130 mm) /51 guns were removed in a later overhaul, which was in 1922.[1]

The next twelve years for her consisted of training excersises and maneuvers in the Pacific and the Carribean, with the Pacific Fleet and the United States Atlantic Fleet respectably. She also took cruises to South American ports. She was used for the early development of PID controllers, for the automated steering of ships, which was invented by the Russian-American engineer Nicolas Minorsky. After the development was finished, PID controllers have become widespread in control engineering.[8] After that, in 1925, she took a cruise to Australia and New Zealand.[9]

After her training excersises in the Atlantic and the Pacific were finished, New Mexico was overhauled and modernized at the Philadelphia Harbor by the Navy. The overhaul included the replacement of her turbo-electric drive with more conventional geared turbines, which were made by Curtis. The overhaul also included the addition of an anti-aircraft battery of eight 5 in (130 mm)/25 caliber guns, which replaced the old anti-aircraft battery which consisted of four 76 mm (3.0 in) guns. The overhaul took pace from March 1931 to January 1933. After the overhaul, she returned the Pacific to continue it's training excersises and the development of tactical operations.[4][7]

Even in 1936 during Fleet Problem XVII, she was one of the fastest battleships in the Navy, having a maximum speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph), higher than most U.S. battleships, but only 1.5 knots (2.8 km/h; 1.7 mph) faster than Japan's slowest battleships. This led to the development of the Template:Sclass- and Template:Sclass-.[10] In 1937, she arrived in Hawaii to sail to Dutch Harbor, Alaska, where she and several other ships were sent to help the Navy evaluate fighting in sub-arctic conditions.[11]

World War II

1940–43

As war threat of war loomed, New Mexico's base was Pearl Harbor, Hawaii from 6 December 1940 –20 May 1941. She then left Pearl Harbor to join the Atlantic fleet at Norfolk on 16 June for neutrality patrol duty along the Atlantic coast.[7][4] In the Atlantic, she served on three 7–14 day "shifts" following destroyers to escort convoys across the Atlantic.[12]

On 10 December, while headed to Hampton Roads (en route to the west coast after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor), she accidentally rammed and sank the U.S. freighter Oregon south of the Nantucket Lightship off Boston Harbor.[13][4] She managed to reach the Panama Canal by 17 January 1942.[14]

During an overhaul in May 1942, at Puget Sound Navy Yard, she had her secondary battery of twelve 5 in /51 guns removed to make space for more anti-aircraft guns.[1] After the overhaul, which was on 1 August, she departed San Francisco to Hawaii to prepare for action. From 6 December to 22 March 1943, she escorted convoys and transports to the Fiji Islands. After that, she patrolled the southwestern Pacific, before returning to Pearl Harbor to get ready for the Aleutian Islands Campaign. After her training, on 17 May, she steamed to Adak, which would be her base for the attack on Attu. She later participated in the shelling of Kiska, which was on 21 July, and led to the Japanese evacuation of the island a week later.[15][4]

After the Aleutian Islands Campaign was finished, she underwent a refitting at Puget Sound Navy Yard. After the refitting, which was on 25 October, New Mexico returned to Pearl Harbor to practice for the invasion of the Gilbert Islands. When the invasion was underway, which was 20 November, she bombarded Makin Atoll. Her jobs during the fighting on the islands were to guard transports at night when they retreated from the islands, provide anti-aircraft fire for the unloading of supplies and troops, and provide screening fire for the aircraft carriers. After U.S. troops captured the Gilbert Islands, which was on 5 December, she returned to Pearl Harbor.[15][4][16]

1944

New Mexico was part of the Marshall Islands invasion force on 12 January 1944. She shelled Kwajalein and Ebeye from 31 January to 1 February. She then replenished at Majuro. After that, which was on 20 February, she shelled Wotje, and also shelled New Ireland and Kaveing on 20 March. She then visited Sydney, Australia. After that, she sailed to the Solomon Islands to practice the attack on the Mariana Islands [17][4]

After that, she shelled Tinian on 14 June, and also bombarded Saipan and Guam on 15 an 16 June respectably. On June 18, she helped drive away two air attacks, she later escorted transports off the Marianas on 20 June. Meanwhile, the carrier task force destroyed the Japanese carrier force at the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Later, she escorted troop transports to the naval base of Eniwetok. On 9 July, she sailed to guard escort carriers until 12 July. Her guns later hit Guam on 21 July and kept on shelling the island until 30 July.[17][4]

After the invasion of the Mariana Islands, she got a overhaul of Bremerton, Washington from October to November. After the overhaul, she arrived in the Leyte Gulf to escort reinforcement and supply transports and convoys. She dealt with daily air attacks, as the Japanese put up heavy resistance to the liberation of the Philippines. She departed Leyte Gulf on 2 December to the Palaus, where she later joined a Mindoro-bound convoy. She provided anti-aircraft fire for the convoy and provided cover fire for invading forces. She provided cover for two more days before retiring to the Palaus.[18][4]

1945

New Mexico, with Mt. Fuji in the background, August 1945.

Her next operation in the Philippines was the invasion of Luzon, fought under a sky full of suicide planes, against whom she was almost continually at general quarters. She fired pre-landing bombardment in the Lingayen Gulf on 6 January 1945, and took a kamikaze hit on her bridge which killed her commanding officer, Captain Robert Walton Fleming, British Lieutenant General Herbert Lumsden (Winston Churchill's personal military representative to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur), and 29 others of her crew, with 87 injured. Commander-designate of the British Pacific Fleet, Admiral Bruce Fraser, narrowly escaped injury whilst on her bridge, while his secretary was killed. Her guns remained in action as she repaired damage, and she was still in action as troops went ashore.[17][4]

After repairs at Pearl Harbor, she arrived at Ulithi to stage for the invasion of Okinawa, sailing on 21 March with a heavy fire support group. Her guns opened on Okinawa on 26 March, and they were not silent until 17 April, on which she had given aid to troops engaged ashore. Again on 21 and 29 April, she opened fire, and on 11 May she destroyed eight Shinyo suicide boats. While approaching her berth in Hagushi anchorage just after sunset on 12 May, she was attacked by two kamikazes; one plunged into her, the other managed to hit her with his bomb. She was set ablaze, and 54 were killed, with 119 wounded. Swift action extinguished the fires within 30 minutes, and on 28 May, she departed for repairs at Leyte, followed by rehearsals for the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands. Word of the war's end reached her at Saipan on 15 August, and next day she sailed for Okinawa to join the occupation force. She entered Sagami Wan on 27 August to support the airborne occupation of Atsugi Airfield, then next day passed into Tokyo Bay to witness the surrender on 2 September.[17][4]

She was homeward bound on 6 September, passing at Okinawa, Pearl Harbor, and the Panama Canal before arriving at Boston on 17 October.[17][4][19]

Postwar

New Mexico was decommissioned in Boston on 19 July 1946, and was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 25 February 1947. On 9 November 1947, she was sold for scrapping to Lipsett Division of Luria Bros, for $381,600.[20][4]

"Battle of Newark Bay"

Lipsett decided to tow New Mexico for scrapping at Newark, New Jersey. The proximity of Newark to rail lines made it an ideal location for dismantling the ship and hauling away the steel. In early November 1947 New Mexico departed Boston, towed by two tugs. On 12 November, while off the coast of New York, the tugs pulling the battleship encountered heavy weather and were forced to cut the tow lines. Running lights were kept on aboard New Mexico along with three crewmembers, but the tugs eventually lost sight of the battleship.[21] New Mexico then drifted as a derelict until spotted by a Coast Guard plane the next day, 35 miles off the coast. The two tugs then secured tow lines and continued the journey to the scrapyard.[22][23]

Newark city officials decided it did not want any more ships scrapped along the city's waterfront. Newark was implementing a beautification plan for the waterfront, and had allocated $70 million for improvements.[22] As such, the city declared that any attempt to bring New Mexico to Newark would be blocked. Two city fireboats, Michael P. Duffy and William T. Brennan, were dispatched and were prepared to use their fire hoses and chemical sprayers to halt Lipsett and New Mexico.[22] In response, Lipsett organized its own force of four tugs, and the United States Coast Guard declared it would guarantee safe passage of New Mexico, provided legal entry was permitted. This showdown was dubbed by the press as the "Battle of Newark Bay". To complicate things further, the Santa Fe, New Mexico Chamber of Commerce announced it would protest Newark's "slur" of New Mexico's namesake, through its refusal to admit the battleship.[21]

As New Mexico awaited suitable tidal conditions to make the final tow into Newark, the Navy Department sent Under Secretary W. John Kenney to negotiate. After several sessions, he arranged a tenuous agreement between the City of Newark and Lipsett. Newark would allow New Mexico and two other battleships, Idaho and Wyoming, to be scrapped at Newark, but there would be no permanent ship dismantling facility. Lipsett had nine months to dispose of the three ships, or would be subjected to a fine of $1,000 per day after the deadline.[22]

New Mexico finally entered Newark Channel on 19 November, and was greeted by the same Newark fireboats that had earlier been sent to oppose the ship. Newark also arranged to have school children honor the old battleship dockside, with a marching band. New Mexico was subsequently joined by Idaho and Wyoming, where all three were finally dismantled.[24] Scrapping of New Mexico began on 24 November and was completed by July 1948.[25]

Awards

References

  1. ^ a b c Breyer 1973, p. 219.
  2. ^ a b c Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 117.
  3. ^ Driscoll 2009, p. 17.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n DANFS USS New Mexico (BB-40).
  5. ^ Constitution 1919, p. 58.
  6. ^ Brown 1997, p. 50.
  7. ^ a b c Turner Publishing 2002, p. 16.
  8. ^ Bennett 1986, p. 142–148.
  9. ^ Driscoll 2009, p. 97.
  10. ^ Nofi 2010, p. 37.
  11. ^ Nofi 2010, p. 220.
  12. ^ Rowher 2005, p. 79.
  13. ^ Cressman 2000, p. 97.
  14. ^ Rowher 2005, p. 135.
  15. ^ a b Turner Publishing 2002, p. 18.
  16. ^ Rowher 2005, p. 289.
  17. ^ a b c d e Turner Publishing 2002, pp. 21–23.
  18. ^ Driscoll 2009, p. 138.
  19. ^ Rowher 2005, p. 431.
  20. ^ Bonner 1997, p. 109.
  21. ^ a b The Evening Independent 1947.
  22. ^ a b c d Bonner 1997, p. 114.
  23. ^ Ellensburg Daily Record 1947.
  24. ^ NavSource 2009.
  25. ^ Breyer 1970, p. 217.
  26. ^ a b c d e Driscoll 2009, p. 492.
  27. ^ a b Driscoll 2009, p. 494.

Bibliography

  • Bennett, Stuart (June 1986). A History of Control Engineering, 1800–1930. IET. ISBN 978-0-86341-047-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bonner, Kermit (1997). Final Voyages. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-56311-289-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Breyer, Siegfried (1970). Battleships and Battle Cruisers 1905–1970. Doubleday and Company. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battle Cruisers 1905–1970. Doubleday and Company. ISBN 0-385-07247-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Brown, David (1997). The Grand Fleet. Barnsley: Seaforth publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-085-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Cressman, Robert (2000). "Chapter III: 1941". The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-149-3. OCLC 41977179. Retrieved 14 December 2007. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Driscoll, John C. (2009). USS New Mexico (BB-40): The Queen's Story in the Words of Her Men. Agincourt Research Services. ISBN 978-0-9840784-0-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3. OCLC 12119866. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • "New Mexico". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  • Nofi, Albert (2010). To Train The Fleet For War: The U.S. Navy Fleet Problems, 1923–40. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-1-884733-87-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Rowher, Jurgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War II. Washington D.C.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-119-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Turner Publishing (2002). USS New York. Nashville, Tennessee: Turner Publishing. ISBN 1-56311-809-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Journals

Newspapers

Web sources

External links

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