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==Early life==
==Early life==
Klinghoffer grew up on Suffolk Street in the [[Lower East Side]] neighborhood of [[New York City]]. Among his close friends was [[Jack Kirby]], who would go on to become a major figure in the history of [[comic book]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kirbymuseum.org/blogs/dynamics/2010/08/31/jack-kirby-interview-part-iii/|title=Jack Kirby Interview – Part III – By Rob Stiebel|publisher=Jack Kirby Museum}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|u5xRfwvGXlw|Jack Kirby Interview (Part III)}}</ref>
Klinghoffer grew up on Suffolk Street in the [[Lower East Side]] neighborhood of [[New York City]]. Among his close friends was [[Jack Kirby]], who would go on to become a major figure in the history of [[comic book]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kirbymuseum.org/blogs/dynamics/2010/08/31/jack-kirby-interview-part-iii/|title=Jack Kirby Interview – Part III – By Rob Stiebel|publisher=Jack Kirby Museum}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|u5xRfwvGXlw|Jack Kirby Interview (Part III)}}</ref> He joined the Army Air Corps and was trained as a navigator. He flew missions in B-24 Liberator bombers with the famous 93rd Bombardment Group in the European Theater.


==Hijacking and murder==
==Hijacking and murder==

Revision as of 20:14, 28 September 2015

Leon Klinghoffer
Born(1916-09-24)September 24, 1916
New York City, U.S.
DiedOctober 8, 1985(1985-10-08) (aged 69)
Outside of Tartus, Syria
Cause of deathShooting
Resting placeBeth David Memorial Park, Kenilworth, New Jersey
OccupationAppliance manufacturer
SpouseMarilyn Windwehr Klinghoffer
ChildrenTwo daughters

Leon Klinghoffer (September 24, 1916 – October 8, 1985) was a disabled Jewish American appliance manufacturer who was murdered and thrown overboard by Palestinian terrorists who hijacked the cruise ship Achille Lauro in 1985.[1]

Early life

Klinghoffer grew up on Suffolk Street in the Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City. Among his close friends was Jack Kirby, who would go on to become a major figure in the history of comic books.[2][3] He joined the Army Air Corps and was trained as a navigator. He flew missions in B-24 Liberator bombers with the famous 93rd Bombardment Group in the European Theater.

Hijacking and murder

Main article: Achille Lauro hijacking

In 1985, Klinghoffer, then 69, retired and in a wheelchair, was on a cruise on the Achille Lauro along with his wife Marilyn (née Windwehr), to celebrate their 36th wedding anniversary. On October 7, 1985, four hijackers from the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) took control of the liner off Egypt as it was sailing from Alexandria to Port Said, Egypt. Holding the passengers and crew hostage, they ordered the captain to sail to Tartus, Syria, and demanded the release of 50 Palestinians then in Israeli prisons, including the Lebanese prisoner Samir Kuntar, who had been responsible for the deaths of 5 people in a terrorist attack in 1979.[4][5]

The next day, after being refused permission by the Syrian government to dock at Tartus, the hijackers singled out Klinghoffer, a Jew, for murder, shooting him in the forehead and chest as he sat in his wheelchair. They then forced the ship's barber and a waiter to throw his body and wheelchair overboard. Marilyn Klinghoffer, who did not witness the shooting, was told by the hijackers that he had been moved to the infirmary. She only learned the truth after the hijackers left the ship at Port Said. PLO Foreign Secretary Farouq Qaddumi said that perhaps the terminally ill Marilyn Klinghoffer had killed her husband for insurance money.[6] However, the PLO later accepted full responsibility for murdering Mr. Klinghoffer.[7]

Initially, the hijackers were granted safe passage to Tunisia, but U.S. President Ronald Reagan ordered a U.S. fighter plane to force the get-away plane to land at Naval Air Station Sigonella in Italy. After an extradition dispute, Italian authorities arrested and later tried the Palestinian terrorists, but let Abu Abbas fly to Yugoslavia before a US warrant could be served.[8]

Klinghoffer's body was found by the Syrians on October 14/15, and it was returned to the United States around October 20. His funeral, with 800 in attendance, was held at Temple Shaaray Tefila in New York City.[9] Leon Klinghoffer was buried at Beth David Memorial Park in Kenilworth, New Jersey. Four months after her husband's murder, Marilyn Klinghoffer (October 5, 1926 – February 9, 1986) died of colon cancer, aged 59. The Klinghoffers are survived by two daughters, Ilsa and Lisa Klinghoffer.

Aftermath

After his death, their daughters established the Leon and Marilyn Klinghoffer Memorial Foundation with the Anti-Defamation League.[1] The foundation combats terrorism through educational, political, and legal means. The foundation is funded by an undisclosed settlement paid by the PLO to the Klinghoffers, to settle a lawsuit seeking damages for the PLO's role in the hijacking (Klinghoffer v. PLO, 739 F. Supp. 854 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) and Klinghoffer v. PLO, 937 F.2d 44, 50 (2d Cir. 1991)).[10] This lawsuit spurred passage of the Antiterrorism Act of 1990, which made it easier for victims of terrorism to sue terrorists and collect civil damages for losses incurred.[11]

PLF leader Muhammad Zaidan, a.k.a. Abu Abbas, was freed by the Italian government in the aftermath of the Achille Lauro affair, but was continually sought by the United States government.[citation needed] He was captured in Iraq in 2003 by U.S. forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and he died in custody a year later of heart disease, according to the U.S. Government.[12]

The ship involved in the hijacking, the Achille Lauro, returned to cruise duty until she caught fire off the coast of Somalia on November 30, 1994. After evacuating the ship of passengers, the crew could not control the fire, and the abandoned ship sank on December 2.

Portrayals

Peter Sellars, who originated the concept of the opera and directed its first performance

The hijacking was made into a television movie in 1990, Voyage of Terror: The Achille Lauro Affair starring Burt Lancaster and Eva Marie Saint.

Leon Klinghoffer was portrayed by Karl Malden in the 1989 television film The Hijacking of the Achille Lauro.

The concept of the opera The Death of Klinghoffer originated with theatre director Peter Sellars,[13] who was a major collaborator, as was choreographer Mark Morris. It was American composer John Adams' second opera, based on the events of 1985. It opened to great controversy in 1991. It featured a libretto by Alice Goodman. In the opera, Klinghoffer sings two arias, one shortly before he is murdered and one after his death. The Los Angeles Opera shared in the work's commission but never presented it, after the work was criticized by some[who?] as overly sympathetic to the terrorists. The opera has since drawn controversy, including allegations by some (including Klinghoffer's two daughters) that the opera is antisemitic and glorifies terrorism. The work's creators and others have disputed these criticisms.[14] A Prix Italia-winning television version of the opera, starring Sanford Sylvan and Christopher Maltman, and directed by Penny Woolcock, was screened by United Kingdom's Channel 4 in 2003.

Klinghoffer (and his supposed travel diary) play a minor role in Philip Roth's 1993 novel, Operation Shylock.

Klinghoffer is also mentioned in the graphic novel, Palestine, by Joe Sacco.

Leon is related to Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist Josh Klinghoffer[15] as well as writer David Klinghoffer.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b Berman, Daphna. "Klinghoffer daughters recall personal tragedy at commemoration of terror victims outside Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
  2. ^ "Jack Kirby Interview – Part III – By Rob Stiebel". Jack Kirby Museum.
  3. ^ Jack Kirby Interview (Part III) on YouTube
  4. ^ "Samir Kuntar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 13 July 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  5. ^ "Terrorism - The Voyage of The Achille Lauro". TIME. 21 October 1985.
  6. ^ "P.L.O. Aide in a Charge Against Mrs. Klinghoffer". The New York Times. 1985-12-05. Retrieved 2009-07-11. Late City Final Edition, Sect. A, p. 9
  7. ^ "U.S. rejects terrorist's apology for Klinghoffer murder". CNN. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  8. ^ http://www.foxnews.com/story/2004/03/09/terrorist-abu-abbas-dies-in-iraq/
  9. ^ Michael K. Bohn (2004). The Achille Lauro Hijacking. Potomac Books, Inc. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
  10. ^ Court Docket for Klinghoffer Case, [Docket Alarm]
  11. ^ "8 U.S. Code Chapter 113B – Terrorism". Legal Information Institute. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  12. ^ Abbas died of 'natural causes', BBC News, March 11, 2004
  13. ^ Christiansen, Rupert, "Breaking Taboos". Opera, 54(5), 543–548 (May 2003)
  14. ^ Cooper, Michael. "Klinghoffer Protesters Flock to Met Opera House". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  15. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers Rock Tel Aviv". The Jewish Press. JTA. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  16. ^ Klinghoffer, David (1998). The Lord Will Gather Me In: My Journey to Jewish Orthodoxy. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-4267-X.
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