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| location = Warszawa | url=http://czytelnia.onet.pl/0,1190728,do_czytania.html|language=pl}}</ref> However, the Soviet offensive was halted and instead on August 1 the [[Warsaw Uprising]] was started by the Polish [[Home Army]]. On the first day of the uprising Stahel was surrounded in his headquarters in the [[Saxon Palace]], and he lost control of the situation.<ref name="Bartoszewski"/> On August 4 the command over Nazi forces in Warsaw was given to General [[Erich von dem Bach]] and Stahel's pocket was subordinated to the new commander. Although by August 7 [[SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger|the troops]] of [[Oskar Dirlewanger]] managed to reach Stahel's positions in the city centre, he did not resume his command over the city's garrison. Instead, on August 24 he was dispatched to [[Bucharest]], where similar [[urban fighting]] was anticipated by the German headquarters. However, Romania switched sides and the Red Army entered the city almost unopposed.
| location = Warszawa | url=http://czytelnia.onet.pl/0,1190728,do_czytania.html|language=pl}}</ref> However, the Soviet offensive was halted and instead on August 1 the [[Warsaw Uprising]] was started by the Polish [[Home Army]]. On the first day of the uprising Stahel was surrounded in his headquarters in the [[Saxon Palace]], and he lost control of the situation.<ref name="Bartoszewski"/> On August 4 the command over Nazi forces in Warsaw was given to General [[Erich von dem Bach]] and Stahel's pocket was subordinated to the new commander. Although by August 7 [[SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger|the troops]] of [[Oskar Dirlewanger]] managed to reach Stahel's positions in the city centre, he did not resume his command over the city's garrison. Instead, on August 24 he was dispatched to [[Bucharest]], where similar [[urban fighting]] was anticipated by the German headquarters. However, Romania switched sides and the Red Army entered the city almost unopposed.


On September 20, 1944, Stahel was arrested by the NKVD together with Field Marshal [[Ion Antonescu]]. Interrogated on his part in the Warsaw Uprising, he was imprisoned in the Soviet Gulag system. The exact date of his death is a subject of controversy. According to Soviet sources Stahel died on November 30, 1952, in [[Vladimir]] central transfer prison. However, other sources mention that Stahel died in 1955 in [[Voikovo]] of a heart attack when he was informed of his possible transfer to Germany.
On September 20, 1944, Stahel was arrested by the NKVD together with Field Marshal [[Ion Antonescu]]. Interrogated on his part in the Warsaw Uprising, he was imprisoned in the Soviet Union. The exact date of his death is a subject of controversy. According to Soviet sources Stahel died on November 30, 1952, in [[Vladimir]] central transfer prison. However, other sources mention that Stahel died in 1955 in the Voikovo officer prison camp of a heart attack when he was informed of his possible transfer to Germany.


==Controversy==
==Controversy==

Revision as of 02:07, 14 December 2015

Rainer Stahel
Rainer Stahel 1917
Born(1892-01-15)15 January 1892
Bielefeld
Died30 November 1955(1955-11-30) (aged 63)
POW camp Voikovo
Allegiance German Empire (to 1918)
Finland Finland (to 1933)
 Nazi Germany
Service / branchHeer
Years of service1914–45
RankGeneralleutnant
CommandsFlakRgt 99 (mot.)
Battles / warsWorld War I
Finnish Civil War
World War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

Reiner Joseph Karl August Stahel (15 January 1892 – 30 November 1955), also known as Rainer Stahel, was a German and Finnish military officer and a notable member of the Nazi Party. He is best known for his retreat from Vilna and the command of the garrison of Warsaw during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. Arrested by the NKVD in Romania, he spent the rest of his life in Soviet captivity.

Career

Born in Bielefeld, Stahel joined the German Army during World War I. Initially a lieutenant in the 27th rifle battalion of the 130th Infantry Regiment, by the end of the war he had moved to Finland and joined the Finnish Army participating in the Finnish Civil War. By 1933 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and served as a commander of the garrison of the city of Turku. The same year he retired from the Finnish Army and returned to Nazi Germany, where his military grade reverted to captain.

Initially an officer at the Ministry of Aviation, Stahel became responsible for the development of German anti-air artillery. He became the commanding officer of the 71st reserve anti-air artillery battalion in 1938 and the commander of the anti-air defence of the city of Augsburg in June 1940. Soon afterwards he was dispatched to Vichy France as a military advisor, and then in March of the following year he was made the commanding officer of the 99th anti-air regiment. With that unit he served in southern Russia. For the defensive actions on the eastern front on January 18, 1942, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. On March 1 of that year he was promoted to the rank of colonel and by the end of that year he became the commanding officer of a Luftwaffe task force defending the German south-eastern front. On January 4 he was awarded the Oak Leaves to his Iron Cross. Three weeks later he was promoted to the rank of major general and in July of that year he was transferred to Italy, where he assumed command of the 2nd Anti-Air Artillery Brigade, with which he secured the Messina road.

Following the German retreat from Sicily and Italy's surrender, Stahel was made the military commander of the city of Rome in October 1943. In July 1944 he was transferred to Vilnius in German-occupied Poland (currently Lithuania), where he became the military commander of the city's garrison. Initially commanding roughly 500 men, soon he received reinforcements and was able to postpone the seizure of that city by Polish partisans and the Red Army. For his efforts, on July 28, 1944, he was awarded the Swords to the Knight's Cross and promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.

Stahel was transferred to Warsaw, where he was to defend the city against the advancing Red Army.[1] However, the Soviet offensive was halted and instead on August 1 the Warsaw Uprising was started by the Polish Home Army. On the first day of the uprising Stahel was surrounded in his headquarters in the Saxon Palace, and he lost control of the situation.[1] On August 4 the command over Nazi forces in Warsaw was given to General Erich von dem Bach and Stahel's pocket was subordinated to the new commander. Although by August 7 the troops of Oskar Dirlewanger managed to reach Stahel's positions in the city centre, he did not resume his command over the city's garrison. Instead, on August 24 he was dispatched to Bucharest, where similar urban fighting was anticipated by the German headquarters. However, Romania switched sides and the Red Army entered the city almost unopposed.

On September 20, 1944, Stahel was arrested by the NKVD together with Field Marshal Ion Antonescu. Interrogated on his part in the Warsaw Uprising, he was imprisoned in the Soviet Union. The exact date of his death is a subject of controversy. According to Soviet sources Stahel died on November 30, 1952, in Vladimir central transfer prison. However, other sources mention that Stahel died in 1955 in the Voikovo officer prison camp of a heart attack when he was informed of his possible transfer to Germany.

Controversy

Despite his relatively limited role in suppressing the Warsaw uprising of 1944 Stahel was responsible for a series of crimes committed against the civilian population of Warsaw. On August 2 he ordered the killing of all men identified as actual or potential insurgents, and the taking of hostages from among the civilian population to be used as human shields when assaulting insurgent positions.[2] The testimonies of the soldiers of 4. East Prussian Grenadier Regiment who arrived in Warsaw on August 3 show that Stahel gave them the order to "kill all men encountered, remove women and children, and burn houses."[3] Moreover, Stahel ordered the execution of Polish prisoners held in prison on Rakowiecka street in Mokotów district[4] and officially sanctioned looting perpetrated by German soldiers, allowing them to take anything they wanted from houses on fire.[5]

Awards

Wehrmachtbericht reference

Date Original German Wehrmachtbericht wording Direct English translation
15 July 1944 [Die tapfere Besatzung der alten litauischen Hauptstadt Wilna unter Führung ihres Kommandanten Stahel, durchbrach nach fünftägigem Widerstand gegen überlegene feindliche Kräfte befehlsgemäß den sowjetischen Einschließungsring und kämpfte sich zu den westlich unter Oberst Tolsdorf bereitstehenden deutschen Truppen durch. Pflichterfüllung und Standhaftigkeit dieser beiden Kampftruppen verdienen höchste Anerkennung. Bei den Kämpfen um die Stadt hat sich auch eine Flakabteilung der Luftwaffe unter Hauptmann Müller hervorragend bewährt.] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)[11] The brave garrison of the old Lithuanian capital Vilnius, led by their commander Stahel under orders broke through the Soviet encirclement after five days of resistance against superior enemy forces and fought through to the in the west waiting German troops under the command of Colonel Tolsdorf (sic). Duty and steadfastness of these combat troops deserve the highest recognition. In this battle for the city a Luftwaffe flak unit under command of Captain Müller has also distinguished itself.

Notes

  1. ^ According to Scherzer as commander of Flak-Regiment 34.[8]
  2. ^ According to Scherzer as commander of Luftwaffe-Kampfgruppe "Stahel"[8]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Władysław Bartoszewski; Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego. Dni walczącej stolicy : kronika Powstania Warszawskiego (in Polish). Warszawa: Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Świat Książki. ISBN 978-83-7391-679-1.
  2. ^ Antoni Przygoński, Powstanie warszawskie w sierpniu 1944, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1988, page 241.
  3. ^ Adam Borkiewicz, Powstanie warszawskie 1944: zarys działań natury wojskowej, Warszawa: PAX, 1962., page 108
  4. ^ Lesław M. Bartelski, Mokotów 1944, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo MON, 1971, page 277.
  5. ^ Protokół przesłuchania komendanta garnizonu Warszawa gen. Reinera Stahela, Moscow: 25/08/1945 r., http://ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/719/10337/Nieznane_dokumenty_z_Powstania_Warszawskiego.html.
  6. ^ a b c d Thomas 1998, p. 340.
  7. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 407.
  8. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 716.
  9. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 64.
  10. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 44.
  11. ^ Die Wehrmachtberichte 1939–1945 Band 3, p. 162.

Bibliography

  • Berger, Florian (1999). Mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern. Die höchstdekorierten Soldaten des Zweiten Weltkrieges (in German). Vienna, Austria: Selbstverlag Florian Berger. ISBN 978-3-9501307-0-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000). Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Schaulen, Fritjof (2005). Eichenlaubträger 1940 – 1945 Zeitgeschichte in Farbe III Radusch – Zwernemann (in German). Selent, Germany: Pour le Mérite. ISBN 978-3-932381-22-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Thomas, Franz (1998). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2300-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Die Wehrmachtberichte 1939–1945 Band 3, 1. Januar 1944 bis 9. Mai 1945 (in German). München, Germany: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. 1985. ISBN 978-3-423-05944-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

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