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'''Kashtariti''' ({{lang-akk|Kaš-ta-ri-ti}}, {{lang-peo|Khshathrita}}; fl. 670s BCE) was a [[Medes|Median]] chieftain. He is mentioned as "King of the Medes" in an inscription dated 678 BCE.<ref name="Howorth-King">{{harvnb|Howorth|1892|page=375}}: "In an inscription dated in 678 B.C., Kash-tariti, according to Boscawen, is called "King of the Medes".</ref> His lands were presumably located along the northeastern border of [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyria]]. Amongst his possessions was the city of [[Karkashshi|Karkašši]].<ref name="Iranica-Karkashshi">{{harvnb|Dandamayev}}: "KASHTARITI (kaš-ta-ri-ti, the Old Iranian Khshathrita), a city lord of Karkashshi which was located in the Central Zagros mountains."</ref> Kashtariti forged an alliance with the Gimirrites ([[Cimmerians]]), [[Mannaeans]], [[Medes]] and [[Scythians]] against Assyria.<ref name="ICS-Populations">{{harvnb|Iran Chamber Society}}: "Assyrian texts speak of a Kashtariti as the leader of a conglomerate group of Medes, Scythians, Mannaeans, and miscellaneous other local Zagros peoples that seriously threatened the peace of Assyria's eastern borderlands during the reign of Esarhaddon (680-669 BCE)."</ref>
'''Kashtariti''' ({{lang-akk|Kaš-ta-ri-ti}}, {{lang-peo|Khshathrita}}; fl. 670s BCE) was a [[Medes|Median]] chieftain. He is mentioned as "King of the Medes" in an inscription dated 678 BCE.<ref name="Howorth-King">{{harvnb|Howorth|1892|page=375}}: "In an inscription dated in 678 B.C., Kash-tariti, according to Boscawen, is called "King of the Medes".</ref> His lands were presumably located along the northeastern border of [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyria]]. Amongst his possessions was the city of [[Karkashshi|Karkašši]].<ref name="Iranica-Karkashshi">{{harvnb|Dandamayev}}: "KASHTARITI (kaš-ta-ri-ti, the Old Iranian Khshathrita), a city lord of Karkashshi which was located in the Central Zagros mountains."</ref> Kashtariti forged an alliance with the Gimirrites ([[Cimmerians]]), [[Mannaeans]], [[Medes]] and [[Scythians]] against Assyria.<ref name="ICS-Populations">{{harvnb|Iran Chamber Society}}: "Assyrian texts speak of a Kashtariti as the leader of a conglomerate group of Medes, Scythians, Mannaeans, and miscellaneous other local Zagros peoples that seriously threatened the peace of Assyria's eastern borderlands during the reign of Esarhaddon (680-669 BCE)."</ref>


Assyrian texts mention Kashtariti's incursions into Assyria, then under leadership of [[Esarhaddon]]. Oracles were commonly sought by Assyrian rulers for such occasions, invoking the gods to assess the situation and guide them towards help. Esarhaddon was no stranger to such practice, frequently turning to these oracles for advice. Before decisions could be made by these oracles, animals would be sacrificed and omens would then be interpreted based on the positions of the carcasses. Decisions would then be made based on these omens.<ref name="Jastrow-Oracles">{{harvnb|Jastrow|1898|page=333}}</ref> In this instance, Esarhaddon turned to a priest of the sun god, [[Shamash]], for guidance.<ref name="Jastrow-Esarhaddon">{{harvnb|Jastrow|1898|page=334}}: "Esarhaddon, being hard pressed by a group of nations to the northeast of Assyria, led by a certain Kashtariti, and among whose followers the Gimirrites, the Medes, and Manneans are the most prominent, asks for an oracle from Shamash as to the outcome of the situation."</ref> Tablets dating from the 7th-century BCE, mostly found in [[Nineveh]], describe multiple "oracle requests" in relation to Kashtariti in particular.<ref name="Kuhrt-OracleRequests">{{harvnb|Kuhrt|2007|page=28}}: "[...] All come from Nineveh (Kouyundjik) and belong to the category of 'oracle requests' addressed to the Mesopotamian sun god, Shamash.</ref> Among the questions raised to Shamash during these oracle requests were whether Kashtariti was a threat to the Assyrians, and whether he would conquer several Assyrian cities.<ref name="Iranica-Conquest">{{harvnb|Dandamayev}}: "In one query Esarhaddon asks whether a Median chieftain by the name of Mamitiarshu and Kashtariti would become hostile to the Assyrians [...] In several questions Esarhaddon asks whether Kashtariti with his troops, as well as his Cimmerian, Median and Mannean allies would conquer some particular cities."</ref> Kashtariti had asked another Median chieftain, [[Mamitiarshu]], for assistance in attacking the Assyrian city of [[Kishsassu]].<ref name="Maspero-Kishsassu">{{harvnb|Maspero|1900|pp=353-354}}: "On one occasion it was Kashtariti, the regent of Karkashshi, who wrote to Mamitiarshu, one of the Median princes, to induce him to make common cause with himself in attacking the fortress of Kishshashshu on the eastern border of the empire."</ref> One recorded oracle request purports that Esarhaddon feared the loss of the city to the Medians.<ref name="Jastrow-Kishassu">{{harvnb|Jastrow|1898|page=334}}</ref> Kashtariti also planned a raid on the Assyrian town of Kilmân with the Mannaeans and [[Saparda]].<ref name="Maspero-Kilman">{{harvnb|Maspero|1900|page=354}}: "At another time we find the same chief plotting with the Mannai and the Saparda to raid the town of Kilmân, and Esarhaddon implores the god to show him how the place may be saved from their machinations."</ref>
Assyrian texts mention Kashtariti's incursions into Assyria, then under leadership of [[Esarhaddon]]. Oracles were commonly sought by Assyrian rulers for such occasions, invoking the gods to assess the situation and guide them towards help. Esarhaddon was no stranger to such practice, frequently turning to these oracles for advice. Before decisions could be made by these oracles, animals would be sacrificed and omens would then be interpreted based on the positions of the carcasses. Decisions would then be made based on these omens.<ref name="Jastrow-Oracles">{{harvnb|Jastrow|1898|page=333}}: The frequency with which the gods were approached in the of the state and the public weal, plied with questions which the fate of the land depended is shown by the form which such official solicitations in the course time acquired. Dating from the reigns of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanabal we have an elaborate series of prayers addressed the sun god, all dealing with questions of a political import. [...] Each one opens with a question or series of questions which Shamash, the sun god, is asked to answer. The god is then implored not to be angry, but to lend his aid against any errors unwittingly committed in the sacrificial rites. For a second time the same question is put in a somewhat varying form. Another appeal is made, and the various omens derived from the inspection of animals are interpreted as a guide to the priests. According to the application of these omens to the sacrifice before the priest, a decision is rendered."</ref> In this instance, Esarhaddon turned to a priest of the sun god, [[Shamash]], for guidance.<ref name="Jastrow-Esarhaddon">{{harvnb|Jastrow|1898|page=334}}: "Esarhaddon, being hard pressed by a group of nations to the northeast of Assyria, led by a certain Kashtariti, and among whose followers the Gimirrites, the Medes, and Manneans are the most prominent, asks for an oracle from Shamash as to the outcome of the situation."</ref> Tablets dating from the 7th-century BCE, mostly found in [[Nineveh]], describe multiple "oracle requests" in relation to Kashtariti in particular.<ref name="Kuhrt-OracleRequests">{{harvnb|Kuhrt|2007|page=28}}: "[...] All come from Nineveh (Kouyundjik) and belong to the category of 'oracle requests' addressed to the Mesopotamian sun god, Shamash.</ref> Among the questions raised to Shamash during these oracle requests were whether Kashtariti was a threat to the Assyrians, and whether he would conquer several Assyrian cities.<ref name="Iranica-Conquest">{{harvnb|Dandamayev}}: "In one query Esarhaddon asks whether a Median chieftain by the name of Mamitiarshu and Kashtariti would become hostile to the Assyrians [...] In several questions Esarhaddon asks whether Kashtariti with his troops, as well as his Cimmerian, Median and Mannean allies would conquer some particular cities."</ref> Kashtariti had asked another Median chieftain, [[Mamitiarshu]], for assistance in attacking the Assyrian city of [[Kishsassu]].<ref name="Maspero-Kishsassu">{{harvnb|Maspero|1900|pp=353-354}}: "On one occasion it was Kashtariti, the regent of Karkashshi, who wrote to Mamitiarshu, one of the Median princes, to induce him to make common cause with himself in attacking the fortress of Kishshashshu on the eastern border of the empire."</ref> One recorded oracle request purports that Esarhaddon feared the loss of the city to the Medians.<ref name="Jastrow-Kishassu">{{harvnb|Jastrow|1898|page=334}}: "Will within this period, Kashtariti, together with his soldiery, will the army of the Gimirrites, the army of the Medes, will the army of the Man-neans, or will any enemy whatsoever succeed in carrying out their plan, whether by strategy (?) or by main force, whether by the force of weapons of war and fight or by the ax, whether by a breach made with machines of war and battering rams or by hunger, whether by the power residing in the name of a god or goddess, whether in a friendly way or by friendly grace, or by any strategic device, will these aforementioned, as many as are required to take a city, actually capture the city Kishsassu, penetrate into the interior of that same city Kishsassu, will their hands lay hold of that same duty Kishsassu, so that it falls into their power? Thy great divine power knows it."</ref> Kashtariti also planned a raid on the Assyrian town of Kilmân with the Mannaeans and [[Saparda]].<ref name="Maspero-Kilman">{{harvnb|Maspero|1900|page=354}}: "At another time we find the same chief plotting with the Mannai and the Saparda to raid the town of Kilmân, and Esarhaddon implores the god to show him how the place may be saved from their machinations."</ref>


It is clear that Kashtariti's incursions were not a sole occurrence as Esarhaddon had constantly sought oracles to help deal with his bothersome campaign into Assyrian territories.<ref name="Jastrow-Campaigns">{{harvnb|Jastrow|1898|page=338}}</ref> One oracle request suggests that Kashtariti attempted to make peace with the Assyrians. He sent a messenger to the Assyrian royal court, in the hopes of creating a treaty. Esarhaddon pleaded to Shamash, asking whether he should agree to the peace<ref name=Kuhrt-Peace">{{harvnb|Kuhrt|2007|page=28}}</ref> or interrogate the messenger and kill him.<ref name="Kuhrt-Interrogate">{{harvnb|Kuhrt|2007|page=28}}: "[Shamash grea]t [lord, give me a f]irm, positive answer to what I am ask[ing you! Should Esarhad]don, ki[ng of Assyria, send] the messenger of his choice [to Kash]tar[itu, the city ruler] of Karkashshi? [And if Esarhaddo]n , king of Assyria, [sends his messenger to K]ashtaritu, [will he, on the advice of his advi]sors, [seize] that messenger, [question him], kill him?"</ref> A subsequent oracle request suggests that peace was never achieved. Instead, the Assyrians possibly mounted a retaliation against Kashtariti and his forces, with the intention of finally ending attacks from Kashtariti.<ref name="Kuhrt-Retaliation">{{harvnb|Kuhrt|2007|pp=28-29}}</ref> Kashtariti's alliance was divided due to internal disagreements, and Kashtariti's campaign in Assyria ended before 673 BCE. Some Scythian tribes continued attacks into Assyria. Other Scythian tribes, under the leadership of [[Bartatua]], sought to marry Esarhaddon's daughter to create an alliance with Esarhaddon as a means to end the hostilities. Other Median tribes in Kashtariti's alliance also settled peace with the Assyrians.<ref name="Goodspeed-Campaigns">{{harvnb|Goodspeed|1902|pp=292-293}}</ref>
It is clear that Kashtariti's incursions were not a sole occurrence as Esarhaddon had constantly sought oracles to help deal with his bothersome campaign into Assyrian territories.<ref name="Jastrow-Campaigns">{{harvnb|Jastrow|1898|page=338}}: "Again and again does Esarhaddon solicit Shamash to reveal the outcome of the military campaigns in which the king was engaged. The same individual, Kashtariti, and the Gimirrites, Medes, etc., are mentioned in many other prayers prepared in the course of the campaign; and elsewhere other campaigns are introduced."</ref> One oracle request suggests that Kashtariti attempted to make peace with the Assyrians. He sent a messenger to the Assyrian royal court, in the hopes of creating a treaty. Esarhaddon pleaded to Shamash, asking whether he should agree to the peace<ref name=Kuhrt-Peace">{{harvnb|Kuhrt|2007|page=28}}: "[Shamash, great lord], give me [a firm positive answer to what I am asking you]! [Kashtaritu, the city ruler of Kark]ashshi, [who has sent] [. . .] . . . [to Nabu-shuma-ishkun, the] . . ., saying:] 'Tell [the scribe(?) who] is with you to send [a message to the king of Assyria, stating that the king's messenger should come and] conclude [a treaty w]ith me; [. . . and] go [on you]r way. 'Have [straight words of peace r]eally been sent to [. . .]?"</ref> or interrogate the messenger and kill him.<ref name="Kuhrt-Interrogate">{{harvnb|Kuhrt|2007|page=28}}: "[Shamash grea]t [lord, give me a f]irm, positive answer to what I am ask[ing you! Should Esarhad]don, ki[ng of Assyria, send] the messenger of his choice [to Kash]tar[itu, the city ruler] of Karkashshi? [And if Esarhaddo]n , king of Assyria, [sends his messenger to K]ashtaritu, [will he, on the advice of his advi]sors, [seize] that messenger, [question him], kill him?"</ref> A subsequent oracle request suggests that peace was never achieved. Instead, the Assyrians possibly mounted a retaliation against Kashtariti and his forces, with the intention of finally ending attacks from Kashtariti.<ref name="Kuhrt-Retaliation">{{harvnb|Kuhrt|2007|pp=28-29}}: "[Shamash], great lord, [give me a firm, positive answer to] what [I am asking you! Should] Esarhaddon, king of A[ssyria strive and plan]? Should he send [magnates and governors], together with troops, horses, [and an army, as numerous as they desire]. against Kashtaritu [of Karkashsh]i and the t[roops with him], to make war at the c[ity of K]asasu(?). I[f he, having planned, sends them], will the magnates and governors, the army of [Esa]rhaddon, conquer [that city(?)]? Will they, as long as they are in the district of K[arkashshi], march about [wherever] they wish? Will they escape the troops of the Medes, or [the troops of the . . .], or the troops of the Mannaeans, or [any other] fierce enemy? Will they stay a[live and w]e[ll], will they be saved, will they [escape] and evade them? Will they [emerge] safely fr[om the district [of Karkashshi? Will they achieve their aim? [. . .] Will they co[me back al]ive from that, [set foot] on Assyrian soil, come before Esarhaddom, king of Assyria?"</ref> Kashtariti's alliance was divided due to internal disagreements, and Kashtariti's campaign in Assyria ended before 673 BCE. Some Scythian tribes continued attacks into Assyria. Other Scythian tribes, under the leadership of [[Bartatua]], sought to marry Esarhaddon's daughter to create an alliance with Esarhaddon as a means to end the hostilities. Other Median tribes in Kashtariti's alliance also settled peace with the Assyrians.<ref name="Goodspeed-Campaigns">{{harvnb|Goodspeed|1902|pp=292-293}}: "From Esarhaddon's own report and the hints given in these prayers, the details of the wars can be recovered and the general result stated. How many years the struggle continued is quite uncertain; it was brought to an end before 673 B.C. The league against Assyria failed to do serious harm, as much because of its own weakness as through Esarhaddon's attacks upon it. Promises which were made to some tribes detached them from the alliance; a King Bartatua seems to have secured as his reward a wife from the daughters of Assyria's royal house; some Median chieftains who were being forced into the league made their peace with Assyria and sought protection."</ref>


It has been suggested that Kashtariti can be identified as Median king [[Phraortes]]. Some scholars, however, deny such a connection based on historical evidence and linguistic differences in the native Iranian names of the two rulers.<ref name="ICS-Phraotes">{{harvnb|Iran Chamber Society}}: "It is possible that Phraortes is this Kashtariti, though the suggestion cannot be proved either historically or linguistically."</ref>
It has been suggested that Kashtariti can be identified as Median king [[Phraortes]]. Some scholars, however, deny such a connection based on historical evidence and linguistic differences in the native Iranian names of the two rulers.<ref name="ICS-Phraotes">{{harvnb|Iran Chamber Society}}: "It is possible that Phraortes is this Kashtariti, though the suggestion cannot be proved either historically or linguistically."</ref>

Revision as of 01:05, 12 January 2016

Not to be confused with Phraortes.

Kashtariti (Akkadian: Kaš-ta-ri-ti, Old Persian: Khshathrita; fl. 670s BCE) was a Median chieftain. He is mentioned as "King of the Medes" in an inscription dated 678 BCE.[1] His lands were presumably located along the northeastern border of Assyria. Amongst his possessions was the city of Karkašši.[2] Kashtariti forged an alliance with the Gimirrites (Cimmerians), Mannaeans, Medes and Scythians against Assyria.[3]

Assyrian texts mention Kashtariti's incursions into Assyria, then under leadership of Esarhaddon. Oracles were commonly sought by Assyrian rulers for such occasions, invoking the gods to assess the situation and guide them towards help. Esarhaddon was no stranger to such practice, frequently turning to these oracles for advice. Before decisions could be made by these oracles, animals would be sacrificed and omens would then be interpreted based on the positions of the carcasses. Decisions would then be made based on these omens.[4] In this instance, Esarhaddon turned to a priest of the sun god, Shamash, for guidance.[5] Tablets dating from the 7th-century BCE, mostly found in Nineveh, describe multiple "oracle requests" in relation to Kashtariti in particular.[6] Among the questions raised to Shamash during these oracle requests were whether Kashtariti was a threat to the Assyrians, and whether he would conquer several Assyrian cities.[7] Kashtariti had asked another Median chieftain, Mamitiarshu, for assistance in attacking the Assyrian city of Kishsassu.[8] One recorded oracle request purports that Esarhaddon feared the loss of the city to the Medians.[9] Kashtariti also planned a raid on the Assyrian town of Kilmân with the Mannaeans and Saparda.[10]

It is clear that Kashtariti's incursions were not a sole occurrence as Esarhaddon had constantly sought oracles to help deal with his bothersome campaign into Assyrian territories.[11] One oracle request suggests that Kashtariti attempted to make peace with the Assyrians. He sent a messenger to the Assyrian royal court, in the hopes of creating a treaty. Esarhaddon pleaded to Shamash, asking whether he should agree to the peace[12] or interrogate the messenger and kill him.[13] A subsequent oracle request suggests that peace was never achieved. Instead, the Assyrians possibly mounted a retaliation against Kashtariti and his forces, with the intention of finally ending attacks from Kashtariti.[14] Kashtariti's alliance was divided due to internal disagreements, and Kashtariti's campaign in Assyria ended before 673 BCE. Some Scythian tribes continued attacks into Assyria. Other Scythian tribes, under the leadership of Bartatua, sought to marry Esarhaddon's daughter to create an alliance with Esarhaddon as a means to end the hostilities. Other Median tribes in Kashtariti's alliance also settled peace with the Assyrians.[15]

It has been suggested that Kashtariti can be identified as Median king Phraortes. Some scholars, however, deny such a connection based on historical evidence and linguistic differences in the native Iranian names of the two rulers.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Howorth 1892, p. 375: "In an inscription dated in 678 B.C., Kash-tariti, according to Boscawen, is called "King of the Medes".
  2. ^ Dandamayev: "KASHTARITI (kaš-ta-ri-ti, the Old Iranian Khshathrita), a city lord of Karkashshi which was located in the Central Zagros mountains."
  3. ^ Iran Chamber Society: "Assyrian texts speak of a Kashtariti as the leader of a conglomerate group of Medes, Scythians, Mannaeans, and miscellaneous other local Zagros peoples that seriously threatened the peace of Assyria's eastern borderlands during the reign of Esarhaddon (680-669 BCE)."
  4. ^ Jastrow 1898, p. 333: The frequency with which the gods were approached in the of the state and the public weal, plied with questions which the fate of the land depended is shown by the form which such official solicitations in the course time acquired. Dating from the reigns of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanabal we have an elaborate series of prayers addressed the sun god, all dealing with questions of a political import. [...] Each one opens with a question or series of questions which Shamash, the sun god, is asked to answer. The god is then implored not to be angry, but to lend his aid against any errors unwittingly committed in the sacrificial rites. For a second time the same question is put in a somewhat varying form. Another appeal is made, and the various omens derived from the inspection of animals are interpreted as a guide to the priests. According to the application of these omens to the sacrifice before the priest, a decision is rendered."
  5. ^ Jastrow 1898, p. 334: "Esarhaddon, being hard pressed by a group of nations to the northeast of Assyria, led by a certain Kashtariti, and among whose followers the Gimirrites, the Medes, and Manneans are the most prominent, asks for an oracle from Shamash as to the outcome of the situation."
  6. ^ Kuhrt 2007, p. 28: "[...] All come from Nineveh (Kouyundjik) and belong to the category of 'oracle requests' addressed to the Mesopotamian sun god, Shamash.
  7. ^ Dandamayev: "In one query Esarhaddon asks whether a Median chieftain by the name of Mamitiarshu and Kashtariti would become hostile to the Assyrians [...] In several questions Esarhaddon asks whether Kashtariti with his troops, as well as his Cimmerian, Median and Mannean allies would conquer some particular cities."
  8. ^ Maspero 1900, pp. 353–354: "On one occasion it was Kashtariti, the regent of Karkashshi, who wrote to Mamitiarshu, one of the Median princes, to induce him to make common cause with himself in attacking the fortress of Kishshashshu on the eastern border of the empire."
  9. ^ Jastrow 1898, p. 334: "Will within this period, Kashtariti, together with his soldiery, will the army of the Gimirrites, the army of the Medes, will the army of the Man-neans, or will any enemy whatsoever succeed in carrying out their plan, whether by strategy (?) or by main force, whether by the force of weapons of war and fight or by the ax, whether by a breach made with machines of war and battering rams or by hunger, whether by the power residing in the name of a god or goddess, whether in a friendly way or by friendly grace, or by any strategic device, will these aforementioned, as many as are required to take a city, actually capture the city Kishsassu, penetrate into the interior of that same city Kishsassu, will their hands lay hold of that same duty Kishsassu, so that it falls into their power? Thy great divine power knows it."
  10. ^ Maspero 1900, p. 354: "At another time we find the same chief plotting with the Mannai and the Saparda to raid the town of Kilmân, and Esarhaddon implores the god to show him how the place may be saved from their machinations."
  11. ^ Jastrow 1898, p. 338: "Again and again does Esarhaddon solicit Shamash to reveal the outcome of the military campaigns in which the king was engaged. The same individual, Kashtariti, and the Gimirrites, Medes, etc., are mentioned in many other prayers prepared in the course of the campaign; and elsewhere other campaigns are introduced."
  12. ^ Kuhrt 2007, p. 28: "[Shamash, great lord], give me [a firm positive answer to what I am asking you]! [Kashtaritu, the city ruler of Kark]ashshi, [who has sent] [. . .] . . . [to Nabu-shuma-ishkun, the] . . ., saying:] 'Tell [the scribe(?) who] is with you to send [a message to the king of Assyria, stating that the king's messenger should come and] conclude [a treaty w]ith me; [. . . and] go [on you]r way. 'Have [straight words of peace r]eally been sent to [. . .]?"
  13. ^ Kuhrt 2007, p. 28: "[Shamash grea]t [lord, give me a f]irm, positive answer to what I am ask[ing you! Should Esarhad]don, ki[ng of Assyria, send] the messenger of his choice [to Kash]tar[itu, the city ruler] of Karkashshi? [And if Esarhaddo]n , king of Assyria, [sends his messenger to K]ashtaritu, [will he, on the advice of his advi]sors, [seize] that messenger, [question him], kill him?"
  14. ^ Kuhrt 2007, pp. 28–29: "[Shamash], great lord, [give me a firm, positive answer to] what [I am asking you! Should] Esarhaddon, king of A[ssyria strive and plan]? Should he send [magnates and governors], together with troops, horses, [and an army, as numerous as they desire]. against Kashtaritu [of Karkashsh]i and the t[roops with him], to make war at the c[ity of K]asasu(?). I[f he, having planned, sends them], will the magnates and governors, the army of [Esa]rhaddon, conquer [that city(?)]? Will they, as long as they are in the district of K[arkashshi], march about [wherever] they wish? Will they escape the troops of the Medes, or [the troops of the . . .], or the troops of the Mannaeans, or [any other] fierce enemy? Will they stay a[live and w]e[ll], will they be saved, will they [escape] and evade them? Will they [emerge] safely fr[om the district [of Karkashshi? Will they achieve their aim? [. . .] Will they co[me back al]ive from that, [set foot] on Assyrian soil, come before Esarhaddom, king of Assyria?"
  15. ^ Goodspeed 1902, pp. 292–293: "From Esarhaddon's own report and the hints given in these prayers, the details of the wars can be recovered and the general result stated. How many years the struggle continued is quite uncertain; it was brought to an end before 673 B.C. The league against Assyria failed to do serious harm, as much because of its own weakness as through Esarhaddon's attacks upon it. Promises which were made to some tribes detached them from the alliance; a King Bartatua seems to have secured as his reward a wife from the daughters of Assyria's royal house; some Median chieftains who were being forced into the league made their peace with Assyria and sought protection."
  16. ^ Iran Chamber Society: "It is possible that Phraortes is this Kashtariti, though the suggestion cannot be proved either historically or linguistically."

Sources

  • Howorth, Henry H. (16 April 1892), "The Beginnings of Persian History", The Academy, vol. XLI, London, retrieved 8 June 2015
  • Maspero, Gaston (1900), Sayce, Archibald Henry (ed.), The Passing of the Empires: 850 B.C. to 330 B.C., London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, retrieved 7 June 2015 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help)
  • Dandamayev, M., Kashtariti, Encyclopædia Iranica, retrieved 7 June 2015
  • Historic Personalities of Iran: Median Empire, Iran Chamber Society, retrieved 6 June 2015
  • Jastrow, Morris (1898), The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Boston: Ginn & Co., retrieved 6 June 2015
  • Kuhrt, Amélie (2007), The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge, retrieved 7 June 2015
  • Goodspeed, George Stephen (1902), A History of the Babylonians and Assyrians, New York: C. Scribner's Sons, retrieved 8 June 2015
Regnal titles
Preceded by
unknown
 Lord of Karkašši
fl. 670s BCE 		Succeeded by
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