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Jamie Pietras of [[Salon.com]] published a long piece on jenkem in 2007.<ref name=Salon/> Pietras interviewed a Zambian government official on ways to curtail use and also focused on the Western [[moral panic|media scare]]. Pietras interviewed researcher Earth Erowid of [[Erowid]] and Jag Davies the communications director for the [[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies]] (MAPS), neither of whom could provide any confirmation of its use in America. [[Partnership for a Drug-Free America]] public affairs representative Candice Besson also stated that PDFA had not previously heard about the drug.
Jamie Pietras of [[Salon.com]] published a long piece on jenkem in 2007.<ref name=Salon/> Pietras interviewed a Zambian government official on ways to curtail use and also focused on the Western [[moral panic|media scare]]. Pietras interviewed researcher Earth Erowid of [[Erowid]] and Jag Davies the communications director for the [[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies]] (MAPS), neither of whom could provide any confirmation of its use in America. [[Partnership for a Drug-Free America]] public affairs representative Candice Besson also stated that PDFA had not previously heard about the drug.


''The Enterprise Ledger'' of [[Enterprise, Alabama]] quoted a local narcotics investigator who believed it was being used in [[Coffee County, Alabama]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Brand |first=Carole |title=New drug in use by high school students |url=http://www.eprisenow.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=ENT/MGArticle/ENT_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1173353435258&path=!news |format= |publisher=''The Enterprise Ledger'' |date=November 9, 2007 |accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref> A commentary in ''The Times-Reporter'' of [[Dover, Ohio|Dover]]-[[New Philadelphia, Ohio|New Philadelphia]], Ohio said jenkem was "largely debunked," but that "someone will be stupid enough to try it."<ref>{{cite news |author=Blundo, Noah |title=Federal government attempts to wipe clean smelly drug world |url=http://www.timesreporter.com/index.php?ID=75258 |publisher=''The Times-Reporter'' |date=November 11, 2007 |accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> The story was also covered with varying degrees of skepticism in ''[[The Orange County Register]]'',<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=They’re getting high HOW? |url=http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/life/abox/article_1920782.php |publisher=''[[The Orange County Register]]'' |date=November 13, 2007 |accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> [[Evansville, Indiana]] [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] affiliate [[WTVW]],<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Human Waste High? |url=http://tristatehomepage.com/content/fulltext/?cid=3398 |publisher=''[[WTVW]]'' |date=November 13, 2007 |accessdate=2007-11-13}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> and [[Wichita, Kansas]] [[CBS]] affiliate [[KWCH-TV]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Wilhelm, Kim |title=No Actual Cases of Kids Sniffing Raw Sewage |url=http://www.kbsd6.com/Global/story.asp?S=7349741 |publisher=''[[KWCH-DT|KWCH]]'' |date=November 13, 2007 |accessdate=2007-11-13 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071116132453/http://www.kbsd6.com/Global/story.asp?S=7349741 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-11-16}}</ref>
''The Enterprise Ledger'' of [[Enterprise, Alabama]] quoted a local narcotics investigator who believed it was being used in [[Coffee County, Alabama]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Brand |first=Carole |title=New drug in use by high school students |url=http://www.eprisenow.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=ENT/MGArticle/ENT_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1173353435258&path=!news |format= |publisher=''The Enterprise Ledger'' |date=November 9, 2007 |accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref> A commentary in ''The Times-Reporter'' of [[Dover, Ohio|Dover]]-[[New Philadelphia, Ohio|New Philadelphia]], Ohio said jenkem was "largely debunked," but that "someone will be stupid enough to try it."<ref>{{cite news |author=Blundo, Noah |title=Federal government attempts to wipe clean smelly drug world |url=http://www.timesreporter.com/index.php?ID=75258 |publisher=''The Times-Reporter'' |date=November 11, 2007 |accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> The story was also covered with varying degrees of skepticism in ''[[The Orange County Register]]'',<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=They’re getting high HOW? |url=http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/life/abox/article_1920782.php |publisher=''[[The Orange County Register]]'' |date=November 13, 2007 |accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> [[Evansville, Indiana]] [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] affiliate [[WTVW]],<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=Human Waste High? |url=http://tristatehomepage.com/content/fulltext/?cid=3398 |publisher=''[[WTVW]]'' |date=November 13, 2007 |accessdate=2007-11-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20071218150456/http://tristatehomepage.com:80/content/fulltext/?cid=3398 |archivedate=December 18, 2007 }}</ref> and [[Wichita, Kansas]] [[CBS]] affiliate [[KWCH-TV]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Wilhelm, Kim |title=No Actual Cases of Kids Sniffing Raw Sewage |url=http://www.kbsd6.com/Global/story.asp?S=7349741 |publisher=''[[KWCH-DT|KWCH]]'' |date=November 13, 2007 |accessdate=2007-11-13 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071116132453/http://www.kbsd6.com/Global/story.asp?S=7349741 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-11-16}}</ref>


In 2009, [[Bettendorf, Iowa]] amended its [[city ordinance]] regarding illegal inhalants to include [[organic substance|organic]] substances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heitz |first=David |title=Bettendorf prepares to expand huffing ordinance |url=http://www.qctimes.com/news/local/article_d3d96d82-9b5a-11de-81bb-001cc4c002e0.html |work=[[Quad-City Times]] |location=[[Davenport, Iowa]] |date=September 7, 2009 |accessdate=September 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |title=Bettendorf strengthens huffing ordinance |url=http://www.qctimes.com/news/local/article_c550c682-b34e-11de-9320-001cc4c03286.html |work=Quad-City Times |location=Davenport, Iowa |date=October 7, 2009 |accessdate=October 8, 2009}}</ref> In 2010, an apartment building in [[Fort Pierce, Florida]] was condemned after police found leaking containers of human waste in a unit. One police official speculated the tenant was manufacturing jenkem.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scofield |first=Carolyn |title=Smelly house forces tenants to leave |url=http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/region_st_lucie_county/fort_pierce/smelly-house-forces-tenants-to-leave |work=[[WPTV-TV]] |date=December 3, 2010 |accessdate=December 5, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fitzgerald |first=Scott |title=Waste-Filled Apartment Causes a Stink |url=http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local-beat/wastedapt-111274134.html |work=[[NBC Miami]] |date=December 3, 2010 |accessdate=December 5, 2010}}</ref>
In 2009, [[Bettendorf, Iowa]] amended its [[city ordinance]] regarding illegal inhalants to include [[organic substance|organic]] substances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heitz |first=David |title=Bettendorf prepares to expand huffing ordinance |url=http://www.qctimes.com/news/local/article_d3d96d82-9b5a-11de-81bb-001cc4c002e0.html |work=[[Quad-City Times]] |location=[[Davenport, Iowa]] |date=September 7, 2009 |accessdate=September 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |title=Bettendorf strengthens huffing ordinance |url=http://www.qctimes.com/news/local/article_c550c682-b34e-11de-9320-001cc4c03286.html |work=Quad-City Times |location=Davenport, Iowa |date=October 7, 2009 |accessdate=October 8, 2009}}</ref> In 2010, an apartment building in [[Fort Pierce, Florida]] was condemned after police found leaking containers of human waste in a unit. One police official speculated the tenant was manufacturing jenkem.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scofield |first=Carolyn |title=Smelly house forces tenants to leave |url=http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/region_st_lucie_county/fort_pierce/smelly-house-forces-tenants-to-leave |work=[[WPTV-TV]] |date=December 3, 2010 |accessdate=December 5, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fitzgerald |first=Scott |title=Waste-Filled Apartment Causes a Stink |url=http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local-beat/wastedapt-111274134.html |work=[[NBC Miami]] |date=December 3, 2010 |accessdate=December 5, 2010}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:06, 25 January 2016

Jenkem is a supposed inhalant and hallucinogen created from fermented human waste.[1] In the mid-1990s, it was reported to be a popular street drug among Zambian street children. They would put the feces and urine in a jar and cover it with a balloon then let it ferment out in the sun, then afterwards they would inhale the fumes created.[2][3][4][5] In November 2007, there was a moral panic after widespread reports of jenkem becoming a popular recreational drug in middle and high schools, though the true extent of the practice has since been called into question.[6][7] Several sources reported that the increase in American media coverage was based on a hoax and on faulty Internet research."[8]

Description

The name derives from Genkem, a brand of glues which had "become the generic name for all the glues used by glue-sniffing children" in South Africa, where the drug originated and is most popular on the African continent today.[9] In the book Children of AIDS: Africa's Orphan Crisis by Emma Guest, the making of jenkem is described: "fermented human sewage, scraped from pipes and stored in plastic bags for a week or so, until it gives off numbing, intoxicating fumes."[10] The process is similarly described in a 1995 IPS report: "Human excreta is scooped up from the edges of the sewer ponds in old cans and containers which are covered with a polyethylene bag and left to stew or ferment for a week."[4] A 1999 BBC article refers to "the dark brown sludge, gathering up fistfuls and stuffing it into small plastic bottles. They tap the bottles on the ground, taking care to leave enough room for methane to form at the top."[3]

The effects of jenkem inhalation last for around an hour and consist of auditory and visual hallucinations for some users.[3] In 1995, one user told a reporter it is "more potent than cannabis."[4] A 1999 report interviewed a user, who said, "With glue, I just hear voices in my head. But with jenkem, I see visions. I see my mother who is dead and I forget about the problems in my life."[3] Fumito Ichinose, an anesthesia specialist in Boston who conducted a study on the effects of hydrogen sulfide gas, or "sewer gas," on mice, informed Salon.com that holding your breath, choking, or "the inhalation of gases like those produced from jenkem could result in hypoxia, a lack of oxygen flow to the body that could be alternately euphoric and physically dangerous."[7]

Media reports

1995–2006

The second media description of jenkem came from an Inter Press Service wire report in 1995.[4] According to a 1998 report in The New York Times, Fountain of Hope, a non-profit organization, said that jenkem was used by street children in Lusaka, Zambia to obtain a "powerful high."[11] In 2002, Project Concern International Zambia and Fountain of Hope released a report entitled "Rapid Assessment of Street Children In Lusaka," where jenkem is listed as the third most popular drug among Lusaka's street children, following Dagga (cannabis) and "glue and Dagga" but ahead of "Ballan" (uncured tobacco) and petrol.[12] John C. Zulu, director of the Ministry of Sport, Youth and Child Development in Zambia, said in November 2007 that jenkem usage is less common than glue-sniffing and, "Initially, they used to get it from the sewer, but they make it anywhere [...] They say it keeps them warm and makes them fearless."[7] In 1999, BBC News ran a story about jenkem.[3] In 2004, South African weekly investigative newspaper Mail & Guardian mentioned jenkem abuse in a report on Zambia's street children.[13]

2007 to present

File:Jenkem1.jpg
The Collier County Sheriff Office intelligence bulletin from September 26, 2007 which was later leaked to the media.

On September 26, 2007, the Sheriff's Department of Collier County, Florida issued an internal bulletin about jenkem based on a TOTSE internet forum post by user "Pickwick," which included purported photos of the manufacture and use.[6] "Pickwick" confessed it was a hoax around the time of the internal bulletin.[14] In November of that year, officials at the Drug Enforcement Administration said no reports of jenkem use had been confirmed in the United States.[15]

After initially classifying stories of Western jenkem use as "undetermined," Snopes quickly reclassified it as "false." About.com also concluded reports were "based on faulty Internet research."[8] The Smoking Gun stated the Collier county alert "may be full of shit".[16] Drug research site Erowid reported, "the jenkem stories that have been circulating in the U.S. media are almost certainly the strange result of a hoax."[17]

Jenkem use was reported uncritically by KIMT of Mason City, Iowa,[18] WIFR-TV in Rockford, Illinois,[19] and WINK NEWS Fort Myers, Florida.[20] Washington Post columnist Emil Steiner reported that "a spokesman for the Drug Enforcement Administration insists that 'there are people in America trying [jenkem],'" which the DEA agent characterized as "dangerous, bad and stupid."[21] Fox News ran the story after the Steiner Washington Post column, mentioning Pickwick's hoax and retraction.[22] In the same article, a Washington D.C. DEA spokesman, Garrison Courtney, specified that, "We wouldn't classify it as a drug so much because it's feces and urine." UK technology tabloid website The Register concluded that "the jury's out."[23] ABC News interviewed DEA spokesman Garrison Courtney, who stated that, "It is in Africa, we know that... We've heard rumors and speculation about it here, but part of looking for trends is listening first for speculation. It is something we want to keep on top of."[15]

WSBT-TV in South Bend, Indiana advised parents to "wait up for [their children] at night and not let their kids go to bed until they have seen them and smelled their breath."[24] Austin, Texas NBC affiliate KXAN-TV interviewed a local teen, whose parent speculated on its use: "Once it becomes OK with a certain group of adolescents, it becomes OK with a lot more."[25] Australian broadcaster ninemsn summarized American news reports.[26] A syndicated report published on the web pages of CBS affiliate CBS-47 and Fox affiliate Fox 30, both in Jacksonville, Florida, reported on jenkem and also referred to it by the slang term "butt hash," citing media reports from the Washington Post, the Drudge Report, and Inside Edition. This was also followed up by a Fox 30 televised news segment, in which Captain Tim Guerrette of the Collier County Sheriff's department was interviewed.[27] A Florida syndicated newspaper article focused on the leaked police memo and included interviews with DEA spokesman Rusty Payne, the Palmetto Ridge High School principal, and a spokeswoman for the Collier County Health Department.[28]

Jamie Pietras of Salon.com published a long piece on jenkem in 2007.[7] Pietras interviewed a Zambian government official on ways to curtail use and also focused on the Western media scare. Pietras interviewed researcher Earth Erowid of Erowid and Jag Davies the communications director for the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), neither of whom could provide any confirmation of its use in America. Partnership for a Drug-Free America public affairs representative Candice Besson also stated that PDFA had not previously heard about the drug.

The Enterprise Ledger of Enterprise, Alabama quoted a local narcotics investigator who believed it was being used in Coffee County, Alabama.[29] A commentary in The Times-Reporter of Dover-New Philadelphia, Ohio said jenkem was "largely debunked," but that "someone will be stupid enough to try it."[30] The story was also covered with varying degrees of skepticism in The Orange County Register,[31] Evansville, Indiana Fox affiliate WTVW,[32] and Wichita, Kansas CBS affiliate KWCH-TV.[33]

In 2009, Bettendorf, Iowa amended its city ordinance regarding illegal inhalants to include organic substances.[34][35] In 2010, an apartment building in Fort Pierce, Florida was condemned after police found leaking containers of human waste in a unit. One police official speculated the tenant was manufacturing jenkem.[36][37]

  • In the 1996 "War of the Coprophages" episode of the TV series The X-Files, a teenage boy claimed inhaling methane gas generated by burning manure allowed him to see "reality as it really is." He later dies from self-inflicted wounds.
  • The Spike program 1000 Ways to Die, aired a 2010 fictional story about a rock-n-roll musician named Cedric, whose recreational drugs run out while his tour bus is being repaired in the Mormon-heavy Provo. After a roadie suggests jenkem, Cedric goes on a bender, culminating in his death by asphyxiation while inhaling methane from a port-a-john.[38]
  • A two part mini-documentary was made in 2010 by Australian documentarians ViveCoolCity, attempting to recreate and then use, Jenkem, purely from information that US media circulated during the Jenkem scare of 2007.[39]
  • In the song "Bloodbath" from GWAR's 2013 album Battle Maximus, lead singer Oderus Urungus refers to his mind being "a muddy mess of Jenkem, crack, and PCP".
  • Dave Rivers, of the band Six to Midnight, regularly performs "The Jenkem Song", with lyrics written by The Cutt. One line is, "If you're feeling loopy, then you huffed some poopy."
  • The YouTube Partnered channel, Hatfilms, discusses Jenkem in several videos, fictitiously implying that they inhale the drug.
  • In season 7, episode 15 of American Dad! Stan the patriarch of the family and the main character is offered "jenkem" by what most would interpret to be a homeless drug addict. When the character asks Stan, "Want some jenkem?" And Stan responds with the question, "What's in it?" The drug using character replies, "My body waste, silly." While handing him a bag clenched at the top for "huffing".
  • In season 12, episode 3 of South Park Gerald Broflovski references the fermentation of feces as a cheap way for children to get high, along with "huffing paint" and "guzzling cough syrup."
  • In an episode of The Eric Andre Show, Eric asks a pedestrian if he would like to "butt chug some Jenkem" during a publicity stunt.
  • The 2011 album "I Hope We're Not The Last" by Jacksonville, Florida Straight Edge Hardcore Punk band Casey Jones (band) includes a song titled "Butt Hash", featuring a clip of news anchor Lois Thome from the original WINK-TV News broadcast on a supposed teen Jenkem use epidemic, later discovered to be a hoax.
  • In Fallout 2, one of the most popular drugs in the setting is "Jet", an amphetamine that is normally packaged in an inhaler. As the game progresses, you are able to meet its creator, who reveals that is created through processing the feces of mutant cattle that are fed an inexpensive protein extract. Later games in the series also contain Jet, though there is no reference to its creation, and oddly, it can found in pre-apocalyptic buildings and shelters despite being created after the apocalypse.
  • There is a magazine known by the name "Jenkemmag" that features interviews and articles of skateboarding, often with references to the inhalant.

See also

References

  1. ^ Fuller, Alexandra (2005). We just want enough. National Geographic, Volume 208, Issues 1-3, p. 119
  2. ^ Donaldson, Aidan (2010). Encountering God in the Margins: Reflections of a Justice Volunteer. Veritas, ISBN 978-1-84730-220-5
  3. ^ a b c d e Matheson, Ishbel (July 30, 1999). "Children high on sewage". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
  4. ^ a b c d "Zambia-Narcotics: 'Huffing and Puffing' to a new High". Inter Press Service. August 26, 1995. (reprinted in a Snopes.com article on jenkem, retrieved December 30, 2007.)
  5. ^ "African Children Orphaned by AIDS" Associated Press, 1999
  6. ^ a b Collier County Sherriff's Office (September 26, 2007). Information Bulletin: New Drug - JENKEM. via The Smoking Gun
  7. ^ a b c d Pietras, Jamie (November 9, 2007). "Smoke this shit". Salon.com. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  8. ^ a b Emery, David (November 6, 2007). "Jenkem — Drug Warning". urbanlegends.about.com. About.com. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  9. ^ Cassere, Di (November 14, 2000). Glue loses high to save street-kid addicts. The Independent
  10. ^ Guest, Emma (2003). "Falling through the net. A street child's story, Zambia". Children of AIDS: Africa's Orphan Crisis (2nd ed.). Pluto Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7453-2075-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
  11. ^ Daley, Suzanne (September 18, 1998). "In Zambia, the Abandoned Generation". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-03-11. (Spelled Jekem)
  12. ^ Zambia, Project Concern International; Lemba, Dr. Musonda (March 8, 2002). "Rapid Assessment of Street Children In Lusaka" (PDF). Lusaka, Zambia: UNICEF. Retrieved 2007-11-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ Geloo, Zarina (December 24, 2004). "Bleak outlook for Zambia's street kids". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 2015-03-11. Marijuana was used most commonly, along with glue for sniffing, jenkem (fermented sewage), petrol and cocaine. Street children also smoke, and drink alcohol.
  14. ^ pickwick. "The jenkem thing was a hoax". TOTSE. totse.com. Archived from the original on 2008-07-28. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  15. ^ a b Goldman, Russell (November 7, 2007). "'Jenkem': Stay Alert or Call It a Hoax?". ABC News. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
  16. ^ "NewDrugAlert!-Nov5.2007".
  17. ^ Vaults of Erowid (November 2007). Ask Erowid: ID 3113. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
  18. ^ Therese, Erin (November 3, 2007). "Dirty New Drug Threatens Youth". KIMT.com. KIMT-TV. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
  19. ^ "Disturbing New Drug Teens Are Using". WIFR.com. WIFR-TV, Rockford, Illinois. November 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  20. ^ "ONLY ON WINK: Are local kids using human waste to get high?". WINK NEWS.com. WINK NEWS. November 3, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-04. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ Steiner, Emil (November 6, 2007). "Jenkem Madness? – Reports of a Nasty Drug in Florida". OFF/beat blog. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  22. ^ "'Drug' Made From Human Waste Causing Stink on Web, in Law Enforcement". Fox News Channel. Fox News Channel. November 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  23. ^ Haines, Lester (November 6, 2007). "Florida cops issue shock 'Butthash' warning". The Register. Retrieved 2007-11-13. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  24. ^ Cheatham, Kelli (November 7, 2007). "Police Warn About New Drug Made from Raw Sewage". WSBT.com. WSBT-NEWS. Archived from the original on 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  25. ^ "Police Training On How To Spot Nasty Drug". msnbc.com. KXAN-TV. November 7, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
  26. ^ "'Poop gas drug' prompts official warning". ninemsn. November 8, 2007. Retrieved 2015-03-11. {{cite news}}: |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Westerman, Brandon (November 8, 2007). "Police warn teens using new human waste drug "Jenkem"". CBS-47. Retrieved 2015-03-11. {{cite news}}: |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Mills, Ryan (November 8, 2007). "Sheriff's Office warns of new human waste drug, others pooh-pooh its existence". bonitanews.com. Bonita Daily News. Retrieved 2007-11-08. {{cite news}}: External link in |work= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
    Mills, Ryan (November 8, 2007). "Sheriff's Office warns of new human waste drug, others pooh-pooh its existence". naplesnews.com. Naples Daily News. Retrieved 2007-11-08. {{cite news}}: External link in |work= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  29. ^ Brand, Carole (November 9, 2007). "New drug in use by high school students". The Enterprise Ledger. Retrieved 2007-11-09. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ Blundo, Noah (November 11, 2007). "Federal government attempts to wipe clean smelly drug world". The Times-Reporter. Retrieved 2007-11-13. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  31. ^ "They're getting high HOW?". The Orange County Register. November 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-13. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  32. ^ "Human Waste High?". WTVW. November 13, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-13. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Wilhelm, Kim (November 13, 2007). "No Actual Cases of Kids Sniffing Raw Sewage". KWCH. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2007-11-13. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  34. ^ Heitz, David (September 7, 2009). "Bettendorf prepares to expand huffing ordinance". Quad-City Times. Davenport, Iowa. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
  35. ^ "Bettendorf strengthens huffing ordinance". Quad-City Times. Davenport, Iowa. October 7, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  36. ^ Scofield, Carolyn (December 3, 2010). "Smelly house forces tenants to leave". WPTV-TV. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
  37. ^ Fitzgerald, Scott (December 3, 2010). "Waste-Filled Apartment Causes a Stink". NBC Miami. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
  38. ^ "Fecal Attraction". October 26, 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  39. ^ "Vive Cool City Episode 300 - Jenkem Part 1". December 3, 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
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