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===2000–2008: Ownership changes and dissolution===
===2000–2008: Ownership changes and dissolution===
On November 26, 2001 CSK Corporation and Unison Capital Partners L.P. announced the approval of transferring the control of its subsidiary ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P., effective on 2002-03-30, as part of the strategy to focus the CSK's group operations on [[Business-to-business|B2B]] businesses.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=CSK Corporation to Transfer ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P. | date=2001-11-26 | publisher=CSK | url =http://web.archive.org/web/20081201190727/http://www.csk.com/press_e/his/2001/1176784_1712.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2009-04-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=アスキーの経営権取得に関する基本合意書締結について | date=2001-11-26 | url =https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000003nt-att/nr_8_jp.pdf}}</ref> The transfer was approved on December 21, 2001.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=CSK Corporation Formalizes Contract to Transfer ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P. | date=2001-12-21 | publisher=CSK | url =http://web.archive.org/web/20081201183005/http://www.csk.com/press_e/his/2001/1176786_1712.html}}</ref> As a part of deal, ASCII's outstanding debt owed to CSK was forgiven, and under Unison's control, the ASCII's Enterbrain and IT publishing divisions would maintain autonomy, while ASCII was restructured to concentrate on PC and IT publishing businesses.
On November 26, 2001 CSK Corporation and Unison Capital Partners L.P. announced the approval of transferring the control of its subsidiary ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P., effective on 2002-03-30, as part of the strategy to focus the CSK's group operations on [[Business-to-business|B2B]] businesses.<ref>{{cite news|first= |last= |coauthors= |authorlink= |title=CSK Corporation to Transfer ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P. |date=2001-11-26 |publisher=CSK |url=http://www.csk.com/press_e/his/2001/1176784_1712.html |work= |pages= |accessdate=2009-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201190727/http://www.csk.com/press_e/his/2001/1176784_1712.html |archivedate=December 1, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=アスキーの経営権取得に関する基本合意書締結について | date=2001-11-26 | url =https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000003nt-att/nr_8_jp.pdf}}</ref> The transfer was approved on December 21, 2001.<ref>{{cite news|first= |last= |coauthors= |authorlink= |title=CSK Corporation Formalizes Contract to Transfer ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P. |date=2001-12-21 |publisher=CSK |url=http://www.csk.com/press_e/his/2001/1176786_1712.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201183005/http://www.csk.com/press_e/his/2001/1176786_1712.html |archivedate=December 1, 2008 }}</ref> As a part of deal, ASCII's outstanding debt owed to CSK was forgiven, and under Unison's control, the ASCII's Enterbrain and IT publishing divisions would maintain autonomy, while ASCII was restructured to concentrate on PC and IT publishing businesses.


On May 28, 2002, Unison Media Partners announced ASCII would become its fully owned subsidiary of via share exchange, and ASCII would be delisted, effective on October 1, 2002.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=株式会社アスキーとの株式交換契約締結について| date=2002-05-28 | publisher=Unison | url=https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000003xh-att/nr_11_jp.pdf}}</ref> On November 18, 2002, the Astroarts subsidiary was renamed to ASCII, while ASCII was renamed to MediaLeaves.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=アスキーが社名変更| date=2002-11-18 | publisher=| url=http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/0211/18/njbt_11.html}}</ref> The former Astroarts subsidiary would inherit the publishing business of the former ASCII. On January 29, 2004, Unison Capital Partners, L.P. announced the sale of ASCII's parent company MediaLeaves to [[Kadokawa Group Holdings]], to be completed on 2004-03.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=株式会社メディアリーヴス株式の公開買付への応募について| date=2004-01-29 | publisher=Unison | url=https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000004bx-att/nr_17_jp.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=''Kadokawa buys ASCII'' (アスキー、角川が買収へ) | date=2004-01-29 | publisher= | url =http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/0401/29/news058.html | work =IT Media, Inc. | pages = | accessdate = 2009-04-22 | language = Japanese | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090327183745/http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/0401/29/news058.html| archivedate= 27 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
On May 28, 2002, Unison Media Partners announced ASCII would become its fully owned subsidiary of via share exchange, and ASCII would be delisted, effective on October 1, 2002.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=株式会社アスキーとの株式交換契約締結について| date=2002-05-28 | publisher=Unison | url=https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000003xh-att/nr_11_jp.pdf}}</ref> On November 18, 2002, the Astroarts subsidiary was renamed to ASCII, while ASCII was renamed to MediaLeaves.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=アスキーが社名変更| date=2002-11-18 | publisher=| url=http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/0211/18/njbt_11.html}}</ref> The former Astroarts subsidiary would inherit the publishing business of the former ASCII. On January 29, 2004, Unison Capital Partners, L.P. announced the sale of ASCII's parent company MediaLeaves to [[Kadokawa Group Holdings]], to be completed on 2004-03.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=株式会社メディアリーヴス株式の公開買付への応募について| date=2004-01-29 | publisher=Unison | url=https://www.unisoncap.com/jp/news/imgjs300000004bx-att/nr_17_jp.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=''Kadokawa buys ASCII'' (アスキー、角川が買収へ) | date=2004-01-29 | publisher= | url =http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/0401/29/news058.html | work =IT Media, Inc. | pages = | accessdate = 2009-04-22 | language = Japanese | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090327183745/http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/0401/29/news058.html| archivedate= 27 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>


On September 27, 2007, [[Kadokawa Group Holdings]] announced the merger between subsidiaries [[MediaWorks (publisher)|MediaWorks]] and ASCII under the name [[ASCII Media Works]], effective on April 1, 2008.<ref name="merger"/><ref name="ANN-merger"/> The merger was approved in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kadokawa-hd.co.jp/topics/20080228_2.pdf|script-title=ja:子会社の合併に関する経過のお知らせ|publisher=[[Kadokawa Group Holdings]]|accessdate=2008-02-08|language=Japanese}}</ref>
On September 27, 2007, [[Kadokawa Group Holdings]] announced the merger between subsidiaries [[MediaWorks (publisher)|MediaWorks]] and ASCII under the name [[ASCII Media Works]], effective on April 1, 2008.<ref name="merger"/><ref name="ANN-merger"/> The merger was approved in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kadokawa-hd.co.jp/topics/20080228_2.pdf|script-title=ja:子会社の合併に関する経過のお知らせ|publisher=[[Kadokawa Group Holdings]]|accessdate=2008-02-08|language=Japanese}}</ref>
On January 10, 2010, the formerly named ASCII company MediaLeaves was merged into Enterbrain, dissolving the last of the ASCII entity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20101028104044/http://www.medialeaves.co.jp/|title=MediaLeaves, Inc. announcement|language=Japanese}}</ref>
On January 10, 2010, the formerly named ASCII company MediaLeaves was merged into Enterbrain, dissolving the last of the ASCII entity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medialeaves.co.jp/ |title=MediaLeaves, Inc. announcement |language=Japanese |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028104044/http://www.medialeaves.co.jp/ |archivedate=October 28, 2010 }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 07:03, 28 March 2016

ASCII Corporation
株式会社アスキー
StatusFolded into ASCII Media Works
Founded1977; 47 years ago (1977)
FounderKazuhiro Nishi
Keiichiro Tsukamoto
Defunct1 April 2008 Edit this on Wikidata
SuccessorASCII Media Works, Agetec, and Enterbrain
Country of originJapan
Headquarters locationChiyoda, Tokyo
Key peopleKiyoshi Takano, President
Publication typesComputer magazines, Video games
No. of employees197 (as of March 31, 2006
Official websitewww.ascii.co.jp

ASCII Corporation (株式会社アスキー, Kabushiki kaisha Asukī) was a publishing company based in Tokyo, Japan. It became a subsidiary of Kadokawa Group Holdings in 2004, and merged with another Kadokawa subsidiary MediaWorks on April 1, 2008, and became ASCII Media Works.[1][2] The company published Monthly ASCII as the main publication.

History

1977–1990: Founding and first projects

ASCII was founded in 1977 by Kazuhiko Nishi and Keiichiro Tsukamoto. Originally a publisher of a magazine with the same name ASCII, talks between Bill Gates and Nishi led to a creation of Microsoft's first overseas sales office, ASCII Microsoft, in 1979.[3][4] Nishi was also known for being the creator of the MSX in 1983, an 8 bits standard computers well known in the former USSR and Japan. In 1984, ASCII engaged itself in semiconductor business, followed by a further expansion into commercial online service in 1985 under the brand of ASCII-NET. As the popularity of home video game systems soared in the 1980s, ASCII became active in the development and publishing of software and peripherals for popular consoles such as the Family Computer and Mega Drive. After Microsoft's public stock offering in 1986, ASCII Microsoft was dissolved.[3] At around the same time, the company was also obliged to reform itself as a result of its aggressive diversification in the first half of the 1980s.[5] The company went public in 1989.

1989–2000: Satellites and later projects

ASCII's revenue in its fiscal year ending March 1996 was 56 billion yen, broken down by sectors: Publication (52.5% or 27.0 billion yen), Game entertainment (27.8% or 14.3 billion yen), Systems & semiconductors (10.8% or 6 billion yen) and others.[5] Despite its struggles to remain focused on its core businesses, the company continued to suffer from accumulated debts, until an arrangement was set up that CSK Corporation execute a major investment into ASCII in 1997.[6]

ASCII had become popular in the software market that it branched out and created an American satellite in 1991 known as ASCII Entertainment. To focus on supporting the interactive entertainment channel in America, startup company Agetec (for "Ascii Game Entertainment TEChnology") was spun off as an independent corporation in 1998 and later became a fully independent publisher one year later. Co-founder Tsukamoto had left ASCII to create a company of his own in 1992, named Impress.[7]

2000–2008: Ownership changes and dissolution

On November 26, 2001 CSK Corporation and Unison Capital Partners L.P. announced the approval of transferring the control of its subsidiary ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P., effective on 2002-03-30, as part of the strategy to focus the CSK's group operations on B2B businesses.[8][9] The transfer was approved on December 21, 2001.[10] As a part of deal, ASCII's outstanding debt owed to CSK was forgiven, and under Unison's control, the ASCII's Enterbrain and IT publishing divisions would maintain autonomy, while ASCII was restructured to concentrate on PC and IT publishing businesses.

On May 28, 2002, Unison Media Partners announced ASCII would become its fully owned subsidiary of via share exchange, and ASCII would be delisted, effective on October 1, 2002.[11] On November 18, 2002, the Astroarts subsidiary was renamed to ASCII, while ASCII was renamed to MediaLeaves.[12] The former Astroarts subsidiary would inherit the publishing business of the former ASCII. On January 29, 2004, Unison Capital Partners, L.P. announced the sale of ASCII's parent company MediaLeaves to Kadokawa Group Holdings, to be completed on 2004-03.[13][14]

On September 27, 2007, Kadokawa Group Holdings announced the merger between subsidiaries MediaWorks and ASCII under the name ASCII Media Works, effective on April 1, 2008.[1][2] The merger was approved in 2008.[15] On January 10, 2010, the formerly named ASCII company MediaLeaves was merged into Enterbrain, dissolving the last of the ASCII entity.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b 子会社の合併に関するお知らせ (PDF) (in Japanese). Kadokawa Group Holdings. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b "Kadokawa Group to Merge ASCII, MediaWorks Subsidiaries". Anime News Network. 2007-10-02. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Allan, Roy A. (2001). A History of the Personal Computer. Allan Publishing. pp. 31, 65. ISBN 0-9689108-0-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ Quote from Bill Gates' The Road Ahead, found in Lessem, Ronnie (1998). Management development through cultural diversity. Routledge. pp. 160–161. ISBN 0-415-17875-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ a b Toda, Satoru (戸田覚) (1997). A quick map to Information and Telecommunications makrket (情報・通信業界早わかりマップ). Kō Shobō (こう書房). pp. 130–135. ISBN 4-7696-0606-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ "Ascii to join CSK group". The Japan Times. Dec 25, 1997. Retrieved 2009-04-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ Impress Holdings website
  8. ^ "CSK Corporation to Transfer ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P." CSK. 2001-11-26. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "アスキーの経営権取得に関する基本合意書締結について" (PDF). 2001-11-26. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ "CSK Corporation Formalizes Contract to Transfer ASCII to Unison Capital Partners L.P." CSK. 2001-12-21. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "株式会社アスキーとの株式交換契約締結について" (PDF). Unison. 2002-05-28. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ "アスキーが社名変更". 2002-11-18. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ "株式会社メディアリーヴス株式の公開買付への応募について" (PDF). Unison. 2004-01-29. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ "Kadokawa buys ASCII (アスキー、角川が買収へ)". IT Media, Inc. (in Japanese). 2004-01-29. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ 子会社の合併に関する経過のお知らせ (PDF) (in Japanese). Kadokawa Group Holdings. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
  16. ^ "MediaLeaves, Inc. announcement" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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