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The Affiche Rouge ("Red Poster") is a famous propaganda poster, distributed by Vichy French and German authorities in the spring of 1944 in occupied Paris, to discredit 23 French Resistance fighters, members of the Manouchian Group. The term Affiche Rouge also refers more broadly to the circumstances surrounding the poster's creation and distribution, namely, the capture, trial and execution of these members of the Manouchian Group.

Background

In mid-November 1943, the French police arrested 23 members of the Communist Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main d'Oeuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI), who were part of the French Resistance.^[1] They were called the "Manouchian Group" after the commander, Missak Manouchian. The group was part of a network of about 100 fighters, who committed nearly all acts of armed resistance in the Paris metropolitan region between March and November 1943.^[2]

Its membership included 22 men: eight Poles, five Italians, three Hungarians, two Armenians, a Spaniard, and three French; and one woman, who was Romanian. Eleven were also Jewish.^[3]

After having been tortured and interrogated for three months, the 23 were tried by a German military court. In an effort to discredit the Resistance, the authorities invited French celebrities (from the world of the cinema and other arts) to attend the trial and encouraged the media to give it the widest coverage possible. All but one of the Manouchian Group's members were executed before a firing squad in Fort Mont-Valérien on February 21, 1944. Olga Bancic, who had served the group as a messenger, was taken to Stuttgart, where she was beheaded with an axe on May 10, 1944.

In the spring of 1944, the Vichy authorities launched a propaganda campaign, designed to discredit the Manouchian Group and defuse public anger over their execution. They created a poster, which became known as Affiche Rouge, due to its red background. It featured ten men of the group, with nationality, surnames, photos and descriptions of their crimes. The Germans distributed an estimated 15,000 copies of the poster.^[4] Along with these posters, the Germans handed out flyers that claimed the Resistance was headed by foreigners, Jews, unemployed people and criminals; the campaign characterized the Resistance as a "foreigners' conspiracy against French life and the sovereignty of France":

"Si des Français pillent, volent, sabotent et tuent...
Ce sont toujours des étrangers qui les commandent. Ce sont toujours des chômeurs et des criminels professionnels qui exécutent. Ce sont toujours des juifs qui les inspirent. C’est l’armée du crime contre la France.
Le banditisme n’est pas l’expression du Patriotisme blessé, c’est le complot étranger contre la vie des Français et contre la souveraineté de la France."^[5]

Although the poster attempted to depict the group as "terrorists", the campaign seems to have had the effect of highlighting the feats of people whom the general public saw as freedom fighters.^[5] Legend has it that supporters scribbled the words MORTS POUR LA FRANCE (They died for France - the phrase used on official monuments to soldiers of France who died in combat) and put flowers beneath some of the posters.

In 1975, Philippe Ganier Raymond claimed that there was no historical record of such activity.^[6] More recent research has confirmed that such additions occurred.^[5]

Legacy

In 1955, Louis Aragon wrote a poem memorializing the Manouchian Group, "Strophes pour se souvenir".

The poem was published in 1956 in Le roman inachevé. In 1959 Léo Ferré set it to music and recorded it as "L'Affiche rouge". Rouben Melik and Paul Éluard also wrote poems in honour of the Manouchian Group.^[7]^[8]

In 1997, at the prompting of Robert Badinter, the French Parliament authorized the erection of a monument commemorating the execution at Mont-Valérien between 1940 and 1944 of 1,006 citizens and members of the French Resistance, including the Manouchian Group. The sculptor Pascal Convert created the monument, and Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin dedicated it on September 20, 2003.

Controversy

In the 1980s, some French political factions suggested that, because of political infighting, some members of the Resistance had been complicit in the capture of many of the members of the Manouchian Group.

A film documentary by Stéphane Courtois and Mosco Boucault, Des terroristes à la retraite, broadcast by Antenne 2 in 1983, included interviews of surviving FTP-MOI members and families of the victims. Bouscault accused the French Communist Party (PCF) of having deliberately sacrificed the fighters in the power struggle with the Gaullists for control over the National Council of Resistance (CNR). He suggested this was done because the fighters' foreign origins undermined French depictions of the Resistance as a native patriotic movement. The film was rebroadcast in 2001, minus 12 minutes deleted to reflect more recent historical research.^[9]

La traque de l’Affiche rouge, a documentary produced by Denis Peschanski and Jorge Amat, broadcast by France 2 on 15 March 2007, refuted Courtois and Boucault's allegations.^[10]^[11] Quoting the historian Denis Peschanski, who had access to new documents from the Russian, French and German archives, the new documentary alleged that the fall of the Manouchian Group had been due exclusively to the French police's work. The two newly created branches of the Renseignements généraux (RG) intelligence agency—the Brigades spéciales 1 and 2—had trailed the Résistance fighters for months. On 28 September 1943, Marcel Rayman, with several others, shot and killed the SS General Julius von Ritter.^[12]^[13] Ritter organized the forced labor of the Service du travail obligatoire (STO). At that time, Rayman had already been under surveillance for two months. The French Milice arrested and dismantled the Manouchian Group after the attack, aided by information given up by some members under torture.

In September 2009, the dramatic film L'Armée du crime opened in France, featuring the story of the Manouchian Group. Directed by Robert Guédiguian, a Marseille-based filmmaker of German and Armenian parentage, it was adapted from a story by Serge Le Péron. It reflects some of the divisions among the Résistance.^[14]

In association with the film's release, reporters interviewed the last surviving member of the FTP-MOI group, Arsène Tchakarian. He decisively refuted the allegation that the PCF had betrayed the Manouchian Group, and said that 35 members of the 40 in the group were communists.^[15] The film opened in the United States in 2010.

Content

The poster reads:

Des libérateurs? La libération par l'armée du crime!
"Liberators? Liberation by the army of crime!"

From left to right, and top to bottom, individual portraits are labeled:

GRZYWACZ: Juif polonais, 2 attentats (Polish Jew, 2 terrorist attacks)
ELEK: Juif hongrois, 5 déraillements (Hungarian Jew, 5 derailments)
WASJBROT: Juif polonais, 1 attentat, 1 déraillement (Polish Jew, 1 terrorist attack, 1 derailment)
WITCHITZ: Juif polonais, 15 attentats (Polish Jew, 15 terrorist attacks - although it is unclear if Witchitz was in fact Jewish or Polish)
FINGERCWAJG: Juif polonais, 3 attentats, 5 déraillements (Polish Jew, 3 terrorist attacks, 5 derailments)
BOCZOV: Juif hongrois, chef dérailleur, 20 attentats (Hungarian Jew, chief of derailment operations, 20 terrorist attacks)
FONTANOT: Communiste italien, 12 attentats (Italian Communist, 12 terrorist attacks. His correct name was Fontano)
ALFONSO: Espagnol rouge, 2 attentats (Red Spaniard, 2 terrorist attacks)
RAYMAN: Juif polonais, 13 attentats (Polish Jew, 13 terrorist attacks)
MANOUCHIAN: Arménien, chef de bande, 56 attentats, 150 morts, 600 blessés (Armenian, boss of the gang, 56 terrorist attacks, 150 dead, 600 wounded)

The bottom features photographs of:

the right shoulder and right chest of a corpse, riddled by bullet holes
a dead body lying on the ground
a derailed locomotive
a derailed train
a collection of small arms, grenades, and bomb components, displayed on a table
another derailed train

References

^ Stéphane Courtois, Denis Peschanski and Adam Rayski: Le Sang de l'étranger. Les Immigrés de la MOI dans la Résistance, Fayard, Paris 1989
^ Arsène Tchakarian: Les franc-tireurs de l'affiche rouge, Messidor/Éditions sociales, 1986
^ Laurent Lévy, "Mémoire du groupe des étrangers: À propos d’une chanson célèbre", Les mots sont important, Septembre 2009, accessed 3 Sep 2010
^ "L'affiche rouge". Musee de L'histoire de L'immigration. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Film documentary on the website of the Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration Template:Fr icon
^ Philippe Ganier Raymond, L'Affiche rouge: La vérité sur les partisans sacrifiés, Fayard 1975
^ Résistance. Rouben Melik, "l’Affiche rouge Fusillés" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, reprinted, L'Humanité, 21 February 2004 Template:Fr icon
^ Paul Éluard, "Légion" (poem) Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, in L'Humanité, 21 February 2004 Template:Fr icon
^ "Avec ou sans guillemets" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, L'Humanité, 18 February 2004 Template:Fr icon
^ Denis Peschanski – Jorge Amat, La traque de l’Affiche rouge, 72 minutes, compagnie des Phares et Balises en collaboration avec la Fondation Gabriel Péri et L’Humanité, 2006. Resume of the film Template:Fr icon
^ "Les héros de l’Affiche rouge" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, L'Humanité, 13 February 2007 Template:Fr icon
^ Susan Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews, University of Nebraska Press, 1999, p. 270; ISBN 0803299141
^ Jewish partisans in France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed 2013-02-02.
^ STEPHEN HOLDEN, "'The Army of Crime': Outsiders in French Society, Battling Occupiers and Collaborators", New York Times, 19 Aug 2010, accessed 17 Nov 2010
^ " 'L’Armée du crime': An Interview with Arsène Tchakarian. Former member of the Manouchian Group", English online edition of L'Humanité, 8 Oct 2009 (last request 11 Oct 2010)

Bibliography

Benoît Raisky, L’Affiche rouge 21 février 1944, Ils n’étaient que des enfants., Éditions du Félin, 2004 (review by L'Humanité)

Films

Fiction

Franck Cassenti, L'Affiche Rouge (1976)
Robert Guédiguian, L'Armée Du Crime (2009)

Documentary

Stéphane Courtois and Mosco Boucault, Des terroristes à la retraite (1983)
Pascal Convert Template:Fr icon, Mont-Valérien, aux noms des fusillés
Denis Peschanski Template:Fr icon – Jorge Amat Template:Fr icon, La traque de l’Affiche rouge (2007)

External links

L’Armée du crime. Arsène Tchakarian « S’emparer de la vérité»
L’Armée du crime: An Interview with Arsène Tchakarian (English language version of above article)
21 février 1944: L'Affiche rouge (herodote.net) Template:Fr icon
Missak Manouchian (netarmenie.com) Template:Fr icon
Missak Manouchian - Ein armenischer Partisan Template:De icon
Song performed by Léo Ferré Template:Fr icon (Daily Motion)
"Vingt et trois étrangers et nos frères pourtant" in L'Humanité, 21 February 2004 Template:Fr icon
Interview of Henri Karayan, former member of the Manouchian Group in L'Humanité, 21 February 2004 Template:Fr icon
Julien Lauprêtre : "Manouchian était dans ma cellule… et je ne le savais pas" in L'Humanité, 21 February 2004 Template:Fr icon
Rino Della Negra, ailier droit résistant, article on one of the member of the Manuchian Group, in L'Humanité, 21 February 2004 Template:Fr icon
Les nouvelles censures Par Pascal Convert Sculpteur, plasticien, concepteur du monument à la mémoire des résistants et otages fusillés au Mont Valérien, auteur du documentaire Mont-Valérien, aux noms des fusillés. in L'Humanité, 21 February 2004 Template:Fr icon
Présentation en avant-première du nouveau hors-série de l’Humanité

[1] Stéphane Courtois, Denis Peschanski and Adam Rayski: Le Sang de l'étranger. Les Immigrés de la MOI dans la Résistance, Fayard, Paris 1989

[2] Arsène Tchakarian: Les franc-tireurs de l'affiche rouge, Messidor/Éditions sociales, 1986

[3] Laurent Lévy, "Mémoire du groupe des étrangers: À propos d’une chanson célèbre", Les mots sont important, Septembre 2009, accessed 3 Sep 2010

[4] "L'affiche rouge". Musee de L'histoire de L'immigration. Retrieved 6 February 2016.

[Cite-5] Film documentary on the website of the Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration Template:Fr icon

[6] Philippe Ganier Raymond, L'Affiche rouge: La vérité sur les partisans sacrifiés, Fayard 1975

[7] Résistance. Rouben Melik, "l’Affiche rouge Fusillés" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, reprinted, L'Humanité, 21 February 2004 Template:Fr icon

[8] Paul Éluard, "Légion" (poem) Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, in L'Humanité, 21 February 2004 Template:Fr icon

[9] "Avec ou sans guillemets" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, L'Humanité, 18 February 2004 Template:Fr icon

[10] Denis Peschanski – Jorge Amat, La traque de l’Affiche rouge, 72 minutes, compagnie des Phares et Balises en collaboration avec la Fondation Gabriel Péri et L’Humanité, 2006. Resume of the film Template:Fr icon

[11] "Les héros de l’Affiche rouge" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, L'Humanité, 13 February 2007 Template:Fr icon

[12] Susan Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews, University of Nebraska Press, 1999, p. 270; ISBN 0803299141

[13] Jewish partisans in France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed 2013-02-02.

[14] STEPHEN HOLDEN, "'The Army of Crime': Outsiders in French Society, Battling Occupiers and Collaborators", New York Times, 19 Aug 2010, accessed 17 Nov 2010

[humanité-15] " 'L’Armée du crime': An Interview with Arsène Tchakarian. Former member of the Manouchian Group", English online edition of L'Humanité, 8 Oct 2009 (last request 11 Oct 2010)

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@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 == Legacy ==
-In 1955, [[Louis Aragon]] wrote a poem memorializing the Manouchian Group, "[[L'affiche rouge (Poem)|Strophes pour se souvenir]]". [[Image:Mémorial de l'affiche rouge.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial to the Manouchian Group]]The poem was published in 1956 in ''[[Le roman inachevé]]''. In 1959 [[Léo Ferré]] set it to music and recorded it as "L'Affiche rouge". [[Rouben Melik]] and [[Paul Éluard]] also wrote poems in honour of the Manouchian Group.<ref>[http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Fusilles Résistance. Rouben Melik, "l’Affiche rouge Fusillés"], reprinted, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}</ref><ref>[[Paul Éluard]], [http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Legion "Légion" (poem)], in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}</ref>
+In 1955, [[Louis Aragon]] wrote a poem memorializing the Manouchian Group, "[[L'affiche rouge (Poem)|Strophes pour se souvenir]]". [[Image:Mémorial de l'affiche rouge.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial to the Manouchian Group]]The poem was published in 1956 in ''[[Le roman inachevé]]''. In 1959 [[Léo Ferré]] set it to music and recorded it as "L'Affiche rouge". [[Rouben Melik]] and [[Paul Éluard]] also wrote poems in honour of the Manouchian Group.<ref>[http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Fusilles Résistance. Rouben Melik, "l’Affiche rouge Fusillés"] {{wayback|url=http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Fusilles |date=20070929122017 }}, reprinted, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}</ref><ref>[[Paul Éluard]], [http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Legion "Légion" (poem)] {{wayback|url=http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Legion |date=20070929133528 }}, in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}</ref>
 In 1997, at the prompting of [[Robert Badinter]], the French Parliament authorized the erection of a monument commemorating the execution at Mont-Valérien between 1940 and 1944 of 1,006 citizens and members of the French Resistance, including the Manouchian Group. The sculptor [[Pascal Convert]] created the monument, and Prime Minister [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]] dedicated it on September 20, 2003.
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 In the 1980s, some French political factions suggested that, because of political infighting,  some members of the Resistance had been complicit in the capture of many of the members of the Manouchian Group.
-A film documentary by [[Stéphane Courtois]] and Mosco Boucault, ''Des terroristes à la retraite'', broadcast by [[Antenne 2]] in 1983, included interviews of surviving FTP-MOI members and families of the victims. Bouscault accused the [[French Communist Party]] (PCF) of having deliberately sacrificed the fighters in the power struggle with the [[Gaullists]] for control over the [[National Council of Resistance]] (CNR). He suggested this was done because the fighters' foreign origins undermined French depictions of the Resistance as a native [[patriotism|patriotic]] movement. The film was rebroadcast in 2001, minus 12 minutes deleted to reflect more recent historical research.<ref>[http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-18_Medias_-Avec-ou-sans-guillemets "Avec ou sans guillemets"], ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 18 February 2004 {{fr icon}}</ref>
+A film documentary by [[Stéphane Courtois]] and Mosco Boucault, ''Des terroristes à la retraite'', broadcast by [[Antenne 2]] in 1983, included interviews of surviving FTP-MOI members and families of the victims. Bouscault accused the [[French Communist Party]] (PCF) of having deliberately sacrificed the fighters in the power struggle with the [[Gaullists]] for control over the [[National Council of Resistance]] (CNR). He suggested this was done because the fighters' foreign origins undermined French depictions of the Resistance as a native [[patriotism|patriotic]] movement. The film was rebroadcast in 2001, minus 12 minutes deleted to reflect more recent historical research.<ref>[http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-18_Medias_-Avec-ou-sans-guillemets "Avec ou sans guillemets"] {{wayback|url=http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-18_Medias_-Avec-ou-sans-guillemets |date=20070929124252 }}, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 18 February 2004 {{fr icon}}</ref>
-''La traque de l’Affiche rouge'', a documentary produced by [[:fr:Denis Peschanski|Denis Peschanski]] and Jorge Amat, broadcast by [[France 2]] on 15 March 2007, refuted Courtois and Boucault's allegations.<ref>[[:fr:Denis Peschanski|Denis Peschanski]] – [[:fr:Jorge Amat|Jorge Amat]], ''La traque de l’Affiche rouge'', 72 minutes, compagnie des Phares et Balises en collaboration avec la Fondation Gabriel Péri et ''[[L’Humanité]]'', 2006. [http://www.phares-balises.fr/fiche_films.php?film=490 Resume of the film] {{fr icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.humanite.fr/2007-02-13_Societe_Les-heros-de-l-Affiche-rouge "Les héros de l’Affiche rouge"], ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 13 February 2007 {{fr icon}}</ref> Quoting the historian [[:fr:Denis Peschanski|Denis Peschanski]], who had access to new documents from the Russian, French and German archives, the new documentary alleged that the fall of the Manouchian Group had been due exclusively to the [[French police]]'s work. The two newly created branches of the ''[[Renseignements généraux]]'' (RG) intelligence agency—the ''Brigades spéciales'' 1 and 2—had trailed the Résistance fighters for months.  On 28 September 1943, [[Marcel Rayman]], with several others, shot and killed the SS General [[:fr:Julius Ritter|Julius von Ritter]].<ref>Susan Zuccotti, [http://books.google.com/books?id=M97m1tD272UC&pg=PA270&dq=%22julius+ritter%22+1943+marcel&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EqINUeLKCuGXyAGT5YCgAg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22julius%20ritter%22%201943%20marcel&f=false ''The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews''], University of Nebraska Press, 1999, p. 270; ISBN 0803299141</ref><ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/lerman/medal_award/award.php?content=france Jewish partisans in France], [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]. Accessed 2013-02-02.</ref>  Ritter organized the forced labor of the ''[[Service du travail obligatoire]]'' (STO). At that time, Rayman had already been under surveillance for two months.  The French [[Milice]] arrested and dismantled the Manouchian Group after the attack, aided by information given up by some members under [[torture]].
+''La traque de l’Affiche rouge'', a documentary produced by [[:fr:Denis Peschanski|Denis Peschanski]] and Jorge Amat, broadcast by [[France 2]] on 15 March 2007, refuted Courtois and Boucault's allegations.<ref>[[:fr:Denis Peschanski|Denis Peschanski]] – [[:fr:Jorge Amat|Jorge Amat]], ''La traque de l’Affiche rouge'', 72 minutes, compagnie des Phares et Balises en collaboration avec la Fondation Gabriel Péri et ''[[L’Humanité]]'', 2006. [http://www.phares-balises.fr/fiche_films.php?film=490 Resume of the film] {{fr icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.humanite.fr/2007-02-13_Societe_Les-heros-de-l-Affiche-rouge "Les héros de l’Affiche rouge"] {{wayback|url=http://www.humanite.fr/2007-02-13_Societe_Les-heros-de-l-Affiche-rouge |date=20070929134633 }}, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 13 February 2007 {{fr icon}}</ref> Quoting the historian [[:fr:Denis Peschanski|Denis Peschanski]], who had access to new documents from the Russian, French and German archives, the new documentary alleged that the fall of the Manouchian Group had been due exclusively to the [[French police]]'s work. The two newly created branches of the ''[[Renseignements généraux]]'' (RG) intelligence agency—the ''Brigades spéciales'' 1 and 2—had trailed the Résistance fighters for months.  On 28 September 1943, [[Marcel Rayman]], with several others, shot and killed the SS General [[:fr:Julius Ritter|Julius von Ritter]].<ref>Susan Zuccotti, [http://books.google.com/books?id=M97m1tD272UC&pg=PA270&dq=%22julius+ritter%22+1943+marcel&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EqINUeLKCuGXyAGT5YCgAg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22julius%20ritter%22%201943%20marcel&f=false ''The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews''], University of Nebraska Press, 1999, p. 270; ISBN 0803299141</ref><ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/lerman/medal_award/award.php?content=france Jewish partisans in France], [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]. Accessed 2013-02-02.</ref>  Ritter organized the forced labor of the ''[[Service du travail obligatoire]]'' (STO). At that time, Rayman had already been under surveillance for two months.  The French [[Milice]] arrested and dismantled the Manouchian Group after the attack, aided by information given up by some members under [[torture]].
 In September 2009, the dramatic film ''[[The Army of Crime|L'Armée du crime]]'' opened in France, featuring the story of the Manouchian Group. Directed by [[Robert Guédiguian]], a [[Marseille]]-based filmmaker of German and Armenian parentage, it was adapted from a story by Serge Le Péron. It reflects some of the divisions among the Résistance.<ref>[http://movies.nytimes.com/2010/08/20/movies/20army.html?pagewanted=2 STEPHEN HOLDEN, "'The Army of Crime': Outsiders in French Society, Battling Occupiers and Collaborators"], ''New York Times'', 19 Aug 2010, accessed 17 Nov 2010</ref>
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 == Bibliography ==
-*Benoît Raisky, ''L’Affiche rouge 21 février 1944, Ils n’étaient que des enfants.'', Éditions du Félin, 2004 ([http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Parution-Ces-etrangers-d-ici-Benoit review] by ''[[L'Humanité]]'')
+*Benoît Raisky, ''L’Affiche rouge 21 février 1944, Ils n’étaient que des enfants.'', Éditions du Félin, 2004 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131105/http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Parution-Ces-etrangers-d-ici-Benoit review] by ''[[L'Humanité]]'')
 == Films ==
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category|Groupe Manouchian}}
-* [http://www.humanite.fr/2009-09-16_Cultures_L-Armee-du-crime-Arsene-Tchakarian-S-emparer-de-la-verite L’Armée du crime. Arsène Tchakarian « S’emparer de la vérité»]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090926061305/http://www.humanite.fr:80/2009-09-16_Cultures_L-Armee-du-crime-Arsene-Tchakarian-S-emparer-de-la-verite L’Armée du crime. Arsène Tchakarian « S’emparer de la vérité»]
 * [http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/spip.php?article1332 L’Armée du crime: An Interview with Arsène Tchakarian (English language version of above article)]
 * [http://www.herodote.net/19440221.htm 21 février 1944: L'Affiche rouge (herodote.net)] {{fr icon}}
 * [http://www.netarmenie.com/histoire/dossiers/missak/index.php Missak Manouchian (netarmenie.com)] {{fr icon}}
-* [http://lorenz.ist.org/fba/document/manouchian.html Missak Manouchian - Ein armenischer Partisan] {{de icon}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050827120749/http://lorenz.ist.org:80/fba/document/manouchian.html Missak Manouchian - Ein armenischer Partisan] {{de icon}}
-* [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xiosm_laffiche-rouge-leo-ferre Song performed by Léo Ferré] {{fr icon}} ([[Daily Motion]])
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929203933/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xiosm_laffiche-rouge-leo-ferre Song performed by Léo Ferré] {{fr icon}} ([[Daily Motion]])
-* [http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_-Vingt-et-trois-etrangers-et-nos-freres-pourtant "Vingt et trois étrangers et nos frères pourtant"] in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134420/http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_-Vingt-et-trois-etrangers-et-nos-freres-pourtant "Vingt et trois étrangers et nos frères pourtant"] in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}
-* [http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Henri-Karayan-Notre-groupe-etait-l Interview of Henri Karayan, former member of the Manouchian Group] in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111152/http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Henri-Karayan-Notre-groupe-etait-l Interview of Henri Karayan, former member of the Manouchian Group] in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}
-* [http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Julien-Laupretre-Manouchian-etait Julien Lauprêtre : "Manouchian était dans ma cellule… et je ne le savais pas"] in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131936/http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Julien-Laupretre-Manouchian-etait Julien Lauprêtre : "Manouchian était dans ma cellule… et je ne le savais pas"] in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}
-* [http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Rino-Della-Negra-ailier-droit Rino Della Negra, ailier droit résistant], article on one of the member of the Manuchian Group, in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100520025536/http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-l-Affiche-rouge-Rino-Della-Negra-ailier-droit Rino Della Negra, ailier droit résistant], article on one of the member of the Manuchian Group, in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}
-* [http://www.humanite.fr/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-Les-nouvelles-censures-Par-Pascal-Convert-Sculpteur Les nouvelles censures Par Pascal Convert Sculpteur, plasticien, concepteur du monument à la mémoire des résistants et otages fusillés au Mont Valérien, auteur du documentaire Mont-Valérien, aux noms des fusillés.] in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070913080545/http://www.humanite.fr:80/2004-02-21_Politique_Resistance-Les-nouvelles-censures-Par-Pascal-Convert-Sculpteur Les nouvelles censures Par Pascal Convert Sculpteur, plasticien, concepteur du monument à la mémoire des résistants et otages fusillés au Mont Valérien, auteur du documentaire Mont-Valérien, aux noms des fusillés.] in ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 21 February 2004 {{fr icon}}
-*[http://www.humanite.fr/IMG/pdf/07-02-13.pdf Présentation en avant-première du nouveau hors-série de l’Humanité]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221213/http://www.humanite.fr/IMG/pdf/07-02-13.pdf Présentation en avant-première du nouveau hors-série de l’Humanité]
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