Computer networking: Difference between revisions
Revert to revision 74078083 dated 2006-09-06 04:58:24 by Teke using popups |
|||
Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
* [[Client-server]] |
* [[Client-server]] |
||
* [[Peer-to-peer]] (Workgroup) |
* [[Peer-to-peer]] (Workgroup) |
||
dewoo |
|||
===By [[network topology]]=== |
===By [[network topology]]=== |
Revision as of 04:38, 7 September 2006
Computer networking is the scientific and engineering discipline concerned with communication between computer systems. Such networks involve at least two devices capable of being networked with at least one usually being a computer. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Bluetooth) or thousands of kilometers (e.g. via the Internet). Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunications.
History
Carrying instructions between calculation machines and early computers was done by human users. In September, 1940 George Stibitz used a teletype machine to send instructions for a problem set from his Model K at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and received results back by the same means. Linking output systems like teletypes to computers was an interest at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) when, in 1962, J.C.R. Licklider was hired and developed a working group he called the "Intergalactic Network", a precursor to the ARPANet. In 1964, researchers at Dartmouth developed the Dartmouth Time Sharing System for distributed users of large computer systems. The same year, at MIT, a research group supported by General Electric and Bell Labs used a computer (DEC's PDP-8) to route and manage telephone connections. In 1968 Paul Baran proposed a network system consisting of datagrams or packets that could be used in a packet switching network between computer systems. In 1969 the University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah were connected as the beginning of the ARPANet network using 50 kbit/s circuits.
Networks, and the technologies needed to connect and communicate through and between them, continue to drive computer hardware, software, and peripherals industries. This expansion is mirrored by growth in the numbers and types of users of networks from researchers
Categorizing
By scale
- Personal area network (PAN)
- Local area network (LAN)
- Campus area network (CAN)
- HomePNA
- Power line communication (HomePlug)
- Metropolitan area network (MAN)
- Wide area network (WAN)
By functional relationship
- Active Networking (Low-level code movement versus static data)
- Client-server
- Peer-to-peer (Workgroup)
dewoo
- Bus network
- Star network
- Ring network
- Mesh network
- Star-bus network
- Storage area networks
- Server farms
- Process control networks
- Value-added network
- SOHO network
- Wireless community network
- XML appliance
Protocol stacks
Computer networks may be implemented using a variety of protocol stack architectures, computer buses or combinations of media and protocol layers, incorporating one or more of:
- ARCNET
- AppleTalk
- ATM
- Bluetooth
- DECnet
- Ethernet
- FDDI
- Frame relay
- HIPPI
- IEEE 1394 aka FireWire, iLink
- IEEE 802.11 aka Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi certification)
- IEEE-488
- IP
- IPX
- Myrinet
- QsNet
- RS-232
- SPX
- System Network Architecture
- Token Ring
- TCP
- TCP Tuning for discussion of improving performance of same
- USB
- UDP
- X.25
For a list of more see Network protocols.
For standards see IEEE 802.
Suggested topics
Further reading for acquiring an in-depth understanding of computer networks include:
Layers
OSI model | TCP/IP model |
---|---|
Application layer | |
Network Access Layers | |
Wired transmission
- Public switched telephone network
- Modems and dialup
- Dedicated lines – leased lines
- ISDN
- DSL
- Time-division multiplexing(TDM)
- Packet switching
- Frame relay
- PDH
- Ethernet
- RS-232
- RS-485
- Optical fiber transmission
Wireless transmission
- Extreme Short range
- Short range
- Medium range
- Long range
Other
See also
References
- Larry Peterson, "Computer Networks" (ISBN 1-55860-832-X).
- Andrew S. Tanenbaum, "Computer Networks" (ISBN 0-13-349945-6).
- Important publications in computer networks
External links
- Easy Network Concepts (Linux kernel specific)
- Computer Networks and Protocol (Research document, 2006)
- Computer Networking Glossary