Bayou Corne sinkhole: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Map of Louisiana highlighting Assumption Parish.svg|thumb|alt=Louisiana with Assumption Parish highlighted.|Bayou Corne is located in Assumption Parish, the highlighted region of southern Louisiana]] |
[[File:Map of Louisiana highlighting Assumption Parish.svg|thumb|alt=Louisiana with Assumption Parish highlighted.|Bayou Corne is located in Assumption Parish, the highlighted region of southern Louisiana]] |
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The [[Napoleonville, Louisiana|Napoleonville]] Dome lies beneath Assumption Parish, and was characterized by 53 distinct caverns, six of which were operated by Texas Brine.<ref>{{cite web |
The [[Napoleonville, Louisiana|Napoleonville]] Dome lies beneath Assumption Parish, and was characterized by 53 distinct caverns, six of which were operated by Texas Brine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnr.louisiana.gov/assets/OC/BC_All_Updates/DOC.PDF |title=DNR Report on Napoleonville Salt Dome |author= |date=October 10, 2012 |publisher=The Examiner |accessdate=5 March 2014 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> One of these, Oxy3, owned by [[Occidental Petroleum]], was more than a mile below the surface. Oxy3 was less than 100 feet from the nearest oil and gas storage-sheath, a distance that, while unsafe, was not illegal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lasinkhole.wordpress.com/2013/09/17/how/ |title=How the Great Louisiana Sinkhole Came To Be |date=September 17, 2013 |publisher=The Louisiana Sinkhole Bugle |accessdate=5 March 2014}}</ref> In 2010, Texas Brine applied for a permit to expand Oxy3. Its subsequent pressure tests were unsatisfactory, yet the company felt that the cavern would be able to withstand the pressure regardless.<ref name="Murphy Atlantic">{{cite web|last=Murphy|first=Tim|title=Meet the Town Being Swallowed Up By a Sinkhole|url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2013/08/meet-town-s-being-swallowed-sinkhole/6457/|publisher=The Atlantic|accessdate=March 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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==The incident== |
==The incident== |
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==Expansion== |
==Expansion== |
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When first the sinkhole appeared, it spanned a [[hectare]] (2.5 acres).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH21C..05J |title=Measurement of Sinkhole Formation and Progression with InSAR |author=Jones, CE |publisher=American Geophysical Union|date=Fall 2013 |accessdate=29 March 2014}}</ref> As of late February 2014, the sinkhole is 26 acres and growing.<ref name="Expansion">{{cite web|last = Stanley|first = Charlton|title = Bayou Corne Sinkhole: an Update on the Louisiana Enviornmental Disaster|url = http://jonathanturley.org/2014/01/11/bayou-corne-sinkhole-an-update-on-the-louisiana-enviornmental-disaster/|accessdate = October 6, 2015|website = January 11, 2014}}</ref> Texas Brine is still responsible for managing the sinkhole and has burned off 25 million cubic feet of gas in an attempt to deplete the escaping reserves.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.texasbrine.com/response/|title = Bayou Corne Incident|author = Texas Brine|publisher = Texas Brine|date = January 22, 2015|accessdate = 6 October 2015}}</ref> Areas in the vicinity of Bayou Corne have demonstrated a similar, bubbling-up phenomenon, though as of yet no definite connection has been made between these and the original sinkhole.<ref name=Bubbles>{{cite web|last=Associated Press|title=New Bubbles Found In Bayou Corne Area Sinkhol|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/feb/26/new-bubbles-found-in-bayou-corne-area-sinkhole/?page=all|accessdate=April 10, 2014}}</ref> Scientists have no conclusive answer to when the evacuation orders—largely dependent on the escaping methane gas—will be lifted, yet 3D seismic surveys completed at the beginning of January 2014 show that the sinkhole’s expansion is slowing as it begins to stabilize.<ref>{{cite web |
When first the sinkhole appeared, it spanned a [[hectare]] (2.5 acres).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH21C..05J |title=Measurement of Sinkhole Formation and Progression with InSAR |author=Jones, CE |publisher=American Geophysical Union|date=Fall 2013 |accessdate=29 March 2014}}</ref> As of late February 2014, the sinkhole is 26 acres and growing.<ref name="Expansion">{{cite web|last = Stanley|first = Charlton|title = Bayou Corne Sinkhole: an Update on the Louisiana Enviornmental Disaster|url = http://jonathanturley.org/2014/01/11/bayou-corne-sinkhole-an-update-on-the-louisiana-enviornmental-disaster/|accessdate = October 6, 2015|website = January 11, 2014}}</ref> Texas Brine is still responsible for managing the sinkhole and has burned off 25 million cubic feet of gas in an attempt to deplete the escaping reserves.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.texasbrine.com/response/|title = Bayou Corne Incident|author = Texas Brine|publisher = Texas Brine|date = January 22, 2015|accessdate = 6 October 2015}}</ref> Areas in the vicinity of Bayou Corne have demonstrated a similar, bubbling-up phenomenon, though as of yet no definite connection has been made between these and the original sinkhole.<ref name=Bubbles>{{cite web|last=Associated Press|title=New Bubbles Found In Bayou Corne Area Sinkhol|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/feb/26/new-bubbles-found-in-bayou-corne-area-sinkhole/?page=all|accessdate=April 10, 2014}}</ref> Scientists have no conclusive answer to when the evacuation orders—largely dependent on the escaping methane gas—will be lifted, yet 3D seismic surveys completed at the beginning of January 2014 show that the sinkhole’s expansion is slowing as it begins to stabilize.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theadvocate.com/home/8602887-125/sinkhole-showing-signs-of-stabilizing |title=Sinkhole Shows Signs of Stabilizing, Expert Says |author=David J Mitchell |publisher=The Advocate |date=March 13, 2014 |accessdate=13 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090333/http://theadvocate.com/home/8602887-125/sinkhole-showing-signs-of-stabilizing |archivedate=7 April 2014 |df= }}</ref> Aside from the methane escaping via bubbles to the surface, the sinkhole has a tendency to “burp” up debris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNG11A1577N |title=Bubbles, Bubbles, Tremors & Trouble: The Bayou Corne Sinkhole |author=Nunn, JA |publisher=American Geophysical Union|date=Fall 2013 |accessdate=29 March 2014}}</ref> This is how its expansion is patterned. Seismic activity will occur, causing it to eject some debris—both solid matter and oil—which makes room for more to slough into the hole, including dirt and trees.<ref name="Murphy Atlantic" /> |
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==Impact== |
==Impact== |
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The residents of Bayou Corne, who as of March 2014 have been evacuated for 19 months, have involved themselves in a protracted legal battle with Texas Brine.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stride|first=Megan|title=Class Action Blames Texas Brine For La. Sinkhole|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/369431|publisher=LexisNexis Law360|accessdate=2014-04-10}}</ref> From the start of the evacuation, each resident received weekly checks from Texas Brine for $875 per week.<ref>{{cite web|title=Texas Brine to pay sinkhole evacuees $875 per week|url=http://www.katc.com/news/texas-brine-to-pay-sinkhole-evacuees-875-per-week/|publisher=KATC News|accessdate=April 10, 2014}}</ref> Some residents receive these checks without having even left the town, in defiance of the evacuation order.<ref name="Murphy Atlantic" /> One such resident, Mike Schaff, said of Texas Brine’s financial settlement option “They think we’re just a bunch of ignorant coonasses." <ref name="Murphy Atlantic" /> Nine months after the evacuation, Governor Jindal threatened to sue Texas Brine unless they offered a buyout option to residents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Governor Bobby Jindal: State Suing Texas Brine for Environmental Damage Caused by Failed Texas Brine Cavern|url=http://gov.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=newsroom&tmp=detail&articleID=4173|publisher=State of Louisiana Office of the Governor|accessdate=April 10, 2014}}</ref> Accordingly, Texas Brine offered to deal with the 350 affected residents. As of March 2014, 65 people had accepted some form of buyout.<ref name="Texas Brine">{{cite web|title=Texas Brine Updated Objectives Facts Sheet|url=http://www.texasbrine.com/response/Response_Objectives_Update_Factsheet-030614.pdf|publisher=Texas Brine, LLC.|accessdate=April 10, 2014}}</ref> Others have opted to join a class-action lawsuit against Texas Brine which was set to go to trial in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |
The residents of Bayou Corne, who as of March 2014 have been evacuated for 19 months, have involved themselves in a protracted legal battle with Texas Brine.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stride|first=Megan|title=Class Action Blames Texas Brine For La. Sinkhole|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/369431|publisher=LexisNexis Law360|accessdate=2014-04-10}}</ref> From the start of the evacuation, each resident received weekly checks from Texas Brine for $875 per week.<ref>{{cite web|title=Texas Brine to pay sinkhole evacuees $875 per week |url=http://www.katc.com/news/texas-brine-to-pay-sinkhole-evacuees-875-per-week/ |publisher=KATC News |accessdate=April 10, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140844/http://www.katc.com/news/texas-brine-to-pay-sinkhole-evacuees-875-per-week/ |archivedate=April 13, 2014 |df= }}</ref> Some residents receive these checks without having even left the town, in defiance of the evacuation order.<ref name="Murphy Atlantic" /> One such resident, Mike Schaff, said of Texas Brine’s financial settlement option “They think we’re just a bunch of ignorant coonasses." <ref name="Murphy Atlantic" /> Nine months after the evacuation, Governor Jindal threatened to sue Texas Brine unless they offered a buyout option to residents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Governor Bobby Jindal: State Suing Texas Brine for Environmental Damage Caused by Failed Texas Brine Cavern|url=http://gov.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=newsroom&tmp=detail&articleID=4173|publisher=State of Louisiana Office of the Governor|accessdate=April 10, 2014}}</ref> Accordingly, Texas Brine offered to deal with the 350 affected residents. As of March 2014, 65 people had accepted some form of buyout.<ref name="Texas Brine">{{cite web|title=Texas Brine Updated Objectives Facts Sheet|url=http://www.texasbrine.com/response/Response_Objectives_Update_Factsheet-030614.pdf|publisher=Texas Brine, LLC.|accessdate=April 10, 2014}}</ref> Others have opted to join a class-action lawsuit against Texas Brine which was set to go to trial in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theadvocate.com/home/7514012-125/lawyers-push-forward-with-lawsuits |title=Lawyers Push Forward With Lawsuits |author=David J. Mitchell |date=November 20, 2013 |publisher=The Advocate |accessdate=5 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090211/http://theadvocate.com/home/7514012-125/lawyers-push-forward-with-lawsuits |archivedate=7 April 2014 |df= }}</ref> The ecological effects of these developments on local flora and fauna are yet unstudied, but the sinkhole continues to destroy nearby cypress trees, swallowing them during expansion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theadvocate.com/home/8740777-125/bayou-corne-sinkhole-swallows-six |title=Bayou Corne sinkhole swallows six more trees |author=River Parishes Bureau |date=March 27, 2014 |publisher=The Advocate |accessdate=29 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090208/http://theadvocate.com/home/8740777-125/bayou-corne-sinkhole-swallows-six |archivedate=7 April 2014 |df= }}</ref> ''[[The Atlantic]]''’s Tim Murphy has summarized the incident thusly: “Bayou Corne is the biggest ongoing industrial disaster in the United States you haven't heard of.” <ref name="Murphy Atlantic" /> |
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One class-action lawsuit led to a proposed $48.1 million settlement in 2014, although some residents felt that the legal fees to be awarded ($12.03 million) were too high a percentage of the total.<ref>http://theadvocate.com/news/ascension/12053121-123/judge-listens-to-complaints-from</ref> |
One class-action lawsuit led to a proposed $48.1 million settlement in 2014, although some residents felt that the legal fees to be awarded ($12.03 million) were too high a percentage of the total.<ref>http://theadvocate.com/news/ascension/12053121-123/judge-listens-to-complaints-from</ref> |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [http://assumptionla.com/bayoucorne Assumption Parish information page] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130731062704/http://assumptionla.com:80/bayoucorne Assumption Parish information page] |
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* [http://www.gohsep.la.gov/bayoucorne.aspx Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness response Bayou Corne incident] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130615142432/http://www.gohsep.la.gov/bayoucorne.aspx Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness response Bayou Corne incident] |
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* [http://dnr.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=pagebuilder&tmp=home&pid=939&pnid=0&nid=172 Louisiana Department of Natural Resources – Bayou Corne incident] |
* [http://dnr.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=pagebuilder&tmp=home&pid=939&pnid=0&nid=172 Louisiana Department of Natural Resources – Bayou Corne incident]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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* [http://www.texasbrine.com/response/ Texas Brine Company – Bayou Corne Incident page] |
* [http://www.texasbrine.com/response/ Texas Brine Company – Bayou Corne Incident page] |
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* [http://classic.edsuite.com/proposals/proposals_280/sinkhole_profile_100412_fi_493.pdf Texas Brine Sinkhole Profile] |
* [http://classic.edsuite.com/proposals/proposals_280/sinkhole_profile_100412_fi_493.pdf Texas Brine Sinkhole Profile] |
Revision as of 04:49, 29 October 2016
Bayou Corne Sinkhole | |
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![]() Image of Bayou Corne taken from canoe | |
Location | Assumption Parish, Louisiana |
Coordinates | 30°0′40″N 91°8′35″W / 30.01111°N 91.14306°W |
First flooded | August 3, 2012 |
Surface area | 37 acres (15 ha) |
Max. depth | at least 750 ft (230 m) |
The Bayou Corne Sinkhole was created from a collapsed underground salt dome cavern operated by Texas Brine Company and owned by Occidental Petroleum. The sinkhole, located in northern Assumption Parish, Louisiana, was discovered on August 3, 2012, and 350 nearby residents were advised to evacuate.[1] Scientists have stated that the evacuation order could last for years.[2]
Background
Bayous such as Bayou Corne were largely settled by the Acadians in the late 1700s, who were attracted to the locations for its economic potential as an alligator and crawfish nesting site.[3] Beneath much of the state of Louisiana, including these bayous, are salt domes, gigantic deposits left during the formation of the North American continent. These domes vary wildly in scale and depth, some as much as 35,000 feet below the surface and as large as Mount Everest.[4] With such depths and dimensions, these domes are naturally under thousands of pounds per square inch of pressure.[5]
The economic value of salt domes has been exploited for centuries.[6] Salt mining has been going on in Louisiana since the Antebellum period, and in the 20th century, the government began using these underground salt caverns as storage reservoirs for crude oil.[7] Where there is a juncture of mining, petroleum engineering, and drilling, care must be taken to maintain stability, so as to prevent a disaster as happened at Lake Peigneur.[8]
![Louisiana with Assumption Parish highlighted.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_Louisiana_highlighting_Assumption_Parish.svg/220px-Map_of_Louisiana_highlighting_Assumption_Parish.svg.png)
The Napoleonville Dome lies beneath Assumption Parish, and was characterized by 53 distinct caverns, six of which were operated by Texas Brine.[9] One of these, Oxy3, owned by Occidental Petroleum, was more than a mile below the surface. Oxy3 was less than 100 feet from the nearest oil and gas storage-sheath, a distance that, while unsafe, was not illegal.[10] In 2010, Texas Brine applied for a permit to expand Oxy3. Its subsequent pressure tests were unsatisfactory, yet the company felt that the cavern would be able to withstand the pressure regardless.[11]
The incident
In June 2012, residents of Bayou Corne began to notice unusual phenomena; the ground was prone to shaking and bubbles began to arise from the water.[11] The US Geological Survey noted an increase in seismic activity,[12] but could not point to an exact source or cause. The local government sent in experts, who suspected a natural gas pipeline leak, but that assumption proved false.[11] As the symptoms worsened towards the end of July, Texas Brine officially denied the likelihood of a sinkhole. Oxy3 had begun to cave-in.[11]
Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal issued an evacuation order on August 3, 2012 after residents reported smells of crude oil throughout the town.[13] Texas Brine investigated the situation by drilling a relief well and found that the outer wall of the salt dome had collapsed, allowing sediment to pour into the cavern and oil and gas to escape to the surface, causing the shaking and bubbles residents had observed.[14]
Expansion
When first the sinkhole appeared, it spanned a hectare (2.5 acres).[15] As of late February 2014, the sinkhole is 26 acres and growing.[16] Texas Brine is still responsible for managing the sinkhole and has burned off 25 million cubic feet of gas in an attempt to deplete the escaping reserves.[17] Areas in the vicinity of Bayou Corne have demonstrated a similar, bubbling-up phenomenon, though as of yet no definite connection has been made between these and the original sinkhole.[18] Scientists have no conclusive answer to when the evacuation orders—largely dependent on the escaping methane gas—will be lifted, yet 3D seismic surveys completed at the beginning of January 2014 show that the sinkhole’s expansion is slowing as it begins to stabilize.[19] Aside from the methane escaping via bubbles to the surface, the sinkhole has a tendency to “burp” up debris.[20] This is how its expansion is patterned. Seismic activity will occur, causing it to eject some debris—both solid matter and oil—which makes room for more to slough into the hole, including dirt and trees.[11]
Impact
The residents of Bayou Corne, who as of March 2014 have been evacuated for 19 months, have involved themselves in a protracted legal battle with Texas Brine.[21] From the start of the evacuation, each resident received weekly checks from Texas Brine for $875 per week.[22] Some residents receive these checks without having even left the town, in defiance of the evacuation order.[11] One such resident, Mike Schaff, said of Texas Brine’s financial settlement option “They think we’re just a bunch of ignorant coonasses." [11] Nine months after the evacuation, Governor Jindal threatened to sue Texas Brine unless they offered a buyout option to residents.[23] Accordingly, Texas Brine offered to deal with the 350 affected residents. As of March 2014, 65 people had accepted some form of buyout.[24] Others have opted to join a class-action lawsuit against Texas Brine which was set to go to trial in 2014.[25] The ecological effects of these developments on local flora and fauna are yet unstudied, but the sinkhole continues to destroy nearby cypress trees, swallowing them during expansion.[26] The Atlantic’s Tim Murphy has summarized the incident thusly: “Bayou Corne is the biggest ongoing industrial disaster in the United States you haven't heard of.” [11] One class-action lawsuit led to a proposed $48.1 million settlement in 2014, although some residents felt that the legal fees to be awarded ($12.03 million) were too high a percentage of the total.[27]
In September 2014, Texas Brine requested a permit to discharge wastewater back into the Bayou Corne sinkhole in an effort to fix some of the damage it has caused, which sent former and current residents of the town into a frenzy as a heated debate ensued over whether the company believed to be responsible for severe damage and loss of homes should be given permission to tamper more with an area already considered to be "deeply contaminated," as environmental activist Nara Crowley stated.[28]
In July 2015, Texas Brine began a series of lawsuits against Occidental Petroleum, claiming that an oil well drilled by Occidental Petroleum in 1986 triggered the cavern wall break that led to the creation of the sinkhole. Texas Brine is currently seeking $100 million in damages from Occidental Petroleum over the issue.[29]
See also
References
- ^ WVUE. "Bayou Corne Sinkhole Evacuation Reduced from Mandatory to Voluntary for just 2 of 159 Homes". Fox 8 New Orleans. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ Cusanza, Kris. "Bayou Corne evacuation order could last for years". NBC33. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ^ Hebert, Tim. "Exile Destination: Louisiana". Acadian Cajun Genealogy & History. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
- ^ Beckman, Jeffery. "USGS Report On Gulf Coast Salt Domes" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ King, Hobart. "What is a Salt Dome?". Geology.com. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
- ^ Freeman, Shanna. "How Salt Works". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
- ^ "Strategic Petroleum Reserve". Office of Fossil Energy. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
- ^ Bellows, Alan. "Lake Peigneur: The Swirling Vortex of Doom". Retrieved 2014-04-10.
- ^ "DNR Report on Napoleonville Salt Dome" (PDF). The Examiner. October 10, 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2014.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "How the Great Louisiana Sinkhole Came To Be". The Louisiana Sinkhole Bugle. September 17, 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Murphy, Tim. "Meet the Town Being Swallowed Up By a Sinkhole". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ Baig, A.M. "Characterizing Micro- and Macro-Scale Seismicity from Bayou Corne, Louisiana". NASA Astrophysics Data System. American Geophysical Union. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
- ^ "Evacuation Proclamation" (PDF). August 3, 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ Savage, Karen. "Mysterious environmental disaster unfolding in Louisiana bayou community atop gas storage caves". The Institute for Southern Studies. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
- ^ Jones, CE (Fall 2013). "Measurement of Sinkhole Formation and Progression with InSAR". American Geophysical Union. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ Stanley, Charlton. "Bayou Corne Sinkhole: an Update on the Louisiana Enviornmental Disaster". January 11, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
- ^ Texas Brine (January 22, 2015). "Bayou Corne Incident". Texas Brine. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
- ^ Associated Press. "New Bubbles Found In Bayou Corne Area Sinkhol". Retrieved April 10, 2014.
- ^ David J Mitchell (March 13, 2014). "Sinkhole Shows Signs of Stabilizing, Expert Says". The Advocate. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Nunn, JA (Fall 2013). "Bubbles, Bubbles, Tremors & Trouble: The Bayou Corne Sinkhole". American Geophysical Union. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ Stride, Megan. "Class Action Blames Texas Brine For La. Sinkhole". LexisNexis Law360. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
- ^ "Texas Brine to pay sinkhole evacuees $875 per week". KATC News. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Governor Bobby Jindal: State Suing Texas Brine for Environmental Damage Caused by Failed Texas Brine Cavern". State of Louisiana Office of the Governor. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
- ^ "Texas Brine Updated Objectives Facts Sheet" (PDF). Texas Brine, LLC. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
- ^ David J. Mitchell (November 20, 2013). "Lawyers Push Forward With Lawsuits". The Advocate. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ River Parishes Bureau (March 27, 2014). "Bayou Corne sinkhole swallows six more trees". The Advocate. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ http://theadvocate.com/news/ascension/12053121-123/judge-listens-to-complaints-from
- ^ Nunn, Jeffrey A. "Bubble, Bubble, Tremors, and Trouble: The Bayou Corne Sinkhole in Assumption Parish, Louisiana." (2014): 303-317.
- ^ Jones, Cathleen E., and Ronald Blom. "Pre-event and post-formation ground movement associated with the Bayou Corne sinkhole." (2015).