Juglandaceae: Difference between revisions

Juglandaceae
	Juglans regia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Juglandaceae; DC. ex Perleb
Type genus
	Juglans; L.
Subfamilies
	See text
	The range of subfamily Engelhardioideae.
	The range of subfamily Juglandoideae.
Synonyms
	Platycaryaceae Nakai ex Doweld; Pterocaryaceae Nakai, nom. inval.; Rhoipteleaceae Hand.-Mazz. 1932, nom. cons.;

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The Juglandaceae are a family, known as the walnut family, of trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. Various members of this family are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia. Members of the walnut family have large, aromatic leaves that are usually alternate, but opposite in Alfaroa and Oreomunnea. The leaves are pinnately compound or ternate, and usually 20–100 cm long.

The trees are wind-pollinated, and the flowers are usually arranged in catkins.

The nine or ten genera in the family have a total of ca 50 species,^[3] and include the commercially important nut-producing trees walnut (Juglans), pecan (Carya illinoinensis), and hickory (Carya). The Persian walnut, Juglans regia, is one of the major nut crops of the world. Walnut, hickory, and gaulin are also valuable timber trees.

Taxonomy

The known living genera are grouped into subfamilies, tribes, and subtribes as follows:^[4]

Subfamily Rhoipteleoideae Reveal
- Rhoiptelea Diels & Hand.-Mazz. 1932^[5]
Subfamily Engelhardioideae Iljinskaya 1990
- Alfaroa Standl. 1927—gaulin
- Engelhardia Lesch. ex Blume 1825–1826—cheo
- Oreomunnea Oerst. 1856
Subfamily Juglandoideae Eaton 1836
- Tribe Platycaryeae Nakai 1933
  - Platycarya Siebold & Zucc. 1843
- Tribe Juglandeae Rchb. 1832
  - Subtribe Caryinae D.E. Stone & P. S. Manos 2001
    - Carya Nutt. 1818—hickory and pecan
    - Annamocarya A.Chev. 1941 (sometimes included in Carya)
  - Subtribe Juglandinae D.E. Stone & P. S. Manos 2001
    - Cyclocarya Iljinsk 1953—wheel wingnut
    - Juglans L. 1753—walnut
    - Pterocarya Kunth 1824—wingnut

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:^[6]

Myricaceae (outgroup)

Juglandaceae

	Alfaroa

	Oreomunnea

Juglandoideae

	Carya

	Annamocarya

Platycarya

Cyclocarya

	Pterocarya

	Juglans

Fruits

Some fruits are borderline and difficult to categorize. Hickory nuts (Carya) and walnuts (Juglans) grow within an outer husk; these fruits are sometimes considered to be drupes or drupaceous nuts, rather than true botanical nuts. "Tryma" is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes.^[7]^[8]

The fruits of the Juglandaceae are often confused with drupes but are accessory fruit because the outer covering of the fruit is technically an involucre and thus not morphologically part of the carpel; this means it can not be a drupe but is instead a drupe-like nut. These odd nuts fall into two different types: in the walnut genus (Juglans), it is a pseudodrupe and in the hickory genus (Carya), it is a tryma.^[9]

References

^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
^ "Family: Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
^ Manos, P. S.; D. E. Stone (2001). "Evolution, phylogeny and systematics of the Juglandaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 88: 231–269. doi:10.2307/2666226.
^ "GRIN Genera of Juglandaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
^ Xiang X-G, Wang W, Li R-Q, Lin L, Liu Y, Zhou Z-K, Li Z-Y, Chen Z-D. (2014). "Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 16: 101–110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Armstrong, W.P. "Identification Of Major Fruit Types". Wayne's World. Archived from the original on 2011-11-20. Retrieved 2011-11-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Armstrong, W.P. (2009-03-15). "Fruits Called Nuts". Wayne's World. Archived from the original on 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2011-11-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ John Derek Bewley, Michael Black, Peter Halmer (2006) The Encyclopedia of Seeds: Science, Technology And Uses

External links

[APGIII2009-1] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.

[GRIN-2] "Family: Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Retrieved 2011-11-17.

[Christenhusz-Byng2016-3] Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.

[4] Manos, P. S.; D. E. Stone (2001). "Evolution, phylogeny and systematics of the Juglandaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 88: 231–269. doi:10.2307/2666226.

[GRINGenera-5] "GRIN Genera of Juglandaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-11-17.

[6] Xiang X-G, Wang W, Li R-Q, Lin L, Liu Y, Zhou Z-K, Li Z-Y, Chen Z-D. (2014). "Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 16: 101–110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[7] Armstrong, W.P. "Identification Of Major Fruit Types". Wayne's World. Archived from the original on 2011-11-20. Retrieved 2011-11-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[8] Armstrong, W.P. (2009-03-15). "Fruits Called Nuts". Wayne's World. Archived from the original on 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2011-11-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[9] John Derek Bewley, Michael Black, Peter Halmer (2006) The Encyclopedia of Seeds: Science, Technology And Uses

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@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 ==Fruits==
 [[Image:Walnut03.jpg|right|thumb|Nut of ''[[Juglans regia]]'']]
-Some fruits are borderline and difficult to categorize.  Hickory nuts (''[[Carya (genus)|Carya]]'') and walnuts (''[[Juglans]]'')  grow within an outer husk; these fruits are sometimes considered to be [[drupe]]s or drupaceous nuts, rather than true botanical nuts.  "Tryma" is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/fruitid1.htm |first=W.P. |last=Armstrong |title=Identification Of Major Fruit Types |publisher=Wayne's World |accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph8.htm |first=W.P. |last=Armstrong |title=Fruits Called Nuts |publisher=Wayne's World |date=2009-03-15 |accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>
+Some fruits are borderline and difficult to categorize.  Hickory nuts (''[[Carya (genus)|Carya]]'') and walnuts (''[[Juglans]]'')  grow within an outer husk; these fruits are sometimes considered to be [[drupe]]s or drupaceous nuts, rather than true botanical nuts.  "Tryma" is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/fruitid1.htm |first=W.P. |last=Armstrong |title=Identification Of Major Fruit Types |publisher=Wayne's World |accessdate=2011-11-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120221956/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/fruitid1.htm |archivedate=2011-11-20 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph8.htm |first=W.P. |last=Armstrong |title=Fruits Called Nuts |publisher=Wayne's World |date=2009-03-15 |accessdate=2011-11-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419013128/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph8.htm |archivedate=2012-04-19 |df= }}</ref>
 The fruits of the Juglandaceae are often confused with [[drupes]] but are [[accessory fruit]] because the outer covering of the fruit is technically an [[involucral bract|involucre]] and thus not morphologically part of the carpel; this means it can not be a drupe but is instead a drupe-like nut. These odd nuts fall into two different types: in the walnut genus ([[Juglans (genus)|Juglans]]), it is a pseudodrupe and in the hickory genus ([[Carya (genus)|Carya]]), it is a tryma.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aE414KuXu4gC&pg=PA250&lpg=PA250&dq=involucre+walnut&source=bl&ots=QxhcEE2OpO&sig=J_AgO4H7skALX8TBXF5sLqZQ9s0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=C_4DUYmnOoL09gTvtIHYDA&ved=0CGAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=involucre%20walnut&f=false John Derek Bewley, Michael Black, Peter Halmer (2006) ''The Encyclopedia of Seeds: Science, Technology And Uses'']</ref>