Operation Sailor Hat: Difference between revisions
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[[File:TNT detonation on Kahoolawe Island during Operation Sailoir Hat, sjot Bravo, 1965.jpg|right|thumb|Detonation for Shot "Bravo", first of a series of three test explosions. USS Atlanta is moored in the left center. Note the shock wave spreading over the water just beyond the ship, and the shock condensation cloud lifting overhead.]] |
[[File:TNT detonation on Kahoolawe Island during Operation Sailoir Hat, sjot Bravo, 1965.jpg|right|thumb|Detonation for Shot "Bravo", first of a series of three test explosions. USS Atlanta is moored in the left center. Note the shock wave spreading over the water just beyond the ship, and the shock condensation cloud lifting overhead.]] |
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A central timing and firing system was on board Atlanta to direct photo planes, smoke rockets and hundreds of recording instruments, the synchronization of which was essential. The test shots resembled a small nuclear explosion, creating a shock wave on the water and an expanding shock condensation cloud. The fireball and mushroom cloud were present |
A central timing and firing system was on board Atlanta to direct photo planes, smoke rockets and hundreds of recording instruments, the synchronization of which was essential. The test shots resembled a small nuclear explosion, creating a shock wave on the water and an expanding shock condensation cloud. The fireball and mushroom cloud were present (but obviously no radiation or dangerous fallout was produced). The blast created an [[overpressure]] of 10 [[Pounds per square inch|psi]],<ref name=OSH_04/> a moving wall of highly compressed air with maximum wind speeds of 294 mph. An overpressure blast of that magnitude is sufficient to be lethal and is capable of destroying reinforced concrete buildings.<ref name=OSH_05/> Two blimps were also destroyed high above ground, and a life size mannequin placed on the deck facing the blast was violently thrown over.<ref name=OSH_06/> The first test Bravo also produced a large amount of rock ejecta that caused secondary damage. To solve this problem, the second shot was placed over a five foot mound of sand, and the last shot Delta was detonated over the previous crater that was back filled with 39,000 cubic yards of sand.<ref name=OSH_10/> |
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=== Effects === |
=== Effects === |
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Revision as of 18:28, 3 May 2017
| Operation Sailor Hat | |
|---|---|
 500 short tons (454 t) of TNT (17 × 34 feet) awaiting detonation at Operation Sailor Hat. The USS Atlanta is visible in the background. | |
| Information | |
| Country |  United States |
| Test site | Kahoʻolawe, Hawaii |
| Date | February 6 – June 19, 1965 |
| Number of tests | 3 |
| Test type | High Explosive Airblast |
| Device type | TNT Charge Dome Stack |
| Yield | 0.5 kilotons of TNT (2.1 TJ) |
Operation Sailor Hat was a series of explosives effects tests, conducted by the United States Navy Bureau of Ships under the sponsorship of the Defense Atomic Support Agency.[1] The tests consisted of two underwater explosions at San Clemente Island, California in 1964[2] and three surface explosions at Kahoʻolawe, Hawaii in 1965. They were non-nuclear tests employing large quantities of conventional explosives (i.e. TNT) to determine the effects of a nuclear weapon blast on naval vessels, and the first major test of this kind since Operation Crossroads in July 1946. Each "Sailor Hat" test at Kahoʻolawe consisted of a dome-stacked 500-short-ton (454 t) charge of TNT high explosive detonated on the shore close to the ships under test. However, since a TNT detonation releases energy more slowly than a nuclear explosion, the blast effect was equivalent to a 1 kiloton of TNT (4.2 TJ) nuclear weapon.[3] The main ship used for testing was the former Cleveland-class light cruiser USS Atlanta. In addition, the guided-missile destroyer leaders USS England and USS Dale, the guided-missile destroyers USS Cochrane, USS Benjamin Stoddert, and USS Towers, and the Royal Canadian Navy's escort destroyer HMCS Fraser all participated in the trial.[4] These were a mixture of the obsolete, Atlanta being built during WWII, and the recently constructed. The highly complex operation yielded data useful for determining and improving blast resistance of naval ships.
Background
When the Limited Test Ban Treaty came into effect in 1963, it prohibited nuclear testing in the atmosphere. The Defence Atomic Support Agency turned to alternative methods of generating airblast effects with high explosives.[5] The previous year in 1964, Operation Snowball was a 500 ton HE test on the Experimental Proving Ground in Alberta, Canada that provided technical information related to nuclear weapon detonation.[6] In 1963, DASA called on the Bureau of Ships to conduct a full scale explosives test with conventional chemical explosives and a test site had to be chosen.[1]
Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Territory of Hawaii was placed under martial law and the island of Kahoʻolawe was used as a training ground and fleet bombing and gunnery range.[7] This made it a natural choice for Operation Sailor Hat, since it also had deep waters close to shore and was only 90 miles away from the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard in Honolulu that could provide industrial support.[1]
Preparations
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A test platform was needed for the operation that could mount a variety of equipment and structures. The Light cruiser USS Atlanta was decommissioned in 1949 and placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, it was subsequently earmarked for disposal in 1962. However, after undergoing extensive modifications at San Francisco Naval Shipyard she was converted to a target ship (reinstated as IX-304) to study the effects of high energy air explosions. The hull was cut down to the main deck level and two different types of destroyer deckhouses and three mast arrays were fitted.[8][1] Representative destroyer systems for communication, detection, fire control and weapons systems were installed and an experimental reinforced fiberglass deckhouse was constructed for comparison with aluminum ones used at the time. It was noted that in such an unusual configuration the refitted Atlanta received many stares and comments while en route to the test site in Hawaii.[1]
The preparation of the charges was in itself an engineering feat. The TNT was supplied by the Naval Powder Factory in Hawthorne, NV that developed a method of producing high quality cast blocks from materials recovered from old torpedoes, mines and other weapons. A total of 90,000 4x12x12 inch blocks were produced for the tests. The Navy Construction Battalion Three had the hazardous task of carefully assembling 30,000 33⅓-pound TNT blocks into 34 foot hemispheres that reached a height of 17 feet for each of the three tests. The domes were placed on thin concrete pads close to shore.[1]
Tests
USS Atlanta was the primary close in target ship, while the others were stationed more distantly so that they could be repaired more readily. For each successive test, the Atlanta would be placed closer to ground zero thus receiving more damage.[1]
| Name | Date | Location | Type | Yield (short tons) | Ships Present |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | Mid November, 1964 | San Clemente Island | Underwater | 5t, 10t[9] | USS Atlanta |
| Bravo | 6 February, 1965 | Kahoʻolawe | Airburst | 500 t | USS Atlanta, USS Cochrane, HMCS Fraser |
| Charlie | 16 April, 1965 | Kahoʻolawe | Airburst | 500 t | USS Atlanta, USS England, USS Benjamin Stoddert, HMCS Fraser |
| Delta | 19 June, 1965 | Kahoʻolawe | Airburst | 500 t | USS Atlanta, USS Dale, USS Towers |
A central timing and firing system was on board Atlanta to direct photo planes, smoke rockets and hundreds of recording instruments, the synchronization of which was essential. The test shots resembled a small nuclear explosion, creating a shock wave on the water and an expanding shock condensation cloud. The fireball and mushroom cloud were present (but obviously no radiation or dangerous fallout was produced). The blast created an overpressure of 10 psi,[10] a moving wall of highly compressed air with maximum wind speeds of 294 mph. An overpressure blast of that magnitude is sufficient to be lethal and is capable of destroying reinforced concrete buildings.[11] Two blimps were also destroyed high above ground, and a life size mannequin placed on the deck facing the blast was violently thrown over.[12] The first test Bravo also produced a large amount of rock ejecta that caused secondary damage. To solve this problem, the second shot was placed over a five foot mound of sand, and the last shot Delta was detonated over the previous crater that was back filled with 39,000 cubic yards of sand.[1]
Effects
On USS Atlanta, over 500 high-speed cameras on the ship recorded the effects of the blast.[9] During the tests, the ship was manned by a 169-man navy crew and 60 scientific personnel who remained below deck. In spite of the topside damage, the crew below deck experienced only a shock equivalent to a nine gun 16-inch salvo from an Iowa-class battleship. Had there been personnel in the superstructures, they would have been violently thrown about. Topside, the SPS-37 and SPS-10 antennas as well as the URD-4 radio direction finder were torn off by the blast, while other structures were severely deformed. The AN/SPG-51 Tartar guided missile radar was put out of operation for one hour. While the anti-submarine ASROC launcher and Mark 32 torpedo tubes were damaged, the rockets and Mark 44 and Mark 46 torpedoes inside were intact. The Mark 25 torpedo tube was severely damaged, aluminum casting cracked, hold down blots elongated, the insulating blanket destroyed and the muzzle door sprung, but surprisingly, the tube remained operational. The tripod mast carrying electronics gear was destroyed and fell to the deck. On the blast side, components of the hardened deck house sustained a permanent 2 inch deflection. The entire DLG 16 deck-house between two levels was blown in after welds were ruptured.[10]
USS England was placed farthest from the blast center and thus experienced the least damage, the most serious of which was only a dent where a boulder had hit the ship. The shock wave reportedly caused the ship to move side to side by as much as 4 feet.[9]
On USS Cochrane, power was lost for 5 minutes after the ship was hit by the blast overpressure. She was able to restore power and return to Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard for a hull and systems inspection and to assess the effects of the blast. The yard was impressed with how well the blast was resisted. After some minor repairs (Both the 3-Dimensional AN/SPS-39 & 2-Dimensional AN/SPS-40 Air Search Radar Antennas had to be replaced) Cochrane was cleared for her first deployment.[13]
-
Shot Bravo, the first test, with the test ship Atlanta (IX-304) moored nearby. Note smoke or dust around the ship's foremast, and the shock wave perimeter expanding on the water beyond the ship. -
Shot Charlie, ready for detonation. USS Atlanta is moored in the background, with her bow facing left. -
Shot Charlie, the second of three test explosions. USS Atlanta is moored to the left of the blast, with her bow pointing to the left.
_with_500_ton-TNT_charge_in_April_1965.jpg)
,_Operation_Sailor_Hat,_shot_Charlie,_1965.jpg)
Results
The operation demonstrated that some components were vulnerable to air blast, while others proved quite resilient. However, only low cost improvements and minor design changes were needed without imposing unacceptable weight and cost factors or compromising operations. For example, although some antennas were incapacitated no new antenna design was required. The test data was also intended to be used in better damage range standoff predictions and to provide design and specification information for better survivability in combat.[10][1]
In addition to the projects directly associated with the ship evaluation program, various other projects were supported. These dealt with seismological effects, underwater acoustics, radio communications, cratering phenomena, free field air blast measurements, fireball generation, cloud growth and electromagnetic effects.[10]
The remaining crater left by the blast is called the "Sailor's Hat" crater and holds an anchialine pool containing Halocaridina rubra shrimp, which have adapted to the conditions in the crater.[14]
See also
- List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
- Minor Scale, largest non-nuclear test
- Misty Picture
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Reed, Cdr. S. C. (1 January 1966). "Naval Ship Systems Command Technical News". 15 (5–12). Naval Ship Systems Command, Department of the Navy: 54–56. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Bureau of Ships journal v.14". Bureau of Ships Journal: 25. January 1965. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ Defence's Nuclear Agency 1947 – 1997 (PDF). Washignton, DC: Defence Threat Reduction Agency. 2002. p. 190. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
- ^ "Naval Historical Center". Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ Defense Special Weapons Agency, 1947–1997 the first 50 years of national service. DIANE Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 9781428981508. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- ^ "Defence Research and Development Canada | News | DRDC's experimental proving ground supports CAF, allied readiness". www.drdc-rddc.gc.ca. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- ^ "Protect Kaho'olawe 'Ohana". Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ "Naval History and Heritage Command". Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ a b c "USS England official website". Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Swordfish Sailor Hat MK57 ASROC ASTOR SUBROC DOE Video #0800046". Youtube. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "Overpressure | Effects of Nuclear Weapons | atomicarchive.com". www.atomicarchive.com. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ^ Operation Sailorhat 1965. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
- ^ "USS Cochrane History". USS Cochrane. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ Brock, R.; J. Bailey-Brock (1997). "An Unique Anchialine Pool in the Hawaiian Islands". International Review of Hydrobiology. 83 (1): 65–75. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
External links
- "Photos of the Sailor Hat test in 1965". US Navy. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012.
- YouTube video of Operation Sailor Hat