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|region=[[Timor]] and neighboring islands
|region=[[Timor]] and neighboring islands
|familycolor=Papuan
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]?
|fam1=[[Trans–New Guinea]]?
|fam2=West Bomberai – Timor–Alor–Pantar?
|child1=[[Alor–Pantar languages|Alor–Pantar]]
|child1=[[Alor–Pantar languages|Alor–Pantar]]
|child2=[[East Timor languages|East Timor]]
|child2=[[East Timor languages|East Timor]]
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}}
}}


The '''Timor–Alor–Pantar languages''' are the [[Papuan languages|Papuan]] (non-Austronesian) languages of [[Timor]], especially the country of [[East Timor]], and neighboring islands.
The '''Timor–Alor–Pantar''' (TAP) languages are a [[language family|family]] of [[Papuan languages|Papuan]] (non-Austronesian) languages spoken [[Timor]], [[Kisar]], and the [[Alor archipelago]] in Southern Indonesia.


==Languages==
==Languages==
The languages are demonstrably related, with the Alor-Pantar languages forming a distinct subgroup.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holton|first1=Gary|last2=Klamer|first2=Marian|last3=Kratochvíl|first3=František|last4=Robinson|first4=Laura C.|last5=Schapper|first5=Antoinette|title=The historical relation of the Papuan languages of Alor and Pantar|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|date=2012|volume=51|issue=1|pages=87-122}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Schapper|first1=Antoinette|last2=Huber|first2=Juliette|last3=van Engelenhoven|first3=Aone|date=2012|contribution=The historical relation of the Papuan languages of Timor and Kisar|title=History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages|editor1-last=Hammarström|editor1-first=Harald|editor2-last=van der Heuvel|editor2-first=Wilco|location=Port Moresby||publisher=Linguistic Society of New Guinea}}</ref> The following conservative classification is from Ross (2005), Schapper et al. (2012), and Holton et al. (2012).
The languages are demonstrably related,<ref>Schapper et al. (2012) [https://www.academia.edu/1861441/The_historical_relations_of_the_Papuan_languages_of_Timor_and_Kisar The historical relation of the Papuan languages of Timor and Kisar]</ref> but many are not close.
The following conservative classification is from Ross (2005), Schapper et al. (2012), and Holton et al. (2012).<ref>Schapper et al. (2012) [https://www.academia.edu/1861441/The_historical_relations_of_the_Papuan_languages_of_Timor_and_Kisar The historical relation of the Papuan languages of Timor and Kisar]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holton|first1=Gary|last2=Klamer|first2=Marian|last3=Kratochvíl|first3=František|last4=Robinson|first4=Laura C.|last5=Schapper|first5=Antoinette|title=The historical relation of the Papuan languages of Alor and Pantar|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|date=2012|volume=51|issue=1|pages=87-122}}</ref>


* '''[[East Timor languages|East Timor]]''' (Oirata–Makasai) family
* '''[[East Timor languages|East Timor]]''' (Oirata–Makasai) family
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Ross (2005) believes these reflecting proto-[[Trans–New Guinea]] 1st and 2nd-person pronouns *na, *ni, *ga, *gi, and possibly the pTNG dual/inclusive *-pi-, but this has not been demonstrated to the satisfaction of other linguists, many of whom see Trans–New Guinea as a more limited family.
Ross (2005) suggest these pronouns reflect proto-[[Trans–New Guinea]] 1st person *na, *ni and 2nd person *ga, *gi, and possibly the pTNG dual/inclusive *-pi-, but this has not been demonstrated to the satisfaction of other linguists, many of whom view TImor-Alor-Pantar as a distinct family.<ref>{{Citation |first=Malcolm|last=Ross|date=2005|editor1-first=Andrew|editor1-last=Pawley|editor2-last=Attenborough|editor2-firstRobert|editor3-first=Jack|editor3-last=Golson|editor4-last=Hide|editor4-first=Robin|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|location=Canberra|contribution=Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages|title=Papuan Pasts: Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples}}</ref> In particular the pronoun relationships requires positing a "flip-flop" in which TNG 2nd person corresponds to TAP 3rd person pronouns.


==History and classification==
==History and classification==
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Despite their geographic proximity, the Papuan languages of Timor are not closely related, and demonstration of a relationship between any of them is difficult, apart from the clearly related [[Alor–Pantar languages]] on the islands neighboring Timor.
Despite their geographic proximity, the Papuan languages of Timor are not closely related, and demonstration of a relationship between any of them is difficult, apart from the clearly related [[Alor–Pantar languages]] on the islands neighboring Timor.


[[Arthur Capell]] first proposed that the Timor languages were a family in 1941, and Watuseke & Anceaux did the same for Timor–Alor–Pantar in 1973. Both units have been broken up in more recent classifications, though their ultimate relationship is generally accepted.
[[Arthur Capell]] first proposed that the Timor languages were a family in 1941, and Watuseke & Anceaux did the same for Timor–Alor–Pantar in 1973. Both units have been broken up in more recent classifications, though their ultimate relationship is generally accepted.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Capell|first1=Arthur|title=Peoples and languages of Timor|journal=Oceania|date=1944|volume=15|issue=3|pages=19-48}}</ref>


In 1957 HKL Cowan linked the Timor languages to the [[West Papuan languages|West Papuan]] family. However, when [[Stephen Wurm]] expanded Trans–New Guinea in 1975, he decided Timor–Alor–Pantar belonged there, and he linked it to the [[South Bird's Head languages]] in a South Bird's Head – Timor–Alor–Pantar branch of that phylum. Wurm noted similarities with West Papuan, a different family, but suggested this was due to [[substratum (linguistics)|substratum]] influence.
In 1957 HKL Cowan linked the Timor languages to the [[West Papuan languages|West Papuan]] family. However, when [[Stephen Wurm]] expanded Trans–New Guinea in 1975, he decided Timor–Alor–Pantar belonged there, and he linked it to the [[South Bird's Head languages]] in a South Bird's Head – Timor–Alor–Pantar branch of that phylum. Wurm noted similarities with West Papuan, a different family, but suggested this was due to [[substratum (linguistics)|substratum]] influence.


Ross (2005) classifies Timor–Alor–Pantar with the [[West Bomberai languages]], the two groups forming a branch within [[West Trans–New Guinea]].
Ross (2005) classifies Timor–Alor–Pantar with the [[West Bomberai languages]], the two groups forming a branch within [[West Trans–New Guinea]]. Based on a careful examination of new lexical data, Holton & Robinson (2014) find little evidence to support a connection between TAP and TNG.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Holton|last2=Robinson|first1=Gary|first2=Laura C.|date=2014|editor-first=Marian|editor-last=Klamer|contribution=The linguistic position of the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages|pages=155-198|publisher=Language Sciences Press|location=Berlin|title=Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology|doi=10.17169/langsci.b22.48}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
*{{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


Revision as of 04:28, 14 May 2017

Timor–Alor–Pantar
Geographic
distribution		Timor and neighboring islands
Linguistic classificationTrans–New Guinea?
  • Timor–Alor–Pantar
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologtimo1261

The Timor–Alor–Pantar (TAP) languages are a family of Papuan (non-Austronesian) languages spoken Timor, Kisar, and the Alor archipelago in Southern Indonesia.

Languages

The languages are demonstrably related, with the Alor-Pantar languages forming a distinct subgroup.[1][2] The following conservative classification is from Ross (2005), Schapper et al. (2012), and Holton et al. (2012).

Bunak and the Alor–Pantar languages are sometimes grouped together as "West Timor", while Bunak and East Timor have been grouped as "Timor–Kisar". Although the Alor–Pantar languages are clearly related, as are the Timor–Kisar languages and the two groups to each other, until comparative work is done on all languages simultaneously it will not be clear whether Bunak is closer to East Timor or to Alor–Pantar, or whether Alor–Pantar is a valid node. The list given above is conservative, without any undemonstrated groups.

Pronouns are:

sg pl
1excl *ani~na *ini
1incl *api
2 *ai *i
3 *ga (*gi)

Ross (2005) suggest these pronouns reflect proto-Trans–New Guinea 1st person *na, *ni and 2nd person *ga, *gi, and possibly the pTNG dual/inclusive *-pi-, but this has not been demonstrated to the satisfaction of other linguists, many of whom view TImor-Alor-Pantar as a distinct family.[3] In particular the pronoun relationships requires positing a "flip-flop" in which TNG 2nd person corresponds to TAP 3rd person pronouns.

History and classification

Despite their geographic proximity, the Papuan languages of Timor are not closely related, and demonstration of a relationship between any of them is difficult, apart from the clearly related Alor–Pantar languages on the islands neighboring Timor.

Arthur Capell first proposed that the Timor languages were a family in 1941, and Watuseke & Anceaux did the same for Timor–Alor–Pantar in 1973. Both units have been broken up in more recent classifications, though their ultimate relationship is generally accepted.[4]

In 1957 HKL Cowan linked the Timor languages to the West Papuan family. However, when Stephen Wurm expanded Trans–New Guinea in 1975, he decided Timor–Alor–Pantar belonged there, and he linked it to the South Bird's Head languages in a South Bird's Head – Timor–Alor–Pantar branch of that phylum. Wurm noted similarities with West Papuan, a different family, but suggested this was due to substratum influence.

Ross (2005) classifies Timor–Alor–Pantar with the West Bomberai languages, the two groups forming a branch within West Trans–New Guinea. Based on a careful examination of new lexical data, Holton & Robinson (2014) find little evidence to support a connection between TAP and TNG.[5]

References

  1. ^ Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian; Kratochvíl, František; Robinson, Laura C.; Schapper, Antoinette (2012). "The historical relation of the Papuan languages of Alor and Pantar". Oceanic Linguistics. 51 (1): 87–122.
  2. ^ Schapper, Antoinette; Huber, Juliette; van Engelenhoven, Aone (2012), "The historical relation of the Papuan languages of Timor and Kisar", in Hammarström, Harald; van der Heuvel, Wilco (eds.), History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages, Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of New Guinea {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  3. ^ Ross, Malcolm (2005), "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages", in Pawley, Andrew; Attenborough; Golson, Jack; Hide, Robin (eds.), Papuan Pasts: Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics {{citation}}: Text "editor2-firstRobert" ignored (help)
  4. ^ Capell, Arthur (1944). "Peoples and languages of Timor". Oceania. 15 (3): 19–48.
  5. ^ Holton, Gary; Robinson, Laura C. (2014), "The linguistic position of the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages", in Klamer, Marian (ed.), Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology, Berlin: Language Sciences Press, pp. 155–198, doi:10.17169/langsci.b22.48
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