Lobata: Difference between revisions
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The lobates have a pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in the [[Cydippida]]). Between the lobes on either side of the mouth, many species of lobates have four auricles, gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth. This combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended [[plankton]]ic prey.<ref name="RuppertBarnes2004Ctenophora">{{cite book| author=Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. | title=Invertebrate Zoology| publisher=Brooks / Cole | edition=7 | isbn=0-03-025982-7 | year=2004 | pages=111–124}}</ref> |
The lobates have a pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in the [[Cydippida]]). Between the lobes on either side of the mouth, many species of lobates have four auricles, gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth. This combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended [[plankton]]ic prey.<ref name="RuppertBarnes2004Ctenophora">{{cite book| author=Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. | title=Invertebrate Zoology| publisher=Brooks / Cole | edition=7 | isbn=0-03-025982-7 | year=2004 | pages=111–124}}</ref> |
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Lobates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes; in species with (four) auricles, the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water, using the cilia on their comb rows for propulsion,<ref name = "RuppertBarnes2004Ctenophora" /> although ''Leucothea'' has long and active auricles whose movements also contribute to propulsion. Members of the lobate [[genus|genera]] ''[[Bathocyroe]]'' and ''[[Ocyropsis]]'' can escape from danger by clapping their lobes, so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.<ref>{{cite journal |
Lobates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes; in species with (four) auricles, the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water, using the cilia on their comb rows for propulsion,<ref name = "RuppertBarnes2004Ctenophora" /> although ''Leucothea'' has long and active auricles whose movements also contribute to propulsion. Members of the lobate [[genus|genera]] ''[[Bathocyroe]]'' and ''[[Ocyropsis]]'' can escape from danger by clapping their lobes, so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Haddock, S.H.D. |author2=Case, J.F. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Bioluminescence spectra of shallow and deep-sea gelatinous zooplankton: ctenophores, medusae and siphonophores |journal=Marine Biology |date=April 1999 |volume=133 |pages=571–582 |doi=10.1007/s002270050497 |url=http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~haddock/abstracts/haddock_spectra.pdf |accessdate=2009-02-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210612/http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~haddock/abstracts/haddock_spectra.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-16 |df= }}</ref> |
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Unlike cydippids, the movements of lobates' combs are coordinated by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia, and combs on the same row beat together rather than in [[Mexican wave]] style. This may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids and to have shapes that are less egg-like.<ref name="CraigOkubo1990">{{cite journal |
Unlike cydippids, the movements of lobates' combs are coordinated by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia, and combs on the same row beat together rather than in [[Mexican wave]] style. This may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids and to have shapes that are less egg-like.<ref name="CraigOkubo1990">{{cite journal |
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Revision as of 01:10, 25 May 2017
| Lobata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Bolinopsis infundibulum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Ctenophora |
| Class: | Tentaculata |
| Order: | Lobata Eschscholtz 1825 |
| Families | |
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See text | |
Lobata is an order of Ctenophora in the class Tentaculata with smaller tentacles than other ctenophores, and distinctive flattened lobes extending outwards from their bodies.
They are about 25 centimetres (9.8 in) long.[citation needed]
Anatomy
The lobates have a pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in the Cydippida). Between the lobes on either side of the mouth, many species of lobates have four auricles, gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth. This combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended planktonic prey.[1]
Lobates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes; in species with (four) auricles, the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water, using the cilia on their comb rows for propulsion,[1] although Leucothea has long and active auricles whose movements also contribute to propulsion. Members of the lobate genera Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis can escape from danger by clapping their lobes, so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.[2]
Unlike cydippids, the movements of lobates' combs are coordinated by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia, and combs on the same row beat together rather than in Mexican wave style. This may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids and to have shapes that are less egg-like.[3]
An unusual species first described in 2000, Lobatolampea tetragona, has been classified as a lobate, although the lobes are "primitive" and the body is medusa-like when floating and disk-like when resting on the sea-bed.[4]
External links
- ^ a b Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 111–124. ISBN 0-03-025982-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Haddock, S.H.D.; Case, J.F. (April 1999). "Bioluminescence spectra of shallow and deep-sea gelatinous zooplankton: ctenophores, medusae and siphonophores" (PDF). Marine Biology. 133: 571–582. doi:10.1007/s002270050497. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Craig, C.L.; Okubo, A. (April 1990). "Physical constraints on the evolution of ctenophore size and shape". Evolutionary Ecology. 4 (2): 115–129. doi:10.1007/BF02270909.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Horita, T. (March 2000). "An undescribed lobate ctenophore, Lobatolampea tetragona gen. nov. & spec. nov., representing a new family, from Japan". Zool. Med. Leiden. 73 (30): 457–464. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
