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On 8 April 2017, ''Gerald R. Ford'' got underway under her own power for the first time as she headed to sea for builder's trials.<ref>{{cite AV media |title= Future USS Gerald R. Ford Underway on Sea Trials |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91zJbI53Xss |access-date=2017-04-19 |publisher= Huntington Ingalls Industries }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Heretik|first1=Jack|title=America’s Newest Aircraft Carrier USS Gerald R. Ford Begins Sea Trials|url=http://freebeacon.com/national-security/americas-newest-aircraft-carrier-uss-gerald-r-ford-begins-sea-trials/|accessdate=11 April 2017|work=Washington Free Beacon|date=10 April 2017}}</ref> She completed the trials and returned to port at [[Naval Station Norfolk]] on 14 April 2017.<ref>{{cite web |first=Brock |last=Vergakis |title=Aircraft carrier Gerald R. Ford completes builder's sea trials |url=http://pilotonline.com/news/military/local/aircraft-carrier-gerald-r-ford-completes-builder-s-sea-trials/article_b131c127-7da8-5a55-b3df-c4f87aee45a8.html |work=The Virginian Pilot |date=14 April 2017 |accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> On 24 May 2017, she got underway for acceptance trials and completed them on 26 May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lessig|first1=Hugh|title=Aircraft Carrier Ford Heads Out for Sea Trials|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/05/25/aircraft-carrier-ford-heads-sea-trials.html|website=Military.com|accessdate=25 May 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delivered"/>
On 8 April 2017, ''Gerald R. Ford'' got underway under her own power for the first time as she headed to sea for builder's trials.<ref>{{cite AV media |title= Future USS Gerald R. Ford Underway on Sea Trials |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91zJbI53Xss |access-date=2017-04-19 |publisher= Huntington Ingalls Industries }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Heretik|first1=Jack|title=America’s Newest Aircraft Carrier USS Gerald R. Ford Begins Sea Trials|url=http://freebeacon.com/national-security/americas-newest-aircraft-carrier-uss-gerald-r-ford-begins-sea-trials/|accessdate=11 April 2017|work=Washington Free Beacon|date=10 April 2017}}</ref> She completed the trials and returned to port at [[Naval Station Norfolk]] on 14 April 2017.<ref>{{cite web |first=Brock |last=Vergakis |title=Aircraft carrier Gerald R. Ford completes builder's sea trials |url=http://pilotonline.com/news/military/local/aircraft-carrier-gerald-r-ford-completes-builder-s-sea-trials/article_b131c127-7da8-5a55-b3df-c4f87aee45a8.html |work=The Virginian Pilot |date=14 April 2017 |accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> On 24 May 2017, she got underway for acceptance trials and completed them on 26 May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lessig|first1=Hugh|title=Aircraft Carrier Ford Heads Out for Sea Trials|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/05/25/aircraft-carrier-ford-heads-sea-trials.html|website=Military.com|accessdate=25 May 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delivered"/>


On 31 May 2017, Newport News Shipbuilding delivered ''Gerald R. Ford'' to the U.S. Navy and her status was changed to ''Special, in service''.<ref name="Delivered"/><ref name="Navy.mil"/> ''Gerald R. Ford'' was formally commissioned into the United States Navy on 22 July 2017. President [[Donald J. Trump]] spoke at the commission ceremony before the largest crowd ever to board a U.S. naval vessel at one time, or for that matter any ship of any type: 111.51 million people turned out to see Trump in person. She is expected to be deployed around 2021, after further extensive testing.<ref name="USNIdeploy">{{cite web |first=Sam |last=LaGrone |title=Delay in Aircraft Carrier Ford Testing Could Compress Workups for First Deployment |url=https://news.usni.org/2017/01/18/delay-in-aircraft-carrier-ford-testing-could-compress-workups-for-first-deployment |work=[[United States Naval Institute|USNI News]] |date=18 January 2017 |accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref>
On 31 May 2017, Newport News Shipbuilding delivered ''Gerald R. Ford'' to the U.S. Navy and her status was changed to ''Special, in service''.<ref name="Delivered"/><ref name="Navy.mil"/> ''Gerald R. Ford'' was formally commissioned into the United States Navy on 22 July 2017. She is expected to be deployed around 2021, after further extensive testing.<ref name="USNIdeploy">{{cite web |first=Sam |last=LaGrone |title=Delay in Aircraft Carrier Ford Testing Could Compress Workups for First Deployment |url=https://news.usni.org/2017/01/18/delay-in-aircraft-carrier-ford-testing-could-compress-workups-for-first-deployment |work=[[United States Naval Institute|USNI News]] |date=18 January 2017 |accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 00:41, 23 July 2017

USS Gerald R. Ford
Gerald R. Ford CVN-78
Gerald R. Ford underway on 8 April 2017
History
United States
NameGerald R. Ford
NamesakeGerald R. Ford
Awarded10 September 2008
BuilderNewport News Shipbuilding
Cost$12.8 billion + $4.7 billion R&D (estimated)[7]
Laid down13 November 2009[4]
Launched11 October 2013[1]
Sponsored bySusan Ford[5]
Christened9 November 2013[6]
Acquired31 May 2017[2]
Commissioned22 July 2017[3]
StatusActive, In Commission
Badge
General characteristics
Class and typeTemplate:Sclass-
DisplacementAbout 100,000 long tons (100,000 tonnes) (full load)[8]
Length1,106 ft (337 m)[9]
Beam
  • 134 ft (41 m) (waterline)
  • 256 ft (78 m) (flight deck)
Heightnearly 250 ft (76 m)
Decks25
Installed powerTwo A1B nuclear reactors
PropulsionFour shafts
SpeedIn excess of 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph)
RangeUnlimited distance; 20–25 years
ComplementUp to 5,000+
Armament
Aircraft carriedMore than 75[10]
Aviation facilities1,092 ft × 256 ft (333 m × 78 m) flight deck

USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) is the lead ship of her class of United States Navy supercarriers. The ship is named after the 38th President of the United States Gerald Ford, whose World War II naval service included combat duty aboard the light aircraft carrier Monterey in the Pacific Theater.[11]

The keel of Gerald R. Ford was laid down on 13 November 2009.[4] Construction began on 11 August 2005, when Northrop Grumman held a ceremonial steel cut for a 15-ton plate that forms part of a side shell unit of the carrier.[12] She was christened on 9 November 2013.[6] Gerald R. Ford enter the fleet replacing the inactive USS Enterprise (CVN-65), which ended her 51 years of active service in December 2012.[13][14] Originally scheduled for delivery in 2015,[15] Gerald R. Ford was delivered to the Navy on 31 May 2017[2] and formally commissioned on 22 July 2017.[3] She is expected to leave on her first deployment around 2020.[16][17]

Naming

Ford in U.S. Navy uniform, 1945

In 2006, while Gerald Ford was still alive, Senator John Warner of Virginia proposed to amend a 2007 defense-spending bill to declare that CVN-78 "shall be named the USS Gerald Ford."[18] The final version signed by President George W. Bush on 17 October 2006[19] declared only that it "is the sense of Congress that ... CVN-78 should be named the U.S.S. Gerald R. Ford."[20] Since such "sense of" language is typically non-binding and does not carry the force of law,[21] the Navy was not required to name the ship after Ford.

On 3 January 2007, former United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld announced that the aircraft carrier would be named after Ford during a eulogy for President Ford at Grace Episcopal Church in East Grand Rapids, Michigan.[22] Rumsfeld indicated that he had personally told Ford of the honor during a visit to his home in Rancho Mirage a few weeks before Ford's death. This makes the aircraft carrier one of the few U.S. ships named after a living person. Later in the day, the Navy confirmed that the aircraft carrier would indeed be named after the former President.[23] On 16 January 2007, Navy Secretary Donald Winter officially named CVN-78 USS Gerald R. Ford. Ford's daughter Susan Ford Bales was named the ship's sponsor. The announcements were made at a Pentagon ceremony attended by Vice President Dick Cheney, Senators Warner (R-VA) and Levin (D-MI), Major General Guy C. Swan III, Bales, Ford's other three children, and others.[24]

The USS America Carrier Veterans Association (CVA) had pushed to name the ship USS America. The CVA is an association of sailors who served aboard USS America (CV-66). The carrier was decommissioned in 1996 and scuttled in the Atlantic, as part of a damage test of large deck aircraft carriers in 2005,[25] and LHA-6 was named America.

History

The 555-metric ton island sits in place after being lifted into position on the ship's flight deck during a ceremony at Newport News Shipbuilding in January 2013.

Construction

On 10 September 2008, the U.S. Navy signed a $5.1 billion contract with Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding in Newport News, Virginia, to design and construct the carrier. Northrop had begun advance construction of the carrier under a $2.7 billion contract in 2005. The carrier is being constructed at the Huntington Ingalls (formerly Northrop Grumman) Newport News Shipbuilding facilities in Newport News, Virginia, which employs 19,000 workers.[15]

The keel of the new warship was ceremonially laid on 14 November 2009 in Dry Dock 12[26] by Ford's daughter, Susan Ford Bales. In a speech to the assembled shipworkers and DoD officials, Bales said: "Dad met the staggering challenges of restoring trust in the presidency and healing the nation's wounds after Watergate in the only way he knew how — with complete honesty and integrity. And that is the legacy we remember this morning."[27]

As of August 2011, the carrier was reported to be "structurally halfway complete".[28] In April 2012, it was said to be 75 percent complete.[29] On 24 May 2012, the important milestone of completing the vessel up to the waterline was reached when the critical lower bow was lifted into place.[30] This was the 390th of the nearly 500 lifts of the integral modular components (from which the vessel is assembled) that the ship's construction will ultimately require. On 8 October 2012, the carrier reached over 88 percent of the complete structural construction. Huntington Ingalls reported (in an 8 Nov. 2012 press release) that they have "Reached 87 percent structural completion of CVN-78 Gerald R. Ford".[31] By 19 December 2012, construction had reached 90 percent structural completion. "Of the nearly 500 total structural lifts needed to complete the ship, 446 have been accomplished."[32]

Gerald R. Ford sitting in drydock during construction.

The island was originally scheduled to land in 2012.[33] However, the island landing and ceremony actually took place on 26 January 2013.[33]

On 9 April 2013, the flight deck of the carrier was completed following the addition of the ship's upper bow section, bringing the ship to 96 percent structural completion.[34]

On 7 May 2013, the last of 162 superlifts was put in place, bringing the ship to 100 percent structural completion.[35] Remaining work that needed to be done included hull painting, shafting work, completion of electrical systems, mooring equipment, installation of radar arrays, and flooding of the dry dock.[36]

On 11 July 2013, a time capsule was welded into a small room just above the floor, continuing a long Navy tradition. The time capsule holds items chosen by President Ford's daughter, Susan Ford Bales, and includes sandstone from the White House, Navy coins, and aviator wings from its first commanding officer.[37]

The ship was originally scheduled for launch in July 2013 and delivery in 2015.[28] Production delays meant that the launch had to be delayed until 11 October 2013 and the naming ceremony until 9 November 2013,[38] with delivery February 2016.[39]

On 3 October 2013, Gerald R. Ford had four 30-ton, 21 ft (6.4 m)-diameter bronze propellers installed. The installation of the propellers required more than 10 months of work to install the underwater shafting.[40]

Susan Ford Bales, daughter of President Gerald R. Ford, christens Gerald R. Ford.

On 11 October 2013, the ship's drydock was flooded for the first time in order to test various seawater-based systems.[41] Her launch date was set to be on the same day as her naming ceremony on 9 November 2013.[42]

On 9 November 2013, the ship was christened by Ford's daughter, Susan Ford Bales, with a bottle of American sparkling wine.[6][43][44]

As of 2013, construction costs were estimated at $12.8 billion, 22% over the 2008 budget, plus $4.7 billion in research and development costs. Because of budget difficulties, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Jonathan Greenert, warned there might be a two-year delay beyond 2016 in completing Gerald R. Ford.[45] The GAO reported that the price cap would be met by the Navy accepting an incomplete ship for that cost.[46]

Gerald R. Ford on the James River on 11 June 2016.
Gerald R. Ford Underway for Builder's Sea Trials on 8 April 2017.

On 23 September 2015, the Navy announced that several weeks of testing delays will likely slip the delivery date into April or May 2016. In addition, construction was 93% complete as of September 2015.[47]

In July 2016, a memo was obtained by CNN from Michael Gilmore, the US Department of Defense's Director of Operational Testing and Evaluation indicating that problems with four major flight systems would further delay combat readiness of the ship.[48] The ship was not expected to be delivered until November 2016 and these issues were suggested to further delay that goal. Construction of the ship is described as 98% complete, with 88% of testing finished.

Performance improvements

Gerald R. Ford is intended to be the first of a class of aircraft carriers that offer significant performance improvements over the previous Template:Sclass-. Gerald R. Ford is equipped with an AN/SPY-3 active electronically scanned array multi-function radar, and an island that is shorter in length and 20 feet (6.1 m) taller than that of the Nimitz class; it is set 140 feet (43 m) further aft and 3 feet (0.91 m) closer to the edge of the ship. Replacing traditional steam catapults, the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) will launch all carrier aircraft. This innovation eliminates the traditional requirement to generate and store steam, freeing up considerable below-deck square footage. With this EMALS innovation, Gerald R. Ford can accomplish 25% more aircraft launches per day than the Nimitz class and requires 25% fewer crew members. The Navy estimates it will save $4 billion in operating costs over a 50-year lifespan.[49] According to an Associated Press story:

‘She is truly a technological marvel,' Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Jonathan Greenert said in a webcast ceremony at the Newport News, Va., shipyard where Gerald R. Ford is being built. 'She will carry unmanned aircraft, joint strike fighters, and she will deploy lasers.’[50]

However, these performance enhancers have proven problematic in Pentagon tests.[51]

Operational testing

In January 2014, the annual Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) report said that critical ship systems including the EMALS, Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG), Dual Band Radar, and weapons elevators were not reliable enough and needed more testing and improvements. EMALS testing recorded 201 launch failures out of 1,967 launches, equaling a reliability rate of 240 mean cycles (launching of one aircraft) between critical failures. Testing of the AAG recorded 9 arresting failures out of 71 attempts, equaling a reliability rate of 20 mean cycles (recovery of one aircraft) between operational mission failure, a failure rate 248 times higher than should be expected. Those systems performed at a fraction of their requirements for shipboard configurations, and even less of required standards. Radar and weapons elevator test data was not made available, but were also below expectations. The Navy maintains that further testing will resolve the problems. Tests also showed that the launching and landing systems on Gerald R. Ford would place extra stress on aircraft with external fuel tanks.[52] Gerald R. Ford is projected to be able to generate 30 percent more sorties than Nimitz-class carriers, but the DOT&E report claims that is too optimistic, though the Navy also maintains that assumption based on modeling and simulations. Major problems with the Main Turbine Generators were found in summer 2016.[53] Gerald R. Ford is planned to complete Initial Operational Test & Evaluation in 2017 before entering service.[54]

On 8 April 2017, Gerald R. Ford got underway under her own power for the first time as she headed to sea for builder's trials.[55][56] She completed the trials and returned to port at Naval Station Norfolk on 14 April 2017.[57] On 24 May 2017, she got underway for acceptance trials and completed them on 26 May 2017.[58][2]

On 31 May 2017, Newport News Shipbuilding delivered Gerald R. Ford to the U.S. Navy and her status was changed to Special, in service.[2][10] Gerald R. Ford was formally commissioned into the United States Navy on 22 July 2017. She is expected to be deployed around 2021, after further extensive testing.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Newport News Shipbuilding to Flood Dry Dock and Float Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78)" (Press release). Huntingdon Ingalls Industries. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d "Huntington Ingalls Industries Delivers Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78) To U.S. Navy" (Press release). Huntingdon Ingalls Industries. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  3. ^ a b "President Trump Commissions USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78)" (Press release). United States Navy. 22 July 2017. NNS170722-01. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Keel laid for newest Navy aircraft carrier", www.navytimes.com, 13 November 2009.
  5. ^ "Gerald R. Ford ship ceremony brings Susan Ford Bales, Family to Newport News, Virginia", The Grand Rapids Press, 13 November 2009.
  6. ^ a b c "PCU Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78) Christening Ceremony". Navy Live. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  7. ^ Ronald O'Rourke (22 October 2013). "Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 4. Retrieved 8 February 2014. FY14 cost of CVN-79 (procured in FY13) in then-year dollars; the same budget puts the cost of CVN-78 (procured in FY08) at $12,829.3 million but that includes ~$3.3bn of development costs. CVN-80 is estimated at $13,874.2m, making the total cost of the first three Fords $38,041.9m, or $12.68bn each.
  8. ^ "Aircraft Carriers - CVN". Fact File. United States Navy. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  9. ^ "787-Ton Superlift: Ford Upper Bow". Newport News Shipbuilding. Huntington Ingalls. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  10. ^ a b "The US Navy". www.navy.mil. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  11. ^ Navy Names New Aircraft Carrier USS Gerald R. Ford - Official Announcement from Secretary of the Navy.
  12. ^ "USS Gerald R. Ford CVN 78". U.S. Carriers. 8 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  13. ^ Navy CVN-21 Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress Retrieved 8 December 2006.
  14. ^ "USS Enterprise: Past Present And Future". The Official US Navy Blog. US Navy. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  15. ^ a b Adams, Kathy (11 September 2008). "Newport News shipyard gets $5.1B contract for carrier Ford". Norfolk Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  16. ^ Jenkins, Aric (22 July 2017). "The USS Gerald Ford Is the Most Advanced Aircraft Carrier in the World". Fortune. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  17. ^ a b LaGrone, Sam (18 January 2017). "Delay in Aircraft Carrier Ford Testing Could Compress Workups for First Deployment". USNI News. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  18. ^ United States Library of Congress. "Congressional Record, S5815"., Senate Amendment 4211. Retrieved 5 December 2006.
  19. ^ Defense Link News Article. President Signs 2007 Defense Authorization Act. Retrieved 1 December 2006
  20. ^ United States Library of Congress. House Resolution 5122, Section 1012 (p. 292). Retrieved 1 December 2006.
  21. ^ C-SPAN's Capitol Questions. Sense of Congress. Retrieved 5 December 2006.
  22. ^ "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum". www.ford.utexas.edu.
  23. ^ Next Navy aircraft carrier to be named for late President Gerald Ford, buried Wednesday Retrieved 3 January 2007.
  24. ^ "Gerald R. Ford Foundation and exhibits, speakers and activities it supports".
  25. ^ "Name CVN78 USS America: A new flagship for America!". USS America Carrier Veterans Association. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2008. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ 37°00′05″N 76°26′46″W / 37.0014°N 76.4462°W / 37.0014; -76.4462
  27. ^ Frost, Peter, "Shipyard Lays Keel Of Carrier In Solemn Tribute To Gerald R. Ford", Newport News Daily Press, 15 November 2009.
  28. ^ a b "Navy's next aircraft carrier halfway complete". Signon San Diego. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  29. ^ "Topic Galleries". Daily press. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  30. ^ "Bow piece for USS Gerald R. Ford lifted into place". WVEC Television. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  31. ^ "Huntington Ingalls Industries Reports Third Quarter Results; Reaches Significant Milestones on Path to 2015 Financial Targets". 4 Traders. Huntington Ingalls Industries. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  32. ^ "Gerald R Ford (CVN 78) Hits the 90 Percent Mark for Structural Completion", Industries reports, Huntington Ingalls, 19 December 2012.
  33. ^ a b "Gerald R Ford CVN 78". Newport News Shipbuilding. Huntington Ingalls. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  34. ^ Newport News Shipbuilding Completes Flight Deck On Aircraft Carrier Gerald R. Ford - Navyrecognition.com, 16 April 2013
  35. ^ Next milestone today for carrier USS Gerald R. Ford - WVEC.com, 7 May 2013
  36. ^ Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78) Aircraft Carrier's Primary Hull Structure Reaches 100 Percent Completion - Huntingtoningalls.com, 8 May 2013
  37. ^ Time capsule welded into future USS Gerald R. Ford, Military Times, 11 July 2013]
  38. ^ Cavas, Christopher (3 October 2013). "New Ship News – Sub launched, Carrier prepped, LCS delivered". Defense News.
  39. ^ "3rd elevator installed on USS Gerald R. Ford at Newport News Shipyard". 13News Now. 16 August 2013.
  40. ^ Newport News Shipbuilding Installs 30-Ton Propellers on Aircraft Carrier Gerald R. Ford - WSJ.com, 3 October 2013
  41. ^ Floating the Ford: New carrier meets the water - dailypress.com, 11 October 2013
  42. ^ Ellison, Garret (15 October 2013). "Navy floods dry dock around USS Gerald R. Ford aircraft carrier ahead of Nov. 9 christening". Michigan Live.
  43. ^ "Aircraft Carrier Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78) Christened At Newport News Shipbuilding". 12 November 2013.
  44. ^ Time Lapse: Keel Laying to Christening of America's Next Carrier. Huntington Ingalls Industries. 9 November 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  45. ^ "Statement of Admiral Jonathan Greenert, CNO" (PDF). U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  46. ^ Slavin, Erik (21 November 2014). "GAO: Navy carrier will be incomplete, cost more at delivery". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  47. ^ "Delivery of US Navy's USS Gerald R Ford aircraft carrier further delayed". Naval-technology.com. Kable. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  48. ^ "U.S. Navy's new $13B aircraft carrier can't fight". CNN. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  49. ^ "New Ford-class aircraft carrier: 25 percent more flights per day". CS monitor. 9 November 2013.
  50. ^ Vergakis, Brock (9 October 2013). "Navy christens next generation of aircraft carrier". Yahoo.
  51. ^ "In testing phase, new carrier plagued by problems". Stars and Stripes. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  52. ^ Capaccio, Tony (26 March 2015). "Navy jets with too much fuel can't launch from new aircraft carrier". hamptonroads.com. Bloomberg News Tribune News Service. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  53. ^ Cavas, Christopher (18 September 2016). "Carrier Ford Has Serious Power Problem". Defense News. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  54. ^ "Navy Alerted to Ford-class Carrier Reliability Issues", DoD Buzz, 31 January 2014.
  55. ^ Future USS Gerald R. Ford Underway on Sea Trials. Huntington Ingalls Industries. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  56. ^ Heretik, Jack (10 April 2017). "America's Newest Aircraft Carrier USS Gerald R. Ford Begins Sea Trials". Washington Free Beacon. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  57. ^ Vergakis, Brock (14 April 2017). "Aircraft carrier Gerald R. Ford completes builder's sea trials". The Virginian Pilot. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  58. ^ Lessig, Hugh. "Aircraft Carrier Ford Heads Out for Sea Trials". Military.com. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
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