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==Overview==
==Overview==
More than 80 percent of North Korea is mountainous, with cultivation largely confined to coastal strips in the east and west.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=53}}</ref> According to a [[United Nations Environmental Programme]] report in 2003, forest covers over 70 percent of the country, mostly on steep slopes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=12}}</ref> However, other studies have suggested that, due to deforestation, forest cover was only about 50%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apjjf.org/-Peter-Hayes/3233/article.html|title=Unbearable Legacies: The Politics of Environmental Degradation in North Korea|first=Peter|last=Hayes|publisher=Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|date=12 October 2009}}</ref> There are nine rivers and numerous smaller waterways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=30}}</ref> The environment is correspondingly diverse, consisting of [[alpine tundra|alpine]], forest, farmland, [[freshwater ecosystems|freshwater]], and [[marine ecosystems]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|pages=13, 52}}</ref>
More than 80 percent of North Korea is mountainous, with cultivation largely confined to coastal strips in the east and west.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=53|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref> According to a [[United Nations Environmental Programme]] report in 2003, forest covers over 70 percent of the country, mostly on steep slopes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=12|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref> However, other studies have suggested that, due to deforestation, forest cover was only about 50%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apjjf.org/-Peter-Hayes/3233/article.html|title=Unbearable Legacies: The Politics of Environmental Degradation in North Korea|first=Peter|last=Hayes|publisher=Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|date=12 October 2009}}</ref> There are nine rivers and numerous smaller waterways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=30|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref> The environment is correspondingly diverse, consisting of [[alpine tundra|alpine]], forest, farmland, [[freshwater ecosystems|freshwater]], and [[marine ecosystems]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|pages=13, 52|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref>


Due to its geological history, the country has a range of vegetation, from the subtropical, temperate and frigid zones, which are able to coexist due to the combined effects of oceanic and continental climates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=12}}</ref> The climate has pronounced seasonal variations, with warm summers and snowfall in winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=11}}</ref>
Due to its geological history, the country has a range of vegetation, from the subtropical, temperate and frigid zones, which are able to coexist due to the combined effects of oceanic and continental climates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=12|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref> The climate has pronounced seasonal variations, with warm summers and snowfall in winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=11|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref>


==Biodiversity==
==Biodiversity==
{{Further|List of mammals of North Korea|List of birds of North Korea}}
{{Further|List of mammals of North Korea|List of birds of North Korea}}


In 2003, animal and plant species in North Korea were reported to be "profuse". Four percent of the [[higher plant]] species were reported to be endangered, vulnerable, rare, or in decline. Eleven percent of [[vertebrate]] species were reported to be critically endangered, endangered, or rare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=53}}</ref>
In 2003, animal and plant species in North Korea were reported to be "profuse". Four percent of the [[higher plant]] species were reported to be endangered, vulnerable, rare, or in decline. Eleven percent of [[vertebrate]] species were reported to be critically endangered, endangered, or rare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=53|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref>


In 2013 a delegation of visiting scientists reported major environmental devastation. They described an absence of wildlife and said that the "landscape is basically dead". This situation was described as "so severe it could destabilize the whole country".<ref name="McKenna"/>
In 2013 a delegation of visiting scientists reported major environmental devastation. They described an absence of wildlife and said that the "landscape is basically dead". This situation was described as "so severe it could destabilize the whole country".<ref name="McKenna"/>
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===Pollution===
===Pollution===


In 2003, air pollution in [[Pyongyang]], largely due to combustion of coal, was reported to be unacceptable.<ref name="PMC 1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|pages=37–38}}</ref> This is somewhat mitigated by the high use of [[Transport in North Korea|public transport]] in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=43}}</ref>
In 2003, air pollution in [[Pyongyang]], largely due to combustion of coal, was reported to be unacceptable.<ref name="PMC 1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|pages=37–38|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref> This is somewhat mitigated by the high use of [[Transport in North Korea|public transport]] in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=43|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref>


In 2003, the pollution of rivers and streams was reported to be "severe" due to a decrease in investment in environmental protection and the improper discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluent. The quality of the [[Taedong River]], which flows through [[Pyongyang]], was reported to be "deteoriating", exacerbated by the construction of the [[West Sea Barrage]].<ref name="PMC 1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=29}}</ref>
In 2003, the pollution of rivers and streams was reported to be "severe" due to a decrease in investment in environmental protection and the improper discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluent. The quality of the [[Taedong River]], which flows through [[Pyongyang]], was reported to be "deteoriating", exacerbated by the construction of the [[West Sea Barrage]].<ref name="PMC 1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|page=29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref>


North Korea produces large quantities of [[DDT]] and other pesticides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apjjf.org/-Peter-Hayes/3233/article.html|title=Unbearable Legacies: The Politics of Environmental Degradation in North Korea|first=Peter|last=Hayes|publisher=Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|date=12 October 2009}}</ref>
North Korea produces large quantities of [[DDT]] and other pesticides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apjjf.org/-Peter-Hayes/3233/article.html|title=Unbearable Legacies: The Politics of Environmental Degradation in North Korea|first=Peter|last=Hayes|publisher=Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|date=12 October 2009}}</ref>
Line 38: Line 38:
Cultivation, logging, and natural disasters have all put pressure on North Korea's forests. During the [[North Korean famine|economic crisis of the 1990s]], deforestation accelerated, as people turned to the woodlands to provide firewood and food. This in turn has led to soil erosion, soil depletion, and increased risk of flooding.<ref name="PMC 1">{{cite journal|title=International Health: North Korean Catastrophe |last=Tenenbaum |first=David J. |journal=Environ Health Perspect |pmc=1253723 |pmid=15643724 |volume=113 |issue=1 |year=2005 |pages=A26 |doi=10.1289/ehp.113-a26}}</ref><ref name="McKenna"/><ref name="BBC 1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2012/04/environment-so-bad-north-korea-theyll-even-let-americans-help/50653/ |title=The Environment Is So Bad in North Korea, They'll Even Let Americans Help |newspaper=[[The Atlantic Wire]] |date=April 3, 2012 }}</ref>
Cultivation, logging, and natural disasters have all put pressure on North Korea's forests. During the [[North Korean famine|economic crisis of the 1990s]], deforestation accelerated, as people turned to the woodlands to provide firewood and food. This in turn has led to soil erosion, soil depletion, and increased risk of flooding.<ref name="PMC 1">{{cite journal|title=International Health: North Korean Catastrophe |last=Tenenbaum |first=David J. |journal=Environ Health Perspect |pmc=1253723 |pmid=15643724 |volume=113 |issue=1 |year=2005 |pages=A26 |doi=10.1289/ehp.113-a26}}</ref><ref name="McKenna"/><ref name="BBC 1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2012/04/environment-so-bad-north-korea-theyll-even-let-americans-help/50653/ |title=The Environment Is So Bad in North Korea, They'll Even Let Americans Help |newspaper=[[The Atlantic Wire]] |date=April 3, 2012 }}</ref>


Based on satellite imagery, it has been estimated that 40 percent of forest cover has been lost since 1985.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Raven|first=Peter|title=Engaging North Korea through Biodiversity Protection|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=2013-09-09|volume=2|issue=3|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2013/engaging-north-korea-through-biodiversity-protection}}</ref> The [[United Nations Environmental Programme]] in 2003 reported a much smaller rate of depletion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|pages=25–27}}</ref>
Based on satellite imagery, it has been estimated that 40 percent of forest cover has been lost since 1985.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Raven|first=Peter|title=Engaging North Korea through Biodiversity Protection|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=2013-09-09|volume=2|issue=3|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2013/engaging-north-korea-through-biodiversity-protection}}</ref> The [[United Nations Environmental Programme]] in 2003 reported a much smaller rate of depletion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|pages=25–27|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref>


==Environmental programs==
==Environmental programs==


In response to the deforestation problem, North Korea has implemented a tree planting program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/FRM/FRM_0101V.aspx?code=FRM150313_0001|title=North Korean Cabinet Adopts Forest Restoration Resolution|publisher=The Institute of Far Eastern Studies|date=15 March 2015|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|pages=25–27}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Korean Central News Agency]] reported that the Central Nursery under the Ministry of Land and Environment Protection had produced 90 million saplings over the past five years for distribution around the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kcnawatch.co/newstream/1481904160-968510663/90-millions-of-saplings-produced-at-central-nursery/|title=90 Millions of Saplings Produced at Central Nursery|publisher=KCNA|date=16 December 2016}}</ref> Official pronouncements have labeled illegal forest destruction as "treachery" and threatened perpetrators with the death penalty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2016/11/exclusive-n-korean-warning-threatens-deforesters-with-execution|title=Exclusive: N.Korean warning threatens deforesters with execution|author=Dagyum Ji|publisher=''NK News''|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[Kim Il-sung University]] announced the opening of a new Forest Science Department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2017/03/pyongyangs-kim-il-sung-university-opens-new-forest-science-department|title=Pyongyang’s Kim Il Sung University opens new “forest science” department|author=JH Ahn|publisher=NK News|date=27 March 2017}}</ref>
In response to the deforestation problem, North Korea has implemented a tree planting program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/FRM/FRM_0101V.aspx?code=FRM150313_0001|title=North Korean Cabinet Adopts Forest Restoration Resolution|publisher=The Institute of Far Eastern Studies|date=15 March 2015|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|title=DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003|author=United Nations Environmental Programme|pages=25–27|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040901021452/http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf|archivedate=2004-09-01|df=}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Korean Central News Agency]] reported that the Central Nursery under the Ministry of Land and Environment Protection had produced 90 million saplings over the past five years for distribution around the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kcnawatch.co/newstream/1481904160-968510663/90-millions-of-saplings-produced-at-central-nursery/|title=90 Millions of Saplings Produced at Central Nursery|publisher=KCNA|date=16 December 2016}}</ref> Official pronouncements have labeled illegal forest destruction as "treachery" and threatened perpetrators with the death penalty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2016/11/exclusive-n-korean-warning-threatens-deforesters-with-execution|title=Exclusive: N.Korean warning threatens deforesters with execution|author=Dagyum Ji|publisher=''NK News''|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[Kim Il-sung University]] announced the opening of a new Forest Science Department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2017/03/pyongyangs-kim-il-sung-university-opens-new-forest-science-department|title=Pyongyang’s Kim Il Sung University opens new “forest science” department|author=JH Ahn|publisher=NK News|date=27 March 2017}}</ref>


The North Korean government has [[List_of_parties_to_the_Kyoto_Protocol|ratified the Kyoto Protocol]] on [[global warming]] and has been co-operating with international efforts to combat climate change.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea: an unlikely champion in the fight against climate change|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/20/north-korea-unlikely-champion-fight-against-climate-change|first=Benjamin|last=Habib|publisher=''The Guardian''|date=20 May 2014}}</ref> It has invested in the development of solar and other renewable energy technology.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea holds solar, renewable tech exhibition|url=https://www.nknews.org/2016/08/north-korea-holds-solar-renewable-tech-exhibition/|first=Leo|last=Byrne|publisher=''NK News''|date=11 August 2016}}</ref> In 2017, the Foreign Ministry condemned the US government for withdrawing from the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/07/asia/north-korea-trump-climate-change/index.html?sr=twCNN060717north-korea-trump-climate-change0242PMVODtopLink&linkId=38449525|title=North Korea accuses Trump of being 'selfish' over Paris climate pact|first=James|last=Griffiths|publisher=CNN|date=7 June 2017}}</ref>
The North Korean government has [[List_of_parties_to_the_Kyoto_Protocol|ratified the Kyoto Protocol]] on [[global warming]] and has been co-operating with international efforts to combat climate change.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea: an unlikely champion in the fight against climate change|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/20/north-korea-unlikely-champion-fight-against-climate-change|first=Benjamin|last=Habib|publisher=''The Guardian''|date=20 May 2014}}</ref> It has invested in the development of solar and other renewable energy technology.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea holds solar, renewable tech exhibition|url=https://www.nknews.org/2016/08/north-korea-holds-solar-renewable-tech-exhibition/|first=Leo|last=Byrne|publisher=''NK News''|date=11 August 2016}}</ref> In 2017, the Foreign Ministry condemned the US government for withdrawing from the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/07/asia/north-korea-trump-climate-change/index.html?sr=twCNN060717north-korea-trump-climate-change0242PMVODtopLink&linkId=38449525|title=North Korea accuses Trump of being 'selfish' over Paris climate pact|first=James|last=Griffiths|publisher=CNN|date=7 June 2017}}</ref>

Revision as of 18:25, 21 September 2017

Kumgang Mountain

The environment of North Korea comprises the diverse ecosystems of the part of the Korean peninsula controlled by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Since the 1980s, the environment has been reported to be in a state of "crisis", "catastrophe", or "collapse".[1][2][3]

Overview

More than 80 percent of North Korea is mountainous, with cultivation largely confined to coastal strips in the east and west.[4] According to a United Nations Environmental Programme report in 2003, forest covers over 70 percent of the country, mostly on steep slopes.[5] However, other studies have suggested that, due to deforestation, forest cover was only about 50%.[6] There are nine rivers and numerous smaller waterways.[7] The environment is correspondingly diverse, consisting of alpine, forest, farmland, freshwater, and marine ecosystems.[8]

Due to its geological history, the country has a range of vegetation, from the subtropical, temperate and frigid zones, which are able to coexist due to the combined effects of oceanic and continental climates.[9] The climate has pronounced seasonal variations, with warm summers and snowfall in winter.[10]

Biodiversity

Further information: List of mammals of North Korea and List of birds of North Korea

In 2003, animal and plant species in North Korea were reported to be "profuse". Four percent of the higher plant species were reported to be endangered, vulnerable, rare, or in decline. Eleven percent of vertebrate species were reported to be critically endangered, endangered, or rare.[11]

In 2013 a delegation of visiting scientists reported major environmental devastation. They described an absence of wildlife and said that the "landscape is basically dead". This situation was described as "so severe it could destabilize the whole country".[2]

However, a group of birdwatchers from the Pukorokoro Miranda Naturalists' Trust, New Zealand, visited the Yellow Sea shore of Mundŏk County in South P'yŏngan province in 2016 and reported that the mudflats there were a haven for bird life. The relative lack of development there compared to nearby China and South Korea had provided a refuge for several internationally important birds on their migration along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway - such as the critically endangered Eastern curlew, the Eurasian curlew and the bar-tailed godwit.[12]

Flora

Further information: Flora of North Korea

The flora of North Korea has much in common with that of other areas of the northern hemisphere. 2898 species have been recorded, of which 14% are endemic. Four are classified as threatened.[13]

The native plant communities in the lowlands have largely disappeared with cultivation and urbanisation. Native conifer forest communities are located in the highlands. The forest types are mainly subarctic (boreal) and cool-temperate forest.[14]

Environmental problems

Smog at street level in Pyongyang.

Pollution

In 2003, air pollution in Pyongyang, largely due to combustion of coal, was reported to be unacceptable.[1][15] This is somewhat mitigated by the high use of public transport in urban areas.[16]

In 2003, the pollution of rivers and streams was reported to be "severe" due to a decrease in investment in environmental protection and the improper discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluent. The quality of the Taedong River, which flows through Pyongyang, was reported to be "deteoriating", exacerbated by the construction of the West Sea Barrage.[1][17]

North Korea produces large quantities of DDT and other pesticides.[18]

Deforestation

Cultivation, logging, and natural disasters have all put pressure on North Korea's forests. During the economic crisis of the 1990s, deforestation accelerated, as people turned to the woodlands to provide firewood and food. This in turn has led to soil erosion, soil depletion, and increased risk of flooding.[1][2][3][19]

Based on satellite imagery, it has been estimated that 40 percent of forest cover has been lost since 1985.[20] The United Nations Environmental Programme in 2003 reported a much smaller rate of depletion.[21]

Environmental programs

In response to the deforestation problem, North Korea has implemented a tree planting program.[22][23] In 2016, the Korean Central News Agency reported that the Central Nursery under the Ministry of Land and Environment Protection had produced 90 million saplings over the past five years for distribution around the country.[24] Official pronouncements have labeled illegal forest destruction as "treachery" and threatened perpetrators with the death penalty.[25] In 2017, Kim Il-sung University announced the opening of a new Forest Science Department.[26]

The North Korean government has ratified the Kyoto Protocol on global warming and has been co-operating with international efforts to combat climate change.[27] It has invested in the development of solar and other renewable energy technology.[28] In 2017, the Foreign Ministry condemned the US government for withdrawing from the Paris Agreement.[29]

North Korea has participated in international environmental projects, such as the conservation of the red-crowned crane.[30] In 2017, Pyongyang hosted a workshop on the conservation of wetlands and migratory waterbirds, attended by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the Hanns Seidel Foundation, and the East Asian Australasian Flyway Partnership.[31]

  • A North Korean agricultural landscape
    A North Korean agricultural landscape
  • Myohyang Mountain
    Myohyang Mountain
  • North Korean countryside
    North Korean countryside
  • Forested slopes around Kaesong
    Forested slopes around Kaesong
  • Mountains in North Korea
    Mountains in North Korea
  • North Korean river
    North Korean river
  • Hwanghae Province scenery
    Hwanghae Province scenery
  • Yalu River Delta
    Yalu River Delta
  • North Korean coastline
    North Korean coastline
  • West Sea Barrage
    West Sea Barrage

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Tenenbaum, David J. (2005). "International Health: North Korean Catastrophe". Environ Health Perspect. 113 (1): A26. doi:10.1289/ehp.113-a26. PMC 1253723. PMID 15643724.
  2. ^ a b c McKenna, Phil (March 6, 2013). "Inside North Korea's Environmental Collapse". PBS.
  3. ^ a b Kirby, Alex (August 27, 2004). "North Korea's environment crisis". BBC.
  4. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Hayes, Peter (12 October 2009). "Unbearable Legacies: The Politics of Environmental Degradation in North Korea". Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus.
  7. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). pp. 13, 52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Why North Korea is a safe haven for birds". BBC News. 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
  13. ^ Haggett, Peter (2001). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Marshall Cavendish. p. 3088. ISBN 0761472894.
  14. ^ Jirí Kolbek; Ivan Jarolímek; Milan Valachovic (2003). "8: Forest Vegetation of the Northern Korean Peninsula". In Jirí Kolbek; Miroslav Šrůtek (eds.). Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia. Springer. pp. 264, 294. ISBN 1402013701.
  15. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). pp. 37–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Hayes, Peter (12 October 2009). "Unbearable Legacies: The Politics of Environmental Degradation in North Korea". Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus.
  19. ^ "The Environment Is So Bad in North Korea, They'll Even Let Americans Help". The Atlantic Wire. April 3, 2012.
  20. ^ Raven, Peter (2013-09-09). "Engaging North Korea through Biodiversity Protection". Science & Diplomacy. 2 (3).
  21. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). pp. 25–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "North Korean Cabinet Adopts Forest Restoration Resolution". The Institute of Far Eastern Studies. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  23. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). pp. 25–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "90 Millions of Saplings Produced at Central Nursery". KCNA. 16 December 2016.
  25. ^ Dagyum Ji (15 November 2016). "Exclusive: N.Korean warning threatens deforesters with execution". NK News. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ JH Ahn (27 March 2017). "Pyongyang's Kim Il Sung University opens new "forest science" department". NK News.
  27. ^ Habib, Benjamin (20 May 2014). "North Korea: an unlikely champion in the fight against climate change". The Guardian. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  28. ^ Byrne, Leo (11 August 2016). "North Korea holds solar, renewable tech exhibition". NK News. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  29. ^ Griffiths, James (7 June 2017). "North Korea accuses Trump of being 'selfish' over Paris climate pact". CNN.
  30. ^ Wagner, Eric (April 2011). "The DMZ's Thriving Resident: The Crane". The Smithsonian Magazine. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  31. ^ "National Workshop held in Pyongyang, North Korea". East Asian Australasian Flyway Partnership. 17 June 2017.
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