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'''''Gordius''''' is a genus of [[worm]]s in the phylum [[Nematomorpha]], the horsehair worms. It was formerly treated as the only genus in the family [[Gordiidae]], but the genus ''[[Acutogordius]]'' is now usually included there.<ref name=blei>Bleidorn, C., et al. (2002). [http://faculty.uml.edu/rhochberg/hochberglab/Courses/Parasite/PDF%20Papers/Nematomorphs/Nematomorpha%20systematics.pdf Systematic relationships of Nematomorpha based on molecular and morphological data.] ''Invertebrate Biology'' 121(4), 357-64.</ref> The genus is distributed worldwide except for [[Antarctica]], where no Nematomorpha have been recorded.<ref name=sr>Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2002). [http://faculty.uml.edu/rhochberg/hochberglab/Courses/Parasite/PDF%20Papers/Nematomorphs/Nematomorph%20monopyly.pdf Are the genera of Nematomorpha monophyletic taxa?] ''Zoologica Scripta'' 31(2), 185-200.</ref>
'''''Gordius''''' is a genus of [[worm]]s in the phylum [[Nematomorpha]], the horsehair worms. It was formerly treated as the only genus in the family [[Gordiidae]], but the genus ''[[Acutogordius]]'' is now usually included there.<ref name=blei>Bleidorn, C., et al. (2002). [http://faculty.uml.edu/rhochberg/hochberglab/Courses/Parasite/PDF%20Papers/Nematomorphs/Nematomorpha%20systematics.pdf Systematic relationships of Nematomorpha based on molecular and morphological data.] ''Invertebrate Biology'' 121(4), 357-64.</ref> The genus is distributed worldwide except for [[Antarctica]], where no Nematomorpha have been recorded.<ref name=sr>Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2002). [http://faculty.uml.edu/rhochberg/hochberglab/Courses/Parasite/PDF%20Papers/Nematomorphs/Nematomorph%20monopyly.pdf Are the genera of Nematomorpha monophyletic taxa?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918121433/http://faculty.uml.edu/rhochberg/hochberglab/Courses/Parasite/PDF%20Papers/Nematomorphs/Nematomorph%20monopyly.pdf |date=2013-09-18 }} ''Zoologica Scripta'' 31(2), 185-200.</ref>
==Description==
==Description==
The adult worm is a free-living animal. It is hairlike, very long and very thin. It commonly grows over a meter long,<ref name=cap>Capinera, J. L. [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in274 Horsehair Worms, Hairworms, Gordian Worms, Nematomorphs, ''Gordius'' spp. (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea).] EENY-117. Entomology and Nematology. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. Published 1999, revised 2005.</ref> with the record length held by a specimen of ''G. fulgur'' over two meters long,<ref name=sr01>Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. and R. Ehrmann. (2001). [http://faculty.uml.edu/rhochberg/hochberglab/courses/parasite/PDF%20Papers/Nematomorphs/Nematomorphs%20and%20praying%20natids.pdf Horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) as parasites of praying mantids with a discussion of their life cycle.] ''Zoologischer Anzeiger'' 240(2), 167-79.</ref> and may be only about one millimeter wide. It is reddish brown to black. Besides a blunt anterior end and a slightly widened posterior end, it is featureless to the naked eye.<ref name=cap/> Microscopic features include a diagnostic character of the family, both ''Gordius'' and genus ''Acutogordius'', the postcloacal crescent of the male, a fold in the cuticle curving around the back side of the [[cloaca]]. At the front end of the body there is a white cap and a dark collar. At the posterior end there are tiny bristles, sometimes arranged in a row in front of the cloaca. Some species have a smooth body surface, and some may be slightly bumpy with flattened areoles. Most of these features are used in species identification, but are not very helpful,<ref name=sr/> and it is difficult to tell species apart, in general. A thorough [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the genus will require a [[scanning electron microscope]].<ref name=sr10>Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2010). [http://216.92.149.63/zootaxa/2010/f/z02533p035f.pdf Considerations on the genus ''Gordius'' (Nematomorpha, horsehair worms), with the description of seven new species.] ''Zootaxa'' 2533, 1-35.</ref>
The adult worm is a free-living animal. It is hairlike, very long and very thin. It commonly grows over a meter long,<ref name=cap>Capinera, J. L. [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in274 Horsehair Worms, Hairworms, Gordian Worms, Nematomorphs, ''Gordius'' spp. (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea).] EENY-117. Entomology and Nematology. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. Published 1999, revised 2005.</ref> with the record length held by a specimen of ''G. fulgur'' over two meters long,<ref name=sr01>Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. and R. Ehrmann. (2001). [http://faculty.uml.edu/rhochberg/hochberglab/courses/parasite/PDF%20Papers/Nematomorphs/Nematomorphs%20and%20praying%20natids.pdf Horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) as parasites of praying mantids with a discussion of their life cycle.] ''Zoologischer Anzeiger'' 240(2), 167-79.</ref> and may be only about one millimeter wide. It is reddish brown to black. Besides a blunt anterior end and a slightly widened posterior end, it is featureless to the naked eye.<ref name=cap/> Microscopic features include a diagnostic character of the family, both ''Gordius'' and genus ''Acutogordius'', the postcloacal crescent of the male, a fold in the cuticle curving around the back side of the [[cloaca]]. At the front end of the body there is a white cap and a dark collar. At the posterior end there are tiny bristles, sometimes arranged in a row in front of the cloaca. Some species have a smooth body surface, and some may be slightly bumpy with flattened areoles. Most of these features are used in species identification, but are not very helpful,<ref name=sr/> and it is difficult to tell species apart, in general. A thorough [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the genus will require a [[scanning electron microscope]].<ref name=sr10>Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2010). [http://216.92.149.63/zootaxa/2010/f/z02533p035f.pdf Considerations on the genus ''Gordius'' (Nematomorpha, horsehair worms), with the description of seven new species.] ''Zootaxa'' 2533, 1-35.</ref>

Revision as of 08:14, 21 October 2017

For the kings of Phrygia, see Gordias.

Gordius
Gordius sp. emerging from a Jerusalem cricket
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Nematomorpha
Class:
Gordioidea
Family:
Gordiidae
Genus:
Gordius

Linnaeus, 1758
Species

79, see text

Gordius is a genus of worms in the phylum Nematomorpha, the horsehair worms. It was formerly treated as the only genus in the family Gordiidae, but the genus Acutogordius is now usually included there.[1] The genus is distributed worldwide except for Antarctica, where no Nematomorpha have been recorded.[2]

Description

The adult worm is a free-living animal. It is hairlike, very long and very thin. It commonly grows over a meter long,[3] with the record length held by a specimen of G. fulgur over two meters long,[4] and may be only about one millimeter wide. It is reddish brown to black. Besides a blunt anterior end and a slightly widened posterior end, it is featureless to the naked eye.[3] Microscopic features include a diagnostic character of the family, both Gordius and genus Acutogordius, the postcloacal crescent of the male, a fold in the cuticle curving around the back side of the cloaca. At the front end of the body there is a white cap and a dark collar. At the posterior end there are tiny bristles, sometimes arranged in a row in front of the cloaca. Some species have a smooth body surface, and some may be slightly bumpy with flattened areoles. Most of these features are used in species identification, but are not very helpful,[2] and it is difficult to tell species apart, in general. A thorough taxonomy of the genus will require a scanning electron microscope.[5]

Biology

These worms can only live near water, because parts of their life cycle take place in it. The adult overwinters in soil and debris and the female enters a water body such as a swamp or a stream to lay eggs. A gelatinous string of eggs each about 50 micrometers long is released into the water. The female can produce a great many eggs, perhaps up to 27 million in its lifetime.[3]

Juveniles require a host in which to complete their development. Upon emergence from the egg the larva swims about until it is consumed by a host insect.[3] Most Gordius worms are parasites of beetles.[4] Other recorded hosts include mantids such as the European mantis (Mantis religiosa) and Hierodula membranacea, Idolomantis diabolica, Sphodromantis viridis, and Stagmatoptera praecaria.[4] Species have been observed in caddisfly[6] and mosquito larvae.[4] Once ingested by the insect the worm larva penetrates the gut wall and develops in a cyst in the tissue outside.[4] It emerges as an adult worm in a few months.[3]

Gordius worms have been recovered from human vomit,[7] feces,[8] and urine. When worms are expelled from the gastrointestinal tract, their mode of entry was likely ingestion of contaminated food or water, or of an infested insect. When present in the urine, the worm may have entered the urethra from the anus or while the victim was swimming in contaminated water. Horsehair worms are not considered pathogenic or parasitic on humans and their presence in the body is incidental.[9]

Adult worms, as in some other Nematomorpha genera, may squirm in a tangled ball resembling a Gordian Knot; horsehair worms are also referred to as gordian worms.[10]

Diversity

As of 2010 there are 79 species in the genus.[5]

Gordius fulgur emerging from a mantid

Species include:[11]

References

  1. ^ Bleidorn, C., et al. (2002). Systematic relationships of Nematomorpha based on molecular and morphological data. Invertebrate Biology 121(4), 357-64.
  2. ^ a b Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2002). Are the genera of Nematomorpha monophyletic taxa? Archived 2013-09-18 at the Wayback Machine Zoologica Scripta 31(2), 185-200.
  3. ^ a b c d e Capinera, J. L. Horsehair Worms, Hairworms, Gordian Worms, Nematomorphs, Gordius spp. (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea). EENY-117. Entomology and Nematology. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. Published 1999, revised 2005.
  4. ^ a b c d e Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. and R. Ehrmann. (2001). Horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) as parasites of praying mantids with a discussion of their life cycle. Zoologischer Anzeiger 240(2), 167-79.
  5. ^ a b Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2010). Considerations on the genus Gordius (Nematomorpha, horsehair worms), with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 2533, 1-35.
  6. ^ Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. and P. Kristensen. (2006). Horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) from the Baltic Island Bornholm (Denmark), with notes on the biology of Gordius albopunctatus. Journal of Natural History 40(9-10), 495-502.
  7. ^ Lee, K. J., et al. (2003). A Gordius worm found in a three-year-old girl's vomitus. Yonsei Medical Journal 44(3), 557-60.
  8. ^ Yamada, M., et al. (2012). Two human cases infected by the horsehair worm, Parachordodes sp.(Nematomorpha: Chordodidae), in Japan. The Korean Journal of Parasitology 50(3), 263-67.
  9. ^ Winters, R. and W. Winn. (2008). Macroscopic mimics of helminths in stool specimen examination. Lab Medicine 39(2), 114-18.
  10. ^ Horsehair or gordian worm. Urban and Forestry Insect Pests. North Dakota State University Extension Entomology.
  11. ^ Gordius. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
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