Green belt (United Kingdom): Difference between revisions
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===England=== |
===England=== |
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The area designated as green belt land in England as at 31 March 2010 was estimated at 1,639,560 hectares, about 13 per cent of the land area.<ref name="DCLG lagreenbelt2009">{{ cite web | url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/lagreenbelt2009 | title=Local Planning Authority Green Belt Statistics: England 2009/10 }}</ref> |
The area designated as green belt land in England as at 31 March 2010 was estimated at 1,639,560 hectares, about 13 per cent of the land area.<ref name="DCLG lagreenbelt2009">{{ cite web | url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/lagreenbelt2009 | title=Local Planning Authority Green Belt Statistics: England 2009/10 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115100010/http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/lagreenbelt2009 | archivedate=15 November 2010 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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==Northern Ireland== |
==Northern Ireland== |
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{{Expand section|date=January 2009}}Northern Ireland has 30 green belt areas,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6947435.stm |title=Q&A: England's green belt |accessdate=2 January 2009 |work= |publisher=[[BBC]]|date=15 August 2007}}</ref> accounting for approximately 226,600 hectares, about 16 percent of its total area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/land/ldgrrenbelt.htm |title=e-Digest Statistics about: Land Use and Land Cover |accessdate=2 January 2009 |work= |publisher=[[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]|date=1 June 2005}}</ref> |
{{Expand section|date=January 2009}}Northern Ireland has 30 green belt areas,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6947435.stm |title=Q&A: England's green belt |accessdate=2 January 2009 |work= |publisher=[[BBC]]|date=15 August 2007}}</ref> accounting for approximately 226,600 hectares, about 16 percent of its total area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/land/ldgrrenbelt.htm |title=e-Digest Statistics about: Land Use and Land Cover |accessdate=2 January 2009 |work= |publisher=[[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] |date=1 June 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821174210/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/land/ldgrrenbelt.htm |archivedate=21 August 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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==Scotland== |
==Scotland== |
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* Recreational uses that are compatible with an agricultural or natural setting, and |
* Recreational uses that are compatible with an agricultural or natural setting, and |
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* Essential infrastructure such as electronic communications infrastructure and electricity grid connections<ref> |
* Essential infrastructure such as electronic communications infrastructure and electricity grid connections<ref> |
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[http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/briefings-10/SB10-85.pdf Scottish Parliament Green Belt Policy]</ref> |
[http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/briefings-10/SB10-85.pdf Scottish Parliament Green Belt Policy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225081401/http://scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/briefings-10/SB10-85.pdf |date=25 December 2010 }}</ref> |
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As the outward growth of London was seen to be firmly repressed, residents owning properties further from the built-up area also campaigned for this policy of urban restraint, partly to safeguard their own investments but often invoking an idealised scenic/rustic argument which laid the blame for most social ills upon urban influences. In mid-1971, for example, the government decided to extend the Metropolitan Green Belt northwards to include almost all of [[Hertfordshire]]. The Metropolitan Green Belt now covers parts of 68 different Districts or Boroughs. |
As the outward growth of London was seen to be firmly repressed, residents owning properties further from the built-up area also campaigned for this policy of urban restraint, partly to safeguard their own investments but often invoking an idealised scenic/rustic argument which laid the blame for most social ills upon urban influences. In mid-1971, for example, the government decided to extend the Metropolitan Green Belt northwards to include almost all of [[Hertfordshire]]. The Metropolitan Green Belt now covers parts of 68 different Districts or Boroughs. |
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Since 1955 London's green belt has extended significantly, stretching some 35 miles out in places. London's green belt now covers an area of 516,000 hectares, an area broadly three times larger than that of London itself. With London's population set to increase by 2,000,000 over the period 2015-2030 it is therefore under increasing pressure for limited land release. The [[London Society (organisation) |London Society]] began debate about the city's green belt in 2014 with publication of a report entitled "Green Sprawl".<ref>Manns, J., "Green Sprawl: Our Current Affection for a Preservation Myth?", [[London Society]], London, 2014</ref><ref> Jonathan Prynn, "London's green belt isn't sacrosanct...we need to build homes on it", Evening Standard, 09 December 2014 [http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/green-belt-land-isnt-sacrosanct-we-need-to-build-homes-on-it-9912463.html]</ref><ref> Peter Murray, Is London's Green Belt Overprotected?, On Office Magazine, http://www.onofficemagazine.com/architecture/item/3625-peter-murray-is-london-s-green-belt-overprotected </ref><ref> Paul Cheshire, Are They Green *Belts% by Accident?, LSE Spatial Economics Research Centre Blog, http://spatial-economics.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/are-they-green-belts-by-accident.html </ref><ref> Homes for Britain, Why We Need Reform of the Green Belt in London and the South East, http://homesforbritain.org.uk/why-we-need-reform-of-the-green-belt-in-london-and-the-south-east/ </ref> Other organisations, including the Planning Officers Society,<ref> Planning Officers Society, ''Planning For a Better Future: Our Manifesto for the Next Government'', Aylesbury, March 2015 [http://www.planningofficers.org.uk/downloads/pdf/POS%20Manifesto%20-%20Green%20Belt%20Policy_Mar15.pdf]</ref> have since responded with specific calls for a review and proposals to balance land release with environmental protection.<ref>"The Green Belt: A Place for Londoners?", London First, London, 2015</ref><ref>"Delivering Change: Building Homes Where we Need Them", Centre for Cities, London, 2015</ref><ref> AECOM, Big Bold Global Connected London 2065, http://www.aecom.com/deployedfiles/Internet/Geographies/Europe/Document%20Library/AECOM%20Manifesto%20for%20the%20London%20City%20Region_low%20res.pdf </ref> In 2016, the London Society and All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for London's Planning and Built Environment published plans for a 'green web' to replace the green belt in some locations.<ref> Manns, J., & Falk, N., "Re/Shaping London: Unlocking Sustainable Growth in West London and Beyond", The London Society, 2016.</ref> The ambition is to create a "multifunctional green infrastructure landscape" in which new-build and publicly accessible natural space sat side-by-side.<ref>Dunton, J., "Report backs 'green web' plan for London", Planning Resource, 21 October 2016.</ref> |
Since 1955 London's green belt has extended significantly, stretching some 35 miles out in places. London's green belt now covers an area of 516,000 hectares, an area broadly three times larger than that of London itself. With London's population set to increase by 2,000,000 over the period 2015-2030 it is therefore under increasing pressure for limited land release. The [[London Society (organisation) |London Society]] began debate about the city's green belt in 2014 with publication of a report entitled "Green Sprawl".<ref>Manns, J., "Green Sprawl: Our Current Affection for a Preservation Myth?", [[London Society]], London, 2014</ref><ref> Jonathan Prynn, "London's green belt isn't sacrosanct...we need to build homes on it", Evening Standard, 09 December 2014 [http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/green-belt-land-isnt-sacrosanct-we-need-to-build-homes-on-it-9912463.html]</ref><ref> Peter Murray, Is London's Green Belt Overprotected?, On Office Magazine, http://www.onofficemagazine.com/architecture/item/3625-peter-murray-is-london-s-green-belt-overprotected </ref><ref> Paul Cheshire, Are They Green *Belts% by Accident?, LSE Spatial Economics Research Centre Blog, http://spatial-economics.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/are-they-green-belts-by-accident.html </ref><ref> Homes for Britain, Why We Need Reform of the Green Belt in London and the South East, http://homesforbritain.org.uk/why-we-need-reform-of-the-green-belt-in-london-and-the-south-east/ </ref> Other organisations, including the Planning Officers Society,<ref> Planning Officers Society, ''Planning For a Better Future: Our Manifesto for the Next Government'', Aylesbury, March 2015 [http://www.planningofficers.org.uk/downloads/pdf/POS%20Manifesto%20-%20Green%20Belt%20Policy_Mar15.pdf]</ref> have since responded with specific calls for a review and proposals to balance land release with environmental protection.<ref>"The Green Belt: A Place for Londoners?", London First, London, 2015</ref><ref>"Delivering Change: Building Homes Where we Need Them", Centre for Cities, London, 2015</ref><ref> AECOM, Big Bold Global Connected London 2065, http://www.aecom.com/deployedfiles/Internet/Geographies/Europe/Document%20Library/AECOM%20Manifesto%20for%20the%20London%20City%20Region_low%20res.pdf{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} </ref> In 2016, the London Society and All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for London's Planning and Built Environment published plans for a 'green web' to replace the green belt in some locations.<ref> Manns, J., & Falk, N., "Re/Shaping London: Unlocking Sustainable Growth in West London and Beyond", The London Society, 2016.</ref> The ambition is to create a "multifunctional green infrastructure landscape" in which new-build and publicly accessible natural space sat side-by-side.<ref>Dunton, J., "Report backs 'green web' plan for London", Planning Resource, 21 October 2016.</ref> |
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==Criticism== |
==Criticism== |
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*[http://www.cpre.org.uk Campaign to Protect Rural England] |
*[http://www.cpre.org.uk Campaign to Protect Rural England] |
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*[http://www.oxfordgreenbelt.net Oxford Green Belt Network] |
*[http://www.oxfordgreenbelt.net Oxford Green Belt Network] |
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*[ |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141217165743/http://londonsociety.org/ London Society] |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}} |
Revision as of 13:20, 23 October 2017
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg/220px-The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg.png)
In United Kingdom town planning, the green belt is a policy for controlling urban growth. The idea is for a ring of countryside where urbanisation will be resisted for the foreseeable future, maintaining an area where agriculture, forestry and outdoor leisure can be expected to prevail. The fundamental aim of green belt policy is to prevent urban sprawl by keeping land permanently open, and consequently the most important attribute of green belts is their openness.
The Metropolitan Green Belt around London was first proposed by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935. The Town and Country Planning Act 1947 then allowed local authorities to include green belt proposals in their development plans. In 1955, Minister of Housing Duncan Sandys encouraged local authorities around the country to consider protecting land around their towns and cities by the formal designation of clearly defined green belts.[1][2]
Green belt policy has been criticised for reducing the amount of land available for building and therefore pushing up house prices, as 70% of the cost of building new houses is the purchase of the land (up from 25% in the late 1950s).[3]
England and Wales
The Government formerly set out its policies and principles towards green belts in England and Wales in Planning Policy Guidance Note 2: Green Belts,[4] but this planning guidance was superseded by the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) in March 2012. Planning Authorities are strongly urged to follow the NPPF's detailed advice when considering whether to permit additional development in the green belt. In the green belt there is a general presumption against inappropriate development, unless very special circumstances can be demonstrated to show that the benefits of the development will outweigh the harm caused to the green belt. The NPPF sets out what would constitute appropriate development in the green belt.
According to the NPPF, there are five stated purposes of including land within the green belt:
- To check the unrestricted sprawl of large built-up areas
- To prevent neighbouring towns from merging into one another
- To assist in safeguarding the countryside from encroachment
- To preserve the setting and special character of historic towns
- To assist in urban regeneration, by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land.
Once an area of land has been defined as green belt, the stated opportunities and benefits include:
- Providing opportunities for access to the open countryside for the urban population
- Providing opportunities for outdoor sport and outdoor recreation near urban areas
- The retention of attractive landscapes and the enhancement of landscapes, near to where people live
- Improvement of damaged and derelict land around towns
- The securing of nature conservation interests
- The retention of land in agricultural, forestry and related uses.
England
The area designated as green belt land in England as at 31 March 2010 was estimated at 1,639,560 hectares, about 13 per cent of the land area.[5]
The distribution of green belt designated land by region of England as at 31 March in 2009,[6] 2010,[7] 2011,[8] 2012,[9] 2013[10] and 2014[10] was as follows:
Region | 2009 area (hectares) | 2010 area (hectares) | 2011 area (hectares) | 2012 area (hectares) | 2013 area (hectares) | 2014 area (hectares) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
East/London/South East | 580,410 | 580,730 | 580,690 | 580,460 | 580,570 | 580,380 |
East Midlands | 78,620 | 78,930 | 78,930 | 78,930 | 78,950 | 78,950 |
North East | 72,990 | 72,990 | 72,990 | 73,040 | 73,060 | 73,060 |
North West | 262,730 | 262,780 | 262,770 | 262,800 | 262,440 | 262,300 |
South West | 110,130 | 110,130 | 110,130 | 110,130 | 110,620 | 110,420 |
West Midlands | 269,380 | 269,380 | 269,380 | 269,340 | 269,360 | 269,360 |
Yorkshire and the Humber | 264,580 | 264,640 | 264,640 | 264,680 | 264,290 | 264,290 |
England total | 1,638,840 | 1,639,560 | 1,639,530 | 1,639,380 | 1,639,290 | 1,638,760 |
Year-on-year changes reflect items included in the following notes:[11]
2011
- between March 2010 and March 2011, boundary changes in 3 authorities (Enfield, Slough and Vale of White Horse) resulted in a small increase (less than 5 hectares) in the total area of green belt
- over the longer term, since these statistics were first compiled for 1997, there has been an increase in the area of green belt after taking account of the re-designation of some green belt as part of the New Forest National Park in 2005
2012
- overall there has been a decrease of 130 hectares from the revised 2010 to 2011 green belt, due to 3 authorities who have adopted new plans in which they have changed the boundaries of the green belt; this represents a decrease of less than 0.01% in the total green belt area
2013
- overall there has been a slight decrease of 390 hectares (around 0.02%) in area of green belt between 2011/12 and 2012/13; in 2012/13, 4 authorities adopted new plans which resulted in the decrease in the overall area of green belt compared to 2011 to 2012
- the revised 2011 to 2012 green belt in England is estimated at 1,639,480 hectares, this is a slight increase of 70 hectares on the estimated 2011 to 2012 green belt area of 1,639,410 hectares published in November 2012; this change is due to a correction of the area of 1 local authority’s green belt boundary
2014
- overall there has been a decrease of 540 hectares (around 0.03%) in area of green belt between 2012/13 and 2013/14; in 2013/14, 3 authorities adopted new plans which resulted in the decrease in the overall area of green belt compared to 2012 to 2013
The total area of green belt land in England since 2003 was as follows:[10]
Year | 2003 | 2004 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | 2011/12 | 2012/13 | 2013/14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (hectares) | 1,671,580 | ![]() |
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As well as any underlying re-designations, changes in green belt area are explained in part by alterations in land designation by local authorities, and may also be influenced by improvements with measurement associated with digital mapping. Note that from 2006, estimates exclude the area of Green Belt land in New Forest DC and Test Valley BC (47,300 hectares) which were designated as New Forest National Park in 2005.
Wales
There is one green belt in Wales, between Newport and Cardiff.[12]
Northern Ireland
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2009) |
Northern Ireland has 30 green belt areas,[13] accounting for approximately 226,600 hectares, about 16 percent of its total area.[14]
Scotland
Green belt policy in Scotland is set out in Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) 21, published by the Scottish Government in February 2010. On 29 November, the Government published "Green Belt Policy in Scotland 10/85"
As of 2010 Scotland had 10 green belt areas: Aberdeen, Ayr, Clackmannanshire, East Lothian, Edinburgh, Falkirk and Grangemouth, Greater Glasgow, Midlothian and Stirling. There are also plans for green belts around Dunfermline, Perth and St Andrews.
The Scottish Government is clear that the purpose of green belt designation in the development plan as part of the settlement strategy for an area is to:
- direct planned growth to the most appropriate locations and support regeneration,
- protect and enhance the quality, character, landscape setting and identity of towns and cities, and
- protect and give access to open space within and around towns and cities[15]
However, the Scottish Government recognises that certain types of development might actually promote and support appropriate rural diversification:
- Development associated with agriculture, including the re-use of historic agricultural buildings,
- Woodland and forestry, including community woodlands,
- Horticulture, including market gardening and directly connected retailing,
- Recreational uses that are compatible with an agricultural or natural setting, and
- Essential infrastructure such as electronic communications infrastructure and electricity grid connections[16]
The Government requires that locally established green belt plans: maintain the identity of a city by the clearly establishing physical boundaries and preventing coalescence; provide countryside for recreation of denizens; and maintain the landscape setting of the city in question. In its Planning Policy (129), the Scottish Government states that:
“All public bodies, including planning authorities, have a duty to further the conservation of biodiversity under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004, and this should be reflected in development plans and development management decisions. Biodiversity is important because it provides natural services and products that we rely on, is an important element of sustainable development and makes an essential contribution to Scotland's economy and cultural heritage.”[15]
History
The term emerged from continental Europe where broad boulevards were increasingly used to separate new development from the centre of historic towns; most notably the Ringstraße in Vienna. Various proposals were put forward from 1890 onwards but the first to garner widespread support was put forward by the London Society in its "Development Plan of Greater London" 1919. Alongside the CPRE they lobbied for a continuous belt (of up to two miles wide) to prevent urban sprawl, beyond which new development could occur.
Implementation of the notion dated from Herbert Morrison's 1934 leadership of the London County Council. It was first formally proposed by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935, "to provide a reserve supply of public open spaces and of recreational areas and to establish a green belt or girdle of open space". It was again included in an advisory Greater London Plan prepared by Patrick Abercrombie in 1944 (which sought a belt of up to six miles wide). However, it was some 14 years before the elected local authorities responsible for the area around London had all defined the area on scaled maps with some precision (encouraged by Duncan Sandys to designate a belt of some 7–10 miles wide).
New provisions for compensation in the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act allowed local authorities around the country to incorporate green belt proposals in their first development plans. The codification of Green Belt policy and its extension to areas other than London came with the historic Circular 42/55 inviting local planning authorities to consider the establishment of Green Belts. This decision was made in tandem with the 1946 New Towns Act, which sought to depopulate urban centres in the South East of England and accommodate people in new settlements elsewhere. Green belt could therefore be designated by local authorities without worry that it would come into conflict with pressure from population growth.
As the outward growth of London was seen to be firmly repressed, residents owning properties further from the built-up area also campaigned for this policy of urban restraint, partly to safeguard their own investments but often invoking an idealised scenic/rustic argument which laid the blame for most social ills upon urban influences. In mid-1971, for example, the government decided to extend the Metropolitan Green Belt northwards to include almost all of Hertfordshire. The Metropolitan Green Belt now covers parts of 68 different Districts or Boroughs.
Since 1955 London's green belt has extended significantly, stretching some 35 miles out in places. London's green belt now covers an area of 516,000 hectares, an area broadly three times larger than that of London itself. With London's population set to increase by 2,000,000 over the period 2015-2030 it is therefore under increasing pressure for limited land release. The London Society began debate about the city's green belt in 2014 with publication of a report entitled "Green Sprawl".[17][18][19][20][21] Other organisations, including the Planning Officers Society,[22] have since responded with specific calls for a review and proposals to balance land release with environmental protection.[23][24][25] In 2016, the London Society and All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for London's Planning and Built Environment published plans for a 'green web' to replace the green belt in some locations.[26] The ambition is to create a "multifunctional green infrastructure landscape" in which new-build and publicly accessible natural space sat side-by-side.[27]
Criticism
Several academics, policy groups and town planning organisations in recent years have criticised the idea and implementation of green belts in the UK. Green belt policy has been attacked as too rigid in the face of new urban and environmental challenges, principally the lack of housing available in many cities in the UK. The policy has been criticised for reducing the amount of land available for building and therefore pushing up house prices, as 70% of the cost of building new houses is the purchase of the land (up from 25% in the late 1950s).[28] It has also been claimed that areas of green belt can be of unremarkable environmental quality, and may not be well managed or provide the recreational opportunities originally envisaged.
Environmental
The Town and Country Planning Association, an organisation heavily involved in initiating the concept several decades previously, published a policy statement in 2002,[29] which proposed a more flexible policy which would allow the introduction of green wedge and strategic gap policies rather than green belts, and so permit the expansion of some urban areas. In October 2007, Sir Martin Doughty, then Chair of Natural England, argued for a review of green belts, saying: "The time has come for a greener green belt. We need a 21st century solution to England's housing needs which puts in place a network of green wedges, gaps and corridors, linking the natural environment and people.".[30] Similarly, the London Society published a comprehensive history of the green belt (as it emerged in the first part of the twentieth century) in 2014. Authored by the influential English urbanist Jonathan Manns, this called for a "move away from the simplistic and naïve idea that countryside is a sacrosanct patchwork of medieval hedgerows and towards an empirically informed position which once more recognises housing as a need to be met in locations with appropriate environmental capacity".[31]
Effect on house prices
The Economist has criticised green belt policy, saying that unless more houses are built through reforming planning laws and releasing green belt land, then housing space will need to be rationed out. It noted that if general inflation had risen as fast as housing prices had since 1971, a chicken would cost £51; and that Britain is "building less homes today than at any point since the 1920s".[32] According to the independent Institute of Economic Affairs, there is "overwhelming empirical evidence that that planning restrictions have a substantial impact on housing costs" and are the main reason why housing is two and a half times more expensive in 2011 than it was in 1975.[33] The free market Adam Smith Institute is a particular critic of the green belt,[34][35][36] and has claimed that removing the green belt from land within ten minutes walk of a railway station would release enough land to build 1 million homes.
On the other hand, the Council for the Protection of Rural England say it is a myth to connect green belts to rising house prices, since there is no clear difference in house prices between cities with green belts and cities without them, and both land and house prices are inflated by other factors such as investment.[37]
Lewis Abbott has identified green belt barriers to urban expansion as one of several major protectionist political-economic barriers to house building with negative effects on the supply, cost/prices, and quality of new homes. (The others include new housing development taxes and quasi-taxes; political discrimination against particular classes of new housing supplier, household consumer, and housing product; and controls on housing technical-product development – in particular, the blocking of innovative low-cost house building using new materials and production technologies). Abbott argues that the greenbelts actually defeat their own stated objective of saving the countryside and open spaces. By preventing existing towns and cities from extending normally and organically, they result in more land-extensive housing developments further out – i.e., the establishment beyond the greenbelts of new communities with lower building densities, their own built infrastructure and other facilities, and greater dependence on cars and commuting, etc. Meanwhile, valuable urban green space and brownfield sites best suited to industry and commerce are lost in existing conurbations as more and more new housing is crammed into them.[38][39]
Commentators such as James Heartfield,[40] Alan Evans[41] and Tom Papworth[42] have called for outright abolition of green belts, principally on the grounds that by inhibiting the free use of land they restrict home ownership.
However, in England, where 65% of people are property-owners who benefit from scarcity of building land, the concept of "green belt" has become entrenched as a fundamental part of government policy, and the possibility of reviewing boundaries is often viewed with considerable hostility by neighbouring communities and their elected representatives.[43][44]
Related concepts
The general concept of "green belt" has evolved in recent years to encompass "Greenspace" and "Greenstructure", taking into account urban greenspace, an important aspect of sustainable development in the 21st century. However, while in general these concepts are quite distinct in the UK from the green belt as a statutory development plan designation, an exception occurs in London where land may be designated as "Metropolitan Open Land" (MOL). Areas of MOL are subject to the same planning restrictions as the Green Belt while lying within the urban area. In 2005, the European Commission's COST Action C11 (COST European Cooperation in Science and Technology) undertook in-depth city case studies into cities across 15 European countries. Sheffield was one such case study city for the UK. Conclusions were published in "Case studies in Greenstructure Planning".
See also
- Environmental racism in Europe
- Green belt
- Intergenerational equity
- London commuter belt
- NIMBY
- Smart growth
- Urban growth boundary
References
- ^ "Q&A: England's green belt". BBC News. 15 August 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ Geography; An Integrated Approach - David Waugh
- ^ It's Land, stupid, Inside Housing, archived from the original on 24 September 2015
{{citation}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 January 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2006.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Local Planning Authority Green Belt Statistics: England 2009/10". Archived from the original on 15 November 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Local authority green belt statistics for England: 2008 to 2009 - GOV.UK" (PDF). www.gov.uk. 24 April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2012.
- ^ "Local authority green belt statistics for England: 2009 to 2010 - GOV.UK" (PDF). www.gov.uk. 23 April 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2012.
- ^ "Local authority green belt statistics for England: 2010 to 2011 - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk.
- ^ "Local authority green belt statistics for England: 2012 to 2013 - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk.
- ^ a b c "Local authority green belt statistics for England: 2013 to 2014 - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk.
- ^ "Green belt statistics - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk.
- ^ "BBC NEWS | UK | Q&A: England's green belt". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ^ "Q&A: England's green belt". BBC. 15 August 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ^ "e-Digest Statistics about: Land Use and Land Cover". Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 1 June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Scottish Planning Policy". scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ^ Scottish Parliament Green Belt Policy Archived 25 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Manns, J., "Green Sprawl: Our Current Affection for a Preservation Myth?", London Society, London, 2014
- ^ Jonathan Prynn, "London's green belt isn't sacrosanct...we need to build homes on it", Evening Standard, 09 December 2014 [1]
- ^ Peter Murray, Is London's Green Belt Overprotected?, On Office Magazine, http://www.onofficemagazine.com/architecture/item/3625-peter-murray-is-london-s-green-belt-overprotected
- ^ Paul Cheshire, Are They Green *Belts% by Accident?, LSE Spatial Economics Research Centre Blog, http://spatial-economics.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/are-they-green-belts-by-accident.html
- ^ Homes for Britain, Why We Need Reform of the Green Belt in London and the South East, http://homesforbritain.org.uk/why-we-need-reform-of-the-green-belt-in-london-and-the-south-east/
- ^ Planning Officers Society, Planning For a Better Future: Our Manifesto for the Next Government, Aylesbury, March 2015 [2]
- ^ "The Green Belt: A Place for Londoners?", London First, London, 2015
- ^ "Delivering Change: Building Homes Where we Need Them", Centre for Cities, London, 2015
- ^ AECOM, Big Bold Global Connected London 2065, http://www.aecom.com/deployedfiles/Internet/Geographies/Europe/Document%20Library/AECOM%20Manifesto%20for%20the%20London%20City%20Region_low%20res.pdf[permanent dead link]
- ^ Manns, J., & Falk, N., "Re/Shaping London: Unlocking Sustainable Growth in West London and Beyond", The London Society, 2016.
- ^ Dunton, J., "Report backs 'green web' plan for London", Planning Resource, 21 October 2016.
- ^ Colin Wiles (8 January 2013), It's Land, Stupid, Inside Housing, archived from the original on 24 September 2015
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Green Belts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2015.
- ^ Time for a greener green belt, says Natural England Archived 2 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Manns, J.P., "Green Sprawl: Our Current Affection for a Preservation Myth?", London Society, London, 2014
- ^ Build on the green belt or introduce space rationing: your choice
- ^ Kristian Niemietz (April 2012), Abundance of land, shortage of housing (PDF), The Institute of Economic Affairs
- ^ Green belt is the reason for rabbit hutch UK
- ^ The Green Noose
- ^ Re-examining London’s misnamed green belt
- ^ http://www.cpre.org.uk/what-we-do/housing-and-planning/green-belts/in-depth#myth3
- ^ Political Barriers To Housebuilding In Britain: A Critical Case Study Of Protectionism & Its Industrial-Commercial Effects, Industrial Systems Research/ Google Books, revised electronic edition 2013. Chapter two: “Greenbelt Barriers To Urban Expansion.” Ebook ISBN 9780906321645 [2][3]
- ^ "Housebuilding and Land (2): Political and Legal Influences" in Housebuilding and the New Homes Market: A Survey, ISR/Google Books, Revised electronic edition 2013. Ebook ISBN 9780906321560. [4]
- ^ Don’t protect the Green Belt - build on it, 3 August 2005, By James Heartfield, Spiked
- ^ Call for green belt rules to be scrapped guardian.co.uk
- ^ Papworth, T., "The Green Noose", Adam Smith Institute, London, 2014
- ^ "Oxford Green Belt Network Website". oxfordgreenbelt.net. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ^ "Documents | Friends of the Earth". foe.co.uk. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
External links
- Interactive Map of England's green belts
- Planning Policy Guidance Note 2 for England & Wales
- SPP21 for Scotland
- For topical summaries of discussions about the possible release of green belt land for various developments or urbanisation: [5]
- For an academic bibliography: [6]
- For views critical of green belt policy: [7]
- Campaign to Protect Rural England
- Oxford Green Belt Network
- London Society