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| Her Imperial Majesty Empress XiaoZhuangWen | |
|---|---|
| Borjigit, The Grand Dowager Empress Xiao Zhuang | |
| Predecessor | Borjijit, the Empress Xiao Duan Wen |
The Empress Xiao Zhuang Wen (Chinese: 孝莊太后 Hiyoošungga Ambalinggū Genggiyenšu Hūwanghu as the Empress in Manchu; March 28, 1613 - January 27, 1688) was the grandmother of Emperor Kang Xi of the Qing Dynasty.
She was a daughter of a prince of Borjigit, the Horqin Mongols, Prince Jaisang, thus was a descendant of Genghis Khan. Her given name was Bumbutai.
She was given to Huang Taiji in 1625 when she was twelve years old. She gave Huang Taiji three daughters and his ninth son, Fu Lin, who would later become Shun Zhi emperor. Her aunt, Jere, was married to Huang Taiji who also became an empress dowager when Huang Taiji died and was succeeded by Xiao Zhuang's son, Shun Zhi.
After Huang Taiji died, he did not leave a will and there was a struggle among his brothers and his eldest son, Hooge. Daišan and Duoergun (or Dorgon), brothers of Huang Taiji agreed that Fulin should become the successor and pledged that they would serve the young lord with their absolute loyalty. Hooge was not pleased by this decision and argued that he should succeed his father since he was the eldest son. Hooge was eventually put under house arrest by Prince Duoergun (Dorgon) and died during the period.
Duoergun (Dorgon) became the regent making decisions for Shun Zhi because the young emperor was a minor. The relationship between the regent and the young emperor was always questioned by historians. After the death of Duoergun (Dorgon), his family was punished by the emperor and all his titles were taken away. It was believed that Xiao Zhuang married Duoergun after Huang Taiji's death. This probably helped to explain why Duoergun and his brother, Dodo, received posthumous punishments.
Xiao Zhuang Wen played an excellent role for her son. She never interfered her son's decisions unlike later Empress Dowager Cixi who kept the Guangxu Emperor under house arrest. Xiao Zhuang kept a low profile during her son's reign. Her relationship with her son was always questioned by historians. The demotion of Shun Zhi's first empress who was Xiao Zhuang's niece gave an insight to the mother-son relationship.
Unfortunately, her son died at the age of 24 and his successor was only 8 years old. The new emperor was Kang Xi. Xiao Zhuang was summoned back into the politics of the Qing dynasty. She asked the four appointed regents, Oboi (鰲拜), Sonin, Suksaha and Ebilun to assist her grandson and advised her grandson to learn from his ministers since they were most experienced and had been assisting the late emperor during his reign.
Empress Xiao Zhuang Wen took charge of Emperor Kang Xi's upbringing after the death of his mother. When Oboi was posing a threat to Kang Xi's rule, she helped the young emperor to get rid of Oboi.
She rejected the pleasure of the palace probably due to her upbringing in Mongolia. She refused to have her birthday celebrated knowing that it would be costly.
The Grand Dowager Empress Xiao Zhuang Wen died in 1688.