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==Early years and education==
==Early years and education==
Born in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]], Harriet Aletha Gibbs was the daughter of [[Mifflin Wistar Gibbs]], a [[lawyer]] in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], [[Arkansas]], who became the first African-American city judge in the United States, and the former Maria Ann Alexander, a school teacher.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Notable Kentucky African Americans - Marshall, Harriet (Hattie) A. Gibbs|url = http://nkaa.uky.edu/record.php?note_id=939|website = nkaa.uky.edu|accessdate = 2015-08-05|first = University of Kentucky|last = Libraries}}</ref> There was one sister, Ida Alexander Gibbs.<ref>{{Cite web|title = William Henry Hunt and Ida Alexander Gibbs: A Black Power Couple in the Early 20th Century|url = http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2010/05/william_henry_hunt_and_ida_alexander_gibbs_a_black_power_couple_in_the_early_20th_century.html|accessdate = 2015-08-05|first = Joel|last = Dreyfuss}}</ref>
Born in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]], Harriet Aletha Gibbs was the daughter of [[Mifflin Wistar Gibbs]], a [[lawyer]] in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], [[Arkansas]], who became the first African-American city judge in the United States, and the former Maria Ann Alexander, a school teacher.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Notable Kentucky African Americans - Marshall, Harriet (Hattie) A. Gibbs|url = http://nkaa.uky.edu/record.php?note_id=939|website = nkaa.uky.edu|accessdate = 2015-08-05|first = University of Kentucky|last = Libraries}}</ref> There was one sister, Ida Alexander Gibbs.<ref>{{Cite web|title = William Henry Hunt and Ida Alexander Gibbs: A Black Power Couple in the Early 20th Century|url = http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2010/05/william_henry_hunt_and_ida_alexander_gibbs_a_black_power_couple_in_the_early_20th_century.html|accessdate = 2015-08-05|first = Joel|last = Dreyfuss|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150723105543/http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2010/05/william_henry_hunt_and_ida_alexander_gibbs_a_black_power_couple_in_the_early_20th_century.html|archivedate = 2015-07-23|df = }}</ref>


In 1889, Gibbs became the first African-American woman to graduate from [[Oberlin Conservatory of Music|Oberlin Conservatory]] with a degree in music.<ref name=":0" />
In 1889, Gibbs became the first African-American woman to graduate from [[Oberlin Conservatory of Music|Oberlin Conservatory]] with a degree in music.<ref name=":0" />

Revision as of 13:01, 30 October 2017

Harriet Gibbs Marshall
1936 photo
Born
Harriet Aletha Gibbs Marshall

1868
Victoria, British Columbia
DiedFebruary 21, 1941
Washington, D.C.
NationalityCanadian-born African American
Alma materOberlin Conservatory of Music in Oberlin, Ohio
Occupation(s)Musician, writer, educator
Founder of Washington Conservatory of Music and School of Expression
SpouseNapoleon Bonaparte Marshall (married 1906)
Parent(s)Mifflin Wistar Gibbs
Maria Ann Alexander Gibbs

Harriet Gibbs Marshall (1868–1941) was a Canadian-born African-American musician, writer, and educator best known for opening the Washington Conservatory of Music and School of Expression in 1903 in Washington, D.C.[1]

Early years and education

Born in Victoria, British Columbia, Harriet Aletha Gibbs was the daughter of Mifflin Wistar Gibbs, a lawyer in Little Rock, Arkansas, who became the first African-American city judge in the United States, and the former Maria Ann Alexander, a school teacher.[2] There was one sister, Ida Alexander Gibbs.[3]

In 1889, Gibbs became the first African-American woman to graduate from Oberlin Conservatory with a degree in music.[1]

Career

In the last years of the 19th century, she founded the music program at Eckstein Norton University in Cane Springs in Bullitt County, Kentucky.[1] In 1900, Gibbs moved to Washington, D.C. and took the position of music supervisor in the then segregated African-American public schools there.[1]

She founded the Washington Conservatory of Music in 1903. It focused on classical European music.[1] In 1911, an elocution program was added, and the school was renamed the Washington Conservatory of Music and School of Expression.[4]

In 1906, Gibbs wed Napoleon Bonaparte Marshall, a graduate of Harvard University (A.B. 1897) and Harvard Law School (J.D. 1900).[5]

Marshall joined the Bahá'í Faith in 1912.[6] She hosted Bahá'í events at the Conservatory.[6]

Marshall traveled to Haiti in the 1920s when her husband, Captain Marshall of the United States Army, was appointed to a commission to investigate abuses during the United States occupation of Haiti.[7]

During their time in Haiti, the Marshall's were excluded from participation in social activities with other U.S. military officers because of racial segregation. Marshall became active with Haitian organizations, and was Vice-President of the Organization of Haitian Women.[7] While there, she co-founded the Jean Joseph Industrial School.[4]

When the Marshalls returned to the United States, they founded the Save Haiti Committee to lobby President Herbert Hoover to remove U.S. soldiers from Haiti.[7] In 1930, Harriet Marshall published The Story of Haiti: from the discovery of the island by Christopher Columbus to the present day.[8] In 1936, Marshall wrote the script for The Last Concerto, a musical spectacle based on the life, love, and music of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor.[9]

Marshall died on February 21, 1941 in Washington, D.C.[10][11]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Howe, Sondra Wieland (2013-11-07). Women Music Educators in the United States: A History. Scarecrow Press. p. 228. ISBN 9780810888487.
  2. ^ Libraries, University of Kentucky. "Notable Kentucky African Americans - Marshall, Harriet (Hattie) A. Gibbs". nkaa.uky.edu. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
  3. ^ Dreyfuss, Joel. "William Henry Hunt and Ida Alexander Gibbs: A Black Power Couple in the Early 20th Century". Archived from the original on 2015-07-23. Retrieved 2015-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b Locke, Ralph P.; Barr, Cyrilla (1997-01-01). Cultivating Music in America: Women Patrons and Activists Since 1860. University of California Press. p. 233. ISBN 9780520083950.
  5. ^ Marshall, Harriet Gibbs. On Captain Napoleon B. Marshall, 1931. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries
  6. ^ a b Etter-Lewis, Gwendolyn; Thomas, Richard; Thomas, Richard Walter (2006-01-01). Lights of the Spirit: Historical Portraits of Black Bahá'ís in North America, 1898-2004. Baha'i Publishing Trust. ISBN 9781931847261.
  7. ^ a b c Largey, Michael (2006-05-01). Vodou Nation: Haitian Art Music and Cultural Nationalism. University of Chicago Press. pp. 154–155. ISBN 9780226468655.
  8. ^ "The Story of Haiti (full text)". Hathi Trust.
  9. ^ Howe, Sondra Wieland (2013). Women Music Educators. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 228. ISBN 9780810888470.
  10. ^ Smith, Jessie Carney (1996-01-01). Notable Black American Women. VNR AG. ISBN 9780810391772.
  11. ^ Etter-Lewis, Gwendolyn; Thomas, Richard; Thomas, Richard Walter (2006-01-01). Lights of the Spirit: Historical Portraits of Black Bahá'ís in North America, 1898-2004. Baha'i Publishing Trust. ISBN 9781931847261.
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