Vera C. Rubin Observatory: Difference between revisions
→Telescope Mount Assembly: Reworded to distinguish standard telescope mount features (alt-az mount, isolated foundation) from unique features. |
→Telescope Mount Assembly: Oops. |
||
Line 110: | Line 110: | ||
===Telescope Mount Assembly=== |
===Telescope Mount Assembly=== |
||
The telescope mount, and the pier on which it sits, are substantial engineering projects in their own right. The main technical problem is that the telescope must slew 3.5 degrees to the adjacent field and settle within 4 seconds.{{r|Neill10|10}} This requires a very stiff pier and telescope mount. The basic design is conventional: an altitude over azimuth mount made of steel, with hydrostatic bearings on both axes, mounted on a pier which is isolated from the dome foundations. However, the LSST pier is unusually large (16 m diameter) and robust (1.25 m thick walls), and mounted directly to virgin bedrock, where care was taken during site excavation to avoid using explosives that would crack it.<ref name=Neill10>{{cite conference |last1=Neill |first1=Douglas R. |first2=Victor L. |last2=Krabbendam. |title=LSST Telescope mount and pier design overview |conference=Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III |volume=7733 |pages=77330F |publisher=International Society for Optics and Photonics |date=2010 |doi=10.1117/12.857414 |bibcode=2010SPIE.7733E..0FN |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Douglas_Neill/publication/241525403_LSST_Telescope_mount_and_pier_design_overview/links/56f93cc208ae7c1fda311313/LSST-Telescope-mount-and-pier-design-overview.pdf }}</ref> Other unusual design features are [[linear motor]]s on the main axes and a recessed floor on the mount. This allows the telescope to extend slightly below the azimuth bearings, giving it a very low center of gravity. |
The telescope mount, and the pier on which it sits, are substantial engineering projects in their own right. The main technical problem is that the telescope must slew 3.5 degrees to the adjacent field and settle within 4 seconds.{{r|Neill10|p=10}} This requires a very stiff pier and telescope mount. The basic design is conventional: an altitude over azimuth mount made of steel, with hydrostatic bearings on both axes, mounted on a pier which is isolated from the dome foundations. However, the LSST pier is unusually large (16 m diameter) and robust (1.25 m thick walls), and mounted directly to virgin bedrock, where care was taken during site excavation to avoid using explosives that would crack it.<ref name=Neill10>{{cite conference |last1=Neill |first1=Douglas R. |first2=Victor L. |last2=Krabbendam. |title=LSST Telescope mount and pier design overview |conference=Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III |volume=7733 |pages=77330F |publisher=International Society for Optics and Photonics |date=2010 |doi=10.1117/12.857414 |bibcode=2010SPIE.7733E..0FN |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Douglas_Neill/publication/241525403_LSST_Telescope_mount_and_pier_design_overview/links/56f93cc208ae7c1fda311313/LSST-Telescope-mount-and-pier-design-overview.pdf }}</ref> Other unusual design features are [[linear motor]]s on the main axes and a recessed floor on the mount. This allows the telescope to extend slightly below the azimuth bearings, giving it a very low center of gravity. |
||
The contract for the Telescope Mount Assembly was signed in August 2014.<ref>{{Citation |title=LSST: TMA Contract Officially Signed |journal=LSST E-News |volume=7 |issue=4 |date=December 2014 |url=https://www.lsst.org/News/enews/201412.html}}</ref> The nearly-completed TMA was inspected in April 2018, and is scheduled to ship from its construction site in Spain to Chile in November.<ref>{{cite web |title=TMA Safety Review |url=https://www.lsst.org/news/tma-safety-review |date=4 May 2018 |publisher=LSST Corp.}}</ref> |
The contract for the Telescope Mount Assembly was signed in August 2014.<ref>{{Citation |title=LSST: TMA Contract Officially Signed |journal=LSST E-News |volume=7 |issue=4 |date=December 2014 |url=https://www.lsst.org/News/enews/201412.html}}</ref> The nearly-completed TMA was inspected in April 2018, and is scheduled to ship from its construction site in Spain to Chile in November.<ref>{{cite web |title=TMA Safety Review |url=https://www.lsst.org/news/tma-safety-review |date=4 May 2018 |publisher=LSST Corp.}}</ref> |
Revision as of 09:39, 7 May 2018
![]() Rendering of completed LSST | |
Alternative names | LSST |
---|---|
Named after | Vera Rubin ![]() |
Location(s) | Elqui Province, Coquimbo Region, Chile |
Coordinates | 30°14′40.7″S 70°44′57.9″W / 30.244639°S 70.749417°W[1][3][4] |
Organization | Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation ![]() |
Observatory code | X05 ![]() |
Altitude | 2,663 m (8,737 ft), top of pier[1][5] |
Wavelength | 320–1060 nm[6] |
First light | 2019[7] |
Telescope style | Three-mirror anastigmat, Paul-Baker / Mersenne-Schmidt wide-angle[8] |
Diameter | 8.417 m (27.6 ft) physical 8.360 m (27.4 ft) optical 5.116 m (16.8 ft) inner[9][10] |
Secondary diameter | 3.420 m (1.800 m inner)[9] |
Tertiary diameter | 5.016 m (1.100 m inner)[9][10] |
Angular resolution | 0.7″ median seeing limit 0.2″ pixel size[6] |
Collecting area | 35 square metres (376.7 sq ft)[6] |
Focal length | 10.31 m (f/1.23) overall 9.9175 m (f/1.186) primary |
Mounting | altazimuth mount ![]() |
Website | rubinobservatory |
![]() | |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Close_up_of_Telescope_in_the_Dome.jpg/300px-Close_up_of_Telescope_in_the_Dome.jpg)
The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is a wide-field survey reflecting telescope with an 8.4-meter primary mirror,[9][10] currently under construction, that will photograph the entire available sky every few nights.[11] The word synoptic is derived from the Greek words σύν (syn "together") and ὄψις (opsis "view"), and describes observations that give a broad view of a subject at a particular time.
The telescope uses a novel 3-mirror design, a variant of three-mirror anastigmat, which allows a compact telescope to deliver sharp images over a very wide 3.5-degree diameter field of view. Images are recorded by a 3.2-gigapixel CCD imaging camera, the largest digital camera ever constructed.[12] The telescope is located on the El Peñón peak of Cerro Pachón, a 2,682-meter-high mountain in Coquimbo Region, in northern Chile, alongside the existing Gemini South and Southern Astrophysical Research Telescopes.[13]
The LSST was proposed in 2001, and construction of the mirror began (with private funds) in 2007. LSST then became the top-ranked large ground-based project in the 2010 Astrophysics Decadal Survey, and the project officially began construction 1 August 2014 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) authorized the FY2014 portion ($27.5 million) of its construction budget.[14] The ceremonial laying of the first stone was performed on 14 April 2015.[15] Site construction began on April 14, 2015,[16] with engineering first light anticipated in 2019, science first light in 2021, and full operations for a ten-year survey commencing in January 2022.[17][18]
History
LSST is the successor to a long tradition of sky surveys.[19] These started as visually compiled catologs in the mid 1700s, such as the Messier catalog. This was replaced in the late 1800s by photographic surveys, starting with the Harvard Plate Collection, the National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey, and others. By about 2000 the first digital surveys, such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), began to replace the photographic plates of the earlier surveys.
LSST evolved from the earlier concept of the Dark Matter Telescope,[20] mentioned as early as 1996.[21] The fifth decadal report, Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium, was released in 2001,[22] and recommended the "Large-Aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope" as a major initiative. Even at this early stage the basic design and objectives were set:
The Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is a 6.5-m-class optical telescope designed to survey the visible sky every week down to a much fainter level than that reached by existing surveys. It will catalog 90 percent of the near-Earth objects larger than 300 m and assess the threat they pose to life on Earth. It will find some 10,000 primitive objects in the Kuiper Belt, which contains a fossil record of the formation of the solar system. It will also contribute to the study of the structure of the universe by observing thousands of supernovae, both nearby and at large redshift, and by measuring the distribution of dark matter through gravitational lensing. All the data will be available through the National Virtual Observatory (see below under “Small Initiatives”), providing access for astronomers and the public to very deep images of the changing night sky.
By the 2010 survey, LSST was the highest ranked ground based initiative, and by 2014 the rest of the construction was funded. The lead organizations are:[23]
- The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory will design and construct the LSST camera
- The National Optical Astronomy Observatory will provide the telescope and site team
- The National Center for Supercomputing Applications will construct and test the archive and data access center
- The Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy is responsible for overseeing the LSST construction.
Overview
The LSST design is unique among large telescopes (8 m-class primary mirrors) in having a very wide field of view: 3.5 degrees in diameter, or 9.6 square degrees. For comparison, both the Sun and the Moon, as seen from Earth, are 0.5 degrees across, or 0.2 square degrees. Combined with its large aperture (and thus light-collecting ability), this will give it a spectacularly large etendue of 319 m2∙degree2.[6] This is more than three times the entendue of best existing telescopes, the Subaru Telescope with its Hyper Suprime Camera,[24] and Pan-STARRS, and more than an order of magnitude better than most large telescopes.[25]
Mirrors
The LSST is the latest in a long line of improvements giving telescopes larger fields of view. The earliest reflecting telescopes used spherical mirrors, which although easy to fabricate and test, suffer from spherical aberration; a very long focal length was needed to reduce spherical aberration to a tolerable level. Making the primary mirror parabolic removes spherical aberration on-axis, but the field of view is then limited by off-axis coma. Such a parabolic primary, with either a prime or Cassegrain focus, was the most common optical design up through the Hale telescope in 1949. After that, telescopes used mostly the Ritchey–Chrétien design, which uses two hyperbolic mirrors to remove both spherical aberration and coma, leaving only astigmatism, giving a wider useful field of view. Most large telescopes between Hale and LSST used this design - the Hubble and Keck telescopes are Ritchey–Chrétien, for example. LSST takes the next step, using 3 non-spherical mirrors to cancel astigmatism as well, resulting in sharp images over a very wide field of view.
The LSST primary mirror (M1) is 8.4 metres (28 ft) in diameter, the secondary mirror (M2) is 3.4 metres (11.2 ft) in diameter, and the tertiary mirror (M3), located in a large hole in the primary, is 5.0 metres (16 ft) in diameter. (The secondary mirror is expected to be the largest convex mirror in any operating telescope, until surpassed by the ELT's 4.2m secondary c.2024). The large hole reduces the primary mirror's light-collecting area to 35 square metres (376.7 sq ft), equivalent to a 6.68-metre-diameter (21.9 ft) circle.[6] (Multiplying this by the field of view produces an etendue of 336 m2∙degree2; the actual figure is reduced by vignetting.)
The primary and tertiary mirrors (M1 and M3) were constructed as a single piece of glass, the "M1M3 monolith".
Camera
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/LSST_Focal_Plane.jpg/220px-LSST_Focal_Plane.jpg)
A 3.2-gigapixel prime focus[note 1] digital camera will take a 15-second exposure every 20 seconds.[6] Repointing such a large telescope (including settling time) within 5 seconds requires an exceptionally short and stiff structure. This in turn implies a very small f-number, which requires very precise focusing of the camera.
The camera includes three corrector lenses to reduce aberrations. The first lens at 1.55 m diameter is the largest lens ever built, and the third lens forms the vacuum window in front of the focal plane. The focal plane is flat, 64 cm in diameter, and will be a mosaic of 189 CCD detectors each of 16 megapixels,[26] providing for better than 0.2 arcsecond sampling. The CCDs will be cooled to approx −100 °C.[27]
The camera includes a filter located between the second and third lenses, and an automatic filter-changing mechanism. Although the camera has six filters (UGRIZY) covering 330 to 1080 nm wavelengths, the camera's position in front of the mirror limits the size of its filter changer. It can only hold five of them at a time, and one of the six must therefore be chosen to be omitted each night.
Image data processing
Allowing for maintenance, bad weather and other contingencies, the camera is expected to take over 200,000 pictures (1.28 petabytes uncompressed) per year, far more than can be reviewed by humans. Managing and effectively data mining the enormous output of the telescope is expected to be the most technically difficult part of the project.[28][29] In 2010, the initial computer requirements were estimated at 100 teraflops of computing power and 15 petabytes of storage, rising as the project collects data.[30] By 2018, estimates had risen to 250 teraflops and 100 petabytes of storage.[31]
Scientific goals
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Comparison_optical_telescope_primary_mirrors.svg/300px-Comparison_optical_telescope_primary_mirrors.svg.png)
Particular scientific goals of the LSST include:[32]
- Measuring weak gravitational lensing in the deep sky to detect signatures of dark energy and dark matter.
- Mapping small objects in the Solar System, particularly near-Earth asteroids and Kuiper belt objects.
- Detecting transient optical events such as novae and supernovae.
- Mapping the Milky Way.
It is also hoped that the vast volume of data produced will lead to additional serendipitous discoveries.
Some of the data from the LSST (up to 15 terabytes per night) will be made available by Google as an up-to-date interactive night-sky map.[33]
As of November 2017, the data pipeline is expected to produce:[34]
- 10 million time domain events per night, transmitted within 60 seconds of image acquisition.
- A catalog of roughly 6 million solar systems objects, with their orbits
- A catalog of approximately 37 billion sky objects - 20 billion galaxies and 17 billion stars, each with more than 200 attributes[31]
Construction progress
LSST construction is underway, with the NSF funding authorized as of 1 August 2014.[14]
Early development was funded by a number of small grants, with major contributions in January 2008 by software billionaires Charles Simonyi and Bill Gates of $20 and $10 million respectively.[35] $7.5 million was included in the U.S. President's FY2013 NSF budget request.[36] The Department of Energy is funding construction of the digital camera component by the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, as part of its mission to understand dark energy.[23]
The LSST was greatly encouraged by its selection as the highest-priority ground-based instrument in the 2010 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey.[37]
As of November 2016[update] the project critical path was the camera construction, integration and testing.[38] By February 2018, the camera and telescope shared the critical path. The main risk was deemed to be whether sufficient time was allotted for system integration.[39]
Optics
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/M1M3_mirror_group_photo.jpg/220px-M1M3_mirror_group_photo.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/LSSToptics.jpg/300px-LSSToptics.jpg)
The primary mirror, the most critical and time-consuming part of a large telescope's construction, was made over a 7-year period by the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory Mirror Lab.[40] Construction of the mold began in November 2007,[41] mirror casting was begun in March 2008,[42] and the mirror blank was declared "perfect" at the beginning of September 2008.[43] In January 2011, both M1 and M3 figures had completed generation and fine grinding, and polishing had begun on M3.
The mirror was completed in December 2014.[44] The M3 portion especially suffered from tiny air bubbles which, when they broke the surface, caused "crow's feet" defects in the surface.[45] The bubbles trapped grinding abrasive, which produced scratches a few mm long radiating out from the bubble. Left as-is, these would enlarge the telescope's point spread function, reducing the sensitivity by 3% (to 97% of nominal) and increase the portion of the sky obscured by bright stars from 4% to 4.8% of the survey area. As of January 2015[update], the project was exploring ways to fill the holes and scratches and concluded no further polishing was necessary as the mirror surfaces exceeded the structure function requirements.
The mirror was formally accepted on 13 February 2015.[46][47] It was then placed in the mirror transport box and stored in an airplane hangar[48] until it is shipped to Chile.[49]
The secondary mirror was manufactured by Corning of ultra low expansion glass and coarse-ground to within 40 μm of the desired shape.[4] In November 2009, the blank was shipped to Harvard University for storage[50] until funding to complete it was available. On October 21, 2014, the secondary mirror blank was delivered from Harvard to Exelis (now a subsidiary of Harris Corporation) for fine grinding.[51]
Building
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Facility_Cutaway.jpg/220px-Facility_Cutaway.jpg)
Site excavation began in earnest March 8, 2011,[52] and the site had been leveled by the end of 2011.[53] Also during that time, the design continued to evolve, with significant improvements to the mirror support system, stray-light baffles, wind screen, and calibration screen.
In 2015, a large amount of broken rock and clay was found under the site of the support building adjacent to the telescope. This caused a 6-week construction delay while it was dug out and the space filled with concrete. This did not affect the telescope proper or its dome, whose much more important foundations were examined more thoroughly during site planning.[54][55]
The building was declared substantially complete in March 2018[56], and (as of November), the dome is expected to be complete in August of 2018.[34]
Telescope Mount Assembly
The telescope mount, and the pier on which it sits, are substantial engineering projects in their own right. The main technical problem is that the telescope must slew 3.5 degrees to the adjacent field and settle within 4 seconds.[57]: 10 This requires a very stiff pier and telescope mount. The basic design is conventional: an altitude over azimuth mount made of steel, with hydrostatic bearings on both axes, mounted on a pier which is isolated from the dome foundations. However, the LSST pier is unusually large (16 m diameter) and robust (1.25 m thick walls), and mounted directly to virgin bedrock, where care was taken during site excavation to avoid using explosives that would crack it.[57] Other unusual design features are linear motors on the main axes and a recessed floor on the mount. This allows the telescope to extend slightly below the azimuth bearings, giving it a very low center of gravity.
The contract for the Telescope Mount Assembly was signed in August 2014.[58] The nearly-completed TMA was inspected in April 2018, and is scheduled to ship from its construction site in Spain to Chile in November.[59]
Camera
In August 2015, the LSST camera project, which is separately funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, passed its "critical decision 3" design review, with the review committee recommending DoE formally approve start of construction.[60] On August 31, the approval was given, and construction is beginning at SLAC.[61] As of September 2017, construction of the camera was 72% complete, with sufficient funding in place (including contingencies) to finish the project.[34]
-
Rendering of the LSST camera.
-
Color-coded cutaway drawing of the LSST camera.
-
Exploded view of the optical components of the LSST camera.
Data Transport
The data must be transported from the camera, to facilities at the summit, to the base facilities, and then to the LSST Data Facility at NCSA.[62] This transfer must be very fast (100G or better) and reliable since NCSA is where the data will be processed into scientific data products, including real-time alerts of transient events. This transfer uses multiple fiber optic cables from the base facility to Santiago, then two redundant routes to Miami, where it connects to existing high speed infrastructure. These two redundant links were activated in March of 2018 by the AmLight consortium.[63]
Since the data transfer crosses international borders, many different groups are involved. These include the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA, Chile and the USA), REUNA[64] (Chile), Florida International University (USA), AmLight (USA), RNP (Brazil), and University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign NCSA (USA), all of which participate in the LSST Network Engineering Team (NET). This collaboration designs and delivers end-to-end network performance across multiple network domains and providers.
Notes
- ^ The camera is actually at the tertiary focus, not the prime focus, but being located at a "trapped focus" in front of the primary mirror, the associated technical problems are similar to those of a conventional prime-focus survey camera.
See also
- List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
- Pan-STARRS
- The Dark Energy Survey
- VISTA (Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy)
- VLT Survey Telescope
References
- ^ a b Eric E. Mamajek (2012-10-10), Accurate Geodetic Coordinates for Observatories on Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachon, p. 13, arXiv:1210.1616, Bibcode:2012arXiv1210.1616M Measured GPS position for future site of LSST pier is WGS-84 30°14′40.68″S 70°44′57.90″W / 30.2446333°S 70.7494167°W, with ±0.10″ uncertainty in each coordinate.
- ^
Mugnier, C.P., C.M.S., Clifford J. (January 2007), "Grids & Datums: Republic of Chile" (PDF), Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 73 (1): 11, retrieved 2015-08-08
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Charles F. Claver; et al. (2007-03-19), LSST Reference Design (PDF), LSST Corporation, pp. 64–65, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-08, retrieved 2008-12-10
{{citation}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) The map on p. 64 shows the Universal Transverse Mercator location of the centre of the telescope pier at approximately 6653188.9 N, 331859.5 E, in zone 19J. Assuming the PSAD56 (La Canoa) datum, widely used in South America,[2] this translates to WGS84 30°14′39.6″S 70°44′57.8″W / 30.244333°S 70.749389°W. Other datums do not lead to a peak. - ^ a b
Victor Krabbendam; et al. (2011-01-11). "LSST Telescope and Optics Status" (PDF). American Astronomical Society 217th Meeting (poster). Seattle, Washington. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
{{cite conference}}
: Unknown parameter|booktitle=
ignored (|book-title=
suggested) (help) This updated plan shows the revised telescope centre at 6653188.0 N, 331859.1 E (PSAD56 datum). This is the same WGS84 location to the resolution shown. - ^ LSST Summit Facilities, 2009-08-14, retrieved 2015-08-05
- ^ a b c d e f LSST System & Survey Key Numbers, LSST Corporation, retrieved 2015-08-05
- ^ Jacoby, Suzanne (2014-08-04). "AURA's Large Synoptic Survey Telescope to Begin Construction, Thanks to National Science Foundation Funding Support" (Press release). Texas A&M University.
- ^
Willstrop, Roderick V. (October 1, 1984), "The Mersenne-Schmidt: A three-mirror survey telescope", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 210 (3): 597–609, Bibcode:1984MNRAS.210..597W, doi:10.1093/mnras/210.3.597, ISSN 0035-8711, retrieved 2015-08-05
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d Gressler, William (June 2, 2009), LSST Optical Design Summary (PDF), LSE-11, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-20, retrieved 2011-03-01
- ^ a b c Tuell, Michael T.; Martina, Hubert M.; Burge, James H.; Gressler, William J.; Zhao, Chunyu (July 22, 2010), "Optical testing of the LSST combined primary/tertiary mirror" (PDF), Proc. SPIE 7739, Modern Technologies in Space- and Ground-based Telescopes and Instrumentation (77392V), doi:10.1117/12.857358
- ^ LSST General Public FAQs Archived 2015-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Camera". LSST. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- ^ "Press Release LSSTC-04: Site in Northern Chile Selected for Large Synoptic Survey Telescope" (PDF). LSST. 17 May 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- ^ a b Kahn, Steven; Krabbendam, Victor (August 2014). "LSST Construction Authorization" (Press release). Lsst Corp.
- ^ "LSST First Stone" (Press release). LSST Corporation. 14 April 2015.
- ^ "The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope: Unlocking the secrets of dark matter and dark energy". Phys.org. May 29, 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ LSST Project Schedule
- ^ Krabbendam, Victor (2012-08-13), "LSST Project and Technical Overview" (PDF), LSST All Hands Meeting, Tucson, Arizona
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Djorgovski, S. George, Ashish Mahabal, Andrew Drake, Matthew Graham, and Ciro Donalek (2013). "Sky surveys". Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems (PDF). Springer Netherlands. pp. 223–281.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Tyson, A. & Angel, R. Clowes, Roger; Adamson, Andrew; Bromage, Gordon (eds.). The Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope. The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy, ASP Conference Series. Vol. 232. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. p. 347. ISBN 1-58381-065-X.
{{cite conference}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Press, W. H. (9–14 July 1995). C. S. Kochanek and Jacqueline N. Hewitt (ed.). Prognosticating The Future Of Gravitational Lenses. Astrophysical applications of gravitational lensing: proceedings of the 173rd Symposium of the International Astronomical Union. Vol. 173. International Astronomical Union. Melbourne; Australia: Kluwer Academic Publishers; Dordrecht. p. 407.
{{cite conference}}
: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ Astronomy and astrophysics in the new millennium. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. 2001. ISBN 0-309-07312-X.
- ^ a b "World's largest digital camera gets green light". 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2012-04-07./
- ^ Hiroaki Aihara; et al. (2018). "The Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP Survey: Overview and survey design". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 70 (SP1): S4. doi:10.1093/pasj/psx066.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ "Community Science Input and Participation". LSST.
- ^ "Technical Details". Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ^ LSST Focal Plane
- ^ Matt Stephens (2008-10-03), Mapping the universe at 30 Terabytes a night: Jeff Kantor, on building and managing a 150 Petabyte database, The Register, retrieved 2008-10-03
- ^ Matt Stephens (2010-11-26), Petabyte-chomping big sky telescope sucks down baby code, The Register, retrieved 2011-01-16
- ^ Boon, Miriam (2010-10-18), "Astronomical Computing", Symmetry Breaking, retrieved 2010-10-26
- ^ a b "Data Management Technology Innovation". LSST.
- ^ "LSST Science Goals". www.lsst.org. The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ "Google Joins Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) Project". uanews.org. January 10, 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
- ^ a b c Victor Krabbendam (28 November 2017). "LSST status update". LSST Project/NSF/AURA. Figures shown at 33:00 of presentation.
- ^ Dennis Overbye (January 3, 2008). "Donors Bring Big Telescope a Step Closer". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
- ^ "LSST Project Office Update". March 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ "Large Synoptic Survey Telescope gets Top Ranking, "a Treasure Trove of Discovery"" (PDF) (Press release). LSST Corporation. 2010-08-16. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
- ^ Construction Project Status. Nov 2016
- ^ Steven M. Kahn (21 February 2018). Project Status (PDF). LSST Science Advisory Committee Meeting. Princeton.
- ^ Steward Observatory Mirror Lab Awarded Contract for Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Mirror
- ^ Inage Gallery: Mirror Fabrication
- ^ LSST High Fire Event
- ^ Giant Furnace Opens to Reveal 'Perfect' LSST Mirror Blank (PDF), LSST Corporation, 2009-09-02, retrieved 2011-01-16
- ^ LSST.org (December 2014). "LSST E-News - Volume 7 Number 4". Retrieved 2014-12-06.
- ^ Gressler, William (15 January 2015). Telescope and Site Status (PDF). AURA Management Council for LSST. pp. 8–13. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
- ^ LSST.org (April 2015). "M1M3 Milestone Achieved". LSST E-News. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
- ^ Sebag, Jacques, William Gressler, Ming Liang, Douglas Neill, C. Araujo-Hauck, John Andrew, G. Angeli; et al. (2016). LSST primary/tertiary monolithic mirror. Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes VI. Vol. 9906. International Society for Optics and Photonics. pp. 99063E.
{{cite conference}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Beal, Tom (28 February 2015). "Big mirror about to move from UA lab". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
- ^ Jepsen, Kathryn (January 12, 2015). "Mirror, mirror: After more than six years of grinding and polishing, the first-ever dual-surface mirror for a major telescope is complete". Symmetry. Retrieved 2015-02-01.
- ^ "LSST M2 Substrate Complete and Shipped", LSST E-News, 2 (4), January 2010
- ^ "LSST M2 Substrate Received by Exelis", LSST E-News, 7 (4), December 2014
- ^ Kaboom! Life’s a Blast on Cerro Pachón, LSST Corporation, April 2011, retrieved 2015-08-05
- ^ Krabbendam, Victor; et al. (2012-01-09). "Developments in Telescope and Site" (PDF). American Astronomical Society 219th Meeting (poster). Austin, Texas. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
{{cite conference}}
: Unknown parameter|booktitle=
ignored (|book-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Excavation Activities on Cerro Pachón", LSST E-News, 8 (2), August 2015
- ^ Barr, Jeffrey D.; Gressler, William; Sebag, Jacques; Seriche, Jaime; Serrano, Eduardo (27 July 2016). "LSST Summit Facility – Construction Progress Report: Reacting to Design Refinements and Field Conditions". SPIE Proceedings. 9906: 99060P. Bibcode:2016SPIE.9906E..0PB. doi:10.1117/12.2233383. ISBN 978-1-5106-0191-8., p. 12
- ^ "A Key Event". 23 March 2018.
- ^ a b Neill, Douglas R.; Krabbendam., Victor L. (2010). LSST Telescope mount and pier design overview (PDF). Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III. Vol. 7733. International Society for Optics and Photonics. pp. 77330F. Bibcode:2010SPIE.7733E..0FN. doi:10.1117/12.857414.
- ^ "LSST: TMA Contract Officially Signed", LSST E-News, 7 (4), December 2014
- ^ "TMA Safety Review". LSST Corp. 4 May 2018.
- ^ "LSST Camera Team Passes DOE CD-3 Review". 10 August 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
- ^ "World's Most Powerful Digital Camera Sees Construction Green Light" (Press release). SLAC. 31 August 2015.
- ^ "Lighting up the LSST Fiber Optic Network: From Summit to Base to Archive".
- ^ "Amlight-Exp Activates two new 100 Gbps Points-of-Presence Enhancing Infrastructure for Research and Education" (Press release). Florida International University. 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Chile inaugura primer tramo de Red Óptica de alta velocidad" [Chile inaugurates first stretch of High Speed Optical Network] (Press release) (in Spanish). Red Universitaria Nacional. 16 April 2018.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Official home page
- LSST construction site webcams
- LSST reports and documentation
- New Scientist SPACE Article
- LSST Tutorials for Experimental Particle Physicists is a detailed explanation of LSST's design (as of February 2006) and weak lensing science goals that does not assume a lot of astronomy background.
- The New Digital Sky is a video of a July 25, 2006 presentation at Google about the LSST, particularly the data management issues.
- HULIQ Google participation announcement
- Ž. Ivezić; et al. (2008-05-15), LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (v1.0), vol. 0805, p. 2366, arXiv:0805.2366, Bibcode:2008arXiv0805.2366I, retrieved 2015-08-05, this is a comprehensive overview of the LSST.
- LSST Science Collaborations; Abell, Paul A.; Allison, Julius; Anderson, Scott F.; Andrew, John R.; Angel, J. Roger P.; Armus, Lee; Arnett, David; Asztalos, S. J. (2009-10-16), LSST Science Book, Version 2.0, vol. 0912, p. 201, arXiv:0912.0201, Bibcode:2009arXiv0912.0201L, retrieved 2011-01-16, an updated and expanded overview.