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[[File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg|thumb|[[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], School of Athens. Raffaello Sanzio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg|title=Crooped of The "School of Athens"|last=Sanzio|first=Raphael|date=November 15, 2018|website=Wikipedia Commons|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>]]
[[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|The School of Athens by Raffaello Sanzio, 1509. [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]]]
'''[[Aesthetics]]''' is defined as the perception of art, design or [[beauty]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics|title=Aesthetics {{!}} philosophy|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en}}</ref> To arrive at this perception, there is a process of individual analysis, perception and imagination. <ref name="auto"/> Perceptions is an individuals neurophysiological processes by which they are made aware of an external stimuli and perceive it. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/perception|title=perception {{!}} Definition of perception in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> Therefore, aesthetics is highly subjective and will differ from one individual or culture to the next. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Which Aesthetics" Do You Mean? Ten Definitions|last=Koren|first=Leonard|publisher=Imperfect Publishing|year=2010|isbn=|location=Point Reyes, California|pages=1-58}}</ref>
'''[[Aesthetics]]''' is defined as the perception of art, design or [[beauty]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Shelley|first=James|title=The Concept of the Aesthetic|date=2017|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/aesthetic-concept/|work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Winter 2017|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> Aesthetics is derived from the Greek word "''aisthetikos"'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/aesthetics|title=What is Aesthetics?|website=The Interaction Design Foundation|language=en|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> which is defined as a perception of the senses. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_aesthetics.html|title=Aesthetics - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy|website=www.philosophybasics.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-12}}</ref> To arrive at this impression, there is a process of individual analysis, perception and imagination.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0126.xml|title=Greek and Roman Aesthetics - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en}}</ref> Perception is defined as an individual's neurophysiological process of becoming aware of, and interpreting external stimuli.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/perception|title=perception {{!}} Definition of perception in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> Therefore, aesthetics is highly subjective and will differ from one individual to the the next.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://monoskop.org/images/7/7f/Foucault_Michel_1967_1998_Nietzsche_Freud_Marx.pdf|title=Aesthetics, Methods and Epistemology|last=Faucault|first=Michael|date=November 10, 2018|website=monoskop|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Cultures have unique systems of interpretation across time.<ref name=":12" />


Aesthetics is derived from the Greek word "''aisthetikos"'' which is defined by perception of the senses. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_aesthetics.html|title=Aesthetics - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy|website=www.philosophybasics.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-12}}</ref> There are several varying definitions or interpretations of aesthetics.<ref name=":8">{{Citation|last=Shelley|first=James|title=The Concept of the Aesthetic|date=2017|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/aesthetic-concept/|work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Winter 2017|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> Aesthetics can also be used as a synonym to define taste or style, artistic activities like rhetoric, tone, harmony, painting, composition art or music.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0126.xml|title=Greek and Roman Aesthetics - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en}}</ref>. Additionally, aesthetics can be used to reference to the superficial nature of something. <ref name=":8" />
There are several varying definitions or interpretations of aesthetics. Aesthetics can also be used as a synonym to define taste or style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/aesthetics|title=What is Aesthetics?|website=The Interaction Design Foundation|language=en|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> This encapsulates artistic expression, artistic activities like rhetoric, tone, harmony, painting, composition art or music.<ref name=":92">{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0126.xml|title=Greek and Roman Aesthetics - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en}}</ref> It may also encapsulate natural forms and how something may look, feel or sound.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0126.xml|title=Greek and Roman Aesthetics - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, it encompasses the science of how an individual or society perceives, feels, senses or knows something.<ref name=":82" />


[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] philosophers such as [[Aristotle]] and [[Plato]] partook in the rhetorical debate of aesthetic principle as its own individual branch of philosophy. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/anc-aest/|title=Ancient Aesthetics|last=Celkyte|first=Aiste|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=October 20, 2018}}</ref>The parameters of art and beauty, that define aesthetics, were initially inspired by ancient thought as presented by philosophers like Plato and Aristotle.<ref name=":0" /> As a [[philosophy]], aesthetics was developed as a branch in 18th CE<ref name=":0" /> Germany by Emmanuel [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]].<ref name=":9" /> Ancient civilizations provide connections to modern conceptions of aesthetic. ancient aesthetics can be used to define themes of modern aesthetic ideals in ancient thought<ref name=":9"/>.
As a philosophy, aesthetics was developed in 18th CE Germany by [[Immanuel Kant|Emmanuel Kant.]] <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/anc-aest/|title=Ancient Aesthetics|last=Celkyte|first=Aiste|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=October 20, 2018}}</ref> However, Greek and Roman philosophers such as [[Aristotle]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Sartwell|first=Crispin|title=Beauty|date=2017|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/beauty/|work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Winter 2017|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> and [[Plato]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leszl|first=Walter G.|date=2006-10-01|title=Plato’s attitude to poetry and the fine arts, and the origins of aesthetics|url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesplatoniciennes/997#tocto1n5|journal=Études platoniciennes|language=en|issue=3|pages=245–336|doi=10.4000/etudesplatoniciennes.997|issn=2275-1785}}</ref> partook in the rhetorical debate of aesthetic perception and properties as its own branch of philosophy. The parameters of art and beauty, that define aesthetics, were initially inspired by ancient thought as presented by philosophers.<ref name=":02" /> like Plato and Aristotle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/anc-aest/|title=Ancient Aesthetics|last=Celkyte|first=Aiste|date=|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=October 20, 2018}}</ref> The parameters of art and beauty that define aesthetics were initially inspired by ancient thought. Ancient aesthetics demonstrates origin of aesthetic debate and demonstrates inspirations for modern aesthetic definitions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0126.xml|title=Greek and Roman Aesthetics - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en}}</ref>


== Ancient civilization ==
== Ancient civilization ==
'''Ancient''' is defined a time in early history that has been identified as the dawn of the oldest known civilizations. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ancient|title=Definition of ANCIENT|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-14}}</ref>
'''Ancient''' is defined a time in early history that has been identified as the dawn of the oldest known civilizations. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ancient|title=Definition of ANCIENT|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-14}}</ref>


'''[[Ancient history]]''' is the study of life and events during this period in early history.
'''[[Ancient history]]''' is the study of life and events during this period in early history.


Civilizations that fall under classification of "ancient" are: Ancient Greece (800 B.C. and 500 B.C,) The [[Inca Empire|Incas]] (1438 A.D – 1532 A.D,)<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-ancient-civilizations-2079395|title=List of ancient civilizations|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-11-12|language=en}}</ref> The [[Aztecs]] (1345 A.D – 1521 A.D),<ref name=":4" /> The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] (550 BC – 465 B.C,) <ref name=":4" /> the [[Ancient Persian religion|Persians (]]550 BC – 465 B.C),<ref name=":4" /> [[Ancient China|Chinese]] civilization (1600 BCE-1046 BCE,) <ref name=":4" /> [[Maya civilization|Mayan]] civilization (2600 BC-900 A.D,)<ref name=":4" /> [[Ancient Egypt]] (3100 BCE-2686 BCE), <ref name=":4" /> [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley civilization]] (3300 BC -1900 BC)<ref name=":4" /> and [[Ancient Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] (3500 BC -500 BC.) <ref name=":4" />
Civilizations that fall under classification of ancient are: Ancient Greece (800 B.C. and 500 B.C,) The [[Inca Empire|Incas]] (1438 A.D – 1532 A.D,)<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-ancient-civilizations-2079395|title=List of ancient civilizations|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-11-12|language=en}}</ref> The [[Aztecs]] (1345 A.D – 1521 A.D),<ref name=":4" /> The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] (550 BC – 465 B.C,) <ref name=":4" /> the [[Ancient Persian religion|Persians (]]550 BC – 465 B.C),<ref name=":4" /> [[Ancient China|Chinese]] civilization (1600 BCE-1046 BCE,) <ref name=":4" /> [[Maya civilization|Mayan]] civilization (2600 BC-900 A.D,)<ref name=":4" /> [[Ancient Egypt]] (3100 BCE-2686 BCE), <ref name=":4" /> [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley civilization]] (3300 BC -1900 BC)<ref name=":4" /> and [[Ancient Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] (3500 BC -500 BC.) <ref name=":4" />


== Ancient Greek aesthetics ==
== Ancient Greek aesthetics ==
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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{uncategorised|date=November 2018}}
{{uncategorised|date=November 2018|philosophy=|ancient history=}}

Revision as of 14:55, 15 November 2018

Plato and Aristotle, School of Athens. Raffaello Sanzio.[1]

Aesthetics is defined as the perception of art, design or beauty.[2] Aesthetics is derived from the Greek word "aisthetikos" [3] which is defined as a perception of the senses. [4] To arrive at this impression, there is a process of individual analysis, perception and imagination.[5] Perception is defined as an individual's neurophysiological process of becoming aware of, and interpreting external stimuli.[6] Therefore, aesthetics is highly subjective and will differ from one individual to the the next.[7] Cultures have unique systems of interpretation across time.[7]

There are several varying definitions or interpretations of aesthetics. Aesthetics can also be used as a synonym to define taste or style.[8] This encapsulates artistic expression, artistic activities like rhetoric, tone, harmony, painting, composition art or music.[9] It may also encapsulate natural forms and how something may look, feel or sound.[10] Furthermore, it encompasses the science of how an individual or society perceives, feels, senses or knows something.[6]

As a philosophy, aesthetics was developed in 18th CE Germany by Emmanuel Kant. [11] However, Greek and Roman philosophers such as Aristotle[12] and Plato [13] partook in the rhetorical debate of aesthetic perception and properties as its own branch of philosophy. The parameters of art and beauty, that define aesthetics, were initially inspired by ancient thought as presented by philosophers.[11] like Plato and Aristotle.[14] The parameters of art and beauty that define aesthetics were initially inspired by ancient thought. Ancient aesthetics demonstrates origin of aesthetic debate and demonstrates inspirations for modern aesthetic definitions.[15]

Ancient civilization

Ancient is defined a time in early history that has been identified as the dawn of the oldest known civilizations. [16]

Ancient history is the study of life and events during this period in early history.

Civilizations that fall under classification of ancient are: Ancient Greece (800 B.C. and 500 B.C,) The Incas (1438 A.D – 1532 A.D,)[17] The Aztecs (1345 A.D – 1521 A.D),[17] The Romans (550 BC – 465 B.C,) [17] the Persians (550 BC – 465 B.C),[17] Chinese civilization (1600 BCE-1046 BCE,) [17] Mayan civilization (2600 BC-900 A.D,)[17] Ancient Egypt (3100 BCE-2686 BCE), [17] Indus Valley civilization (3300 BC -1900 BC)[17] and Mesopotamia (3500 BC -500 BC.) [17]

Ancient Greek aesthetics

Ancient or archaic Greece is classified as the time period between 800 B.C. and 500 B.C.[18]

Beauty

Beauty[19] in ancient Greece (800-300 BCE) was referred to as κάλλος.[19] The history of ancient Greek aesthetics spans centuries.Philosophical theories of beauty through this era fall under categories of proportion, functionality and the Form.[14]

Greeks Gods

Bronze Zeus or Poseidon. Athens, Greece.[20]

Influence of beauty was derived from their Gods.[14] Greek gods were believed to take a divine human form and inspired their perception of divine beauty. Temples were created in Greece to worship these gods and were filled with life-like images of them. [21]

Their gods were believed to take a divine human form and inspired their perception of divine beauty. Temples were created in Greece to worship these gods and were filled with life-like images of them. [22]

Form

Ancient Greeks were fixated on the aesthetic form of the human body.[21] This ideal was captured through the art of this era. [22]Sculptures were inspired initially by the monumental art of the Ancient Egyptians.[21] Sculptures were perceived to be at their peak of aesthetics when the human form was captured in a unique way and emphasizing a divine or godlike quality. Proportion, poise and perfection of the human form were the artistic and aesthetic ideals.[23] Stone and bronze monuments are iconic of this civilization. [23]

Ancient Egyptian aesthetics

Beauty

Ancient Egyptian Art and Beauty[24]

Ancient Egyptians of both sexes regarded physical beauty with the utmost importance and performed beauty rituals to enhance their appearance. [25] Artifacts have been found to support ancient Egyptian beauty ideals. [26]Human beauty was enhanced through archaic forms of makeup. This includes copper and silver handheld mirrors and combs. Makeup was creating using siltstones palettes to grind minerals like green malachite or kohl.[26] There is also evidence that human hair was used to create hair extensions and wigs.[26] Jewellery was also used to enhance appearance, including a string of beads and carnelian pendants in the shape of poppy heads. [26]

The afterlife and tombs

The Ancient Egyptians believed in an afterlife. Tombs were created for the dead and decorated with the highest form of their aesthetic principles.[27] Mummy masks and coffins were painted with emphasized eyes, lined with dramatic black outlines. [26]

References

  1. ^ Sanzio, Raphael (November 15, 2018). "Crooped of The "School of Athens"". Wikipedia Commons. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  2. ^ Shelley, James (2017), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), "The Concept of the Aesthetic", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2018-11-15
  3. ^ "What is Aesthetics?". The Interaction Design Foundation. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  4. ^ "Aesthetics - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy". www.philosophybasics.com. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  5. ^ "Greek and Roman Aesthetics - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo". Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  6. ^ a b "perception | Definition of perception in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  7. ^ a b Faucault, Michael (November 10, 2018). "Aesthetics, Methods and Epistemology" (PDF). monoskop. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  8. ^ "What is Aesthetics?". The Interaction Design Foundation. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  9. ^ "Greek and Roman Aesthetics - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo". Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  10. ^ "Greek and Roman Aesthetics - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo". Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  11. ^ a b Celkyte, Aiste. "Ancient Aesthetics". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved October 20, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  12. ^ Sartwell, Crispin (2017), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), "Beauty", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2018-11-15
  13. ^ Leszl, Walter G. (2006-10-01). "Plato's attitude to poetry and the fine arts, and the origins of aesthetics". Études platoniciennes (3): 245–336. doi:10.4000/etudesplatoniciennes.997. ISSN 2275-1785. {{cite journal}}: no-break space character in |first= at position 7 (help)
  14. ^ a b c Celkyte, Aiste. "Ancient Aesthetics". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved October 20, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  15. ^ "Greek and Roman Aesthetics - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo". Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  16. ^ "Definition of ANCIENT". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i "List of ancient civilizations". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  18. ^ "Ancient Greece". HISTORY. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
  19. ^ a b "Beauty", Wikipedia, 2018-10-07, retrieved 2018-11-12
  20. ^ "User:Jebulon - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  21. ^ a b c "How Art Made the World . Episodes . More Human than Human . Ancient Greece and the Naked Body | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  22. ^ a b "How Art Made the World . Episodes . More Human than Human . Ancient Greece and the Naked Body | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  23. ^ a b "Ancient Greek Sculpture". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  24. ^ "User:Estere13 - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  25. ^ "BBC - History: Egyptians". Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  26. ^ a b c d e Sooke, Alastair. "How ancient Egypt shaped our idea of beauty". Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  27. ^ "How Art Made the World . Episodes . More Human than Human . Egyptian Need for Order | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
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