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'''James William Bruce Douglas'''<ref>{{cite journal|title=J W B Douglas Obituary|journal=British Medical Journal|date=4 April 1992|volume=304|pages=910–928|issn=0959-8146}}</ref> (born in 1914 in [[Alperton]], [[Middlesex]], died 1992) was an eminent [[social research]]er.<ref name="rcp">{{cite web|title=Dr James W. Bruce Douglas|url=https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/paediatrician/dr-james-w-bruce-douglas|website=The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health|publisher=The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health|accessdate=31 December 2017|date= 2 March 2017}}</ref> Douglas was responsible for the [[National Survey of Health & Development]] that later led to new studies, [[National Child Development Study]] studies.<ref name="adc">{{cite journal|title=James Spence medallist 1984: James William Bruce Douglas|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |date=1984 |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=805–806 |pmid=6385866 |accessdate=|pmc=1628719}}</ref>
'''James William Bruce Douglas'''<ref>{{cite journal|title=J W B Douglas Obituary|journal=British Medical Journal|date=4 April 1992|volume=304|pages=910–928|issn=0959-8146}}</ref> (born in 1914 in [[Alperton]], [[Middlesex]], died 1992) was an eminent [[social research]]er.<ref name="rcp">{{cite web|title=Dr James W. Bruce Douglas|url=https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/paediatrician/dr-james-w-bruce-douglas|website=The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health|publisher=The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health|accessdate=31 December 2017|date= 2 March 2017}}</ref> Douglas was responsible for the [[National Survey of Health & Development]] that in turn led to other national birth cohort studies, such as the [[National Child Development Study|National Child Development Study,]] the [[1970 British Cohort Study]] and the [[Millennium Cohort Study]].<ref name="adc">{{cite journal|title=James Spence medallist 1984: James William Bruce Douglas|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |date=1984 |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=805–806 |pmid=6385866 |accessdate=|pmc=1628719}}</ref>


==Life==
==Life==
Douglas was born a clergyman’s son in Alperton, Middlesex, in 1914.<ref name="pdf">{{cite web|title=DR. J.W.B. DOUGLAS|url=https://www.nshd.mrc.ac.uk/files/8514/4620/5116/Douglas_paper1.pdf|website=MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing|publisher=Medical Research Council|accessdate=13 May 2018|format=pdf}}</ref> Upon receiving a [[Demyship|Demy]], Douglas attended [[Magdalen College, Oxford]], to study [[Natural science]]s and [[Physiology]] and was eventually awarded a First class honours degree.<ref name="pdf"/> He also received a college [[Choral scholar]]ship, which enabled him to continue studying at Magdlen,<ref name="pdf"/> and he gained the further degree of [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] in Primate Behaviour<ref name="pdf"/> with a thesis on the study of primate behaviour, supervised by [[Solly Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman|Solomon Zuckerman]].<ref name="adc"/>
Douglas was born in Alperton, Middlesex, in 1914 and was the son of a clergyman.<ref name="pdf">{{cite web|title=DR. J.W.B. DOUGLAS|url=https://www.nshd.mrc.ac.uk/files/8514/4620/5116/Douglas_paper1.pdf|website=MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing|publisher=Medical Research Council|accessdate=13 May 2018|format=pdf}}</ref> Upon receiving a [[Demyship|Demy]], Douglas attended [[Magdalen College, Oxford]], to study [[Natural science]]s and [[Physiology]] and was eventually awarded a First class honours degree.<ref name="pdf"/> He also received a college [[Choral scholar]]ship, which enabled him to continue studying at Magdalen,<ref name="pdf"/> and he gained the further degree of [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] in Primate Behaviour.<ref name="pdf"/> His PhD thesis was on the study of primate behaviour and was supervised by [[Solly Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman|Solomon Zuckerman]].<ref name="adc"/>


In 1934 Douglas started his clinical training at the College of [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]] and in 1939 gained the usual professional qualifications of [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery#United Kingdom|MB.BCh.]]<ref name="adc"/><ref name="pdf"/> After qualifying, he worked in the anatomy and physiology departments of the University of Oxford.<ref name="adc"/>
In 1934 Douglas started his clinical training at the College of [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]] and in 1939 gained the usual professional qualifications of [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery#United Kingdom|MB.BCh.]]<ref name="adc"/><ref name="pdf"/> After qualifying, he worked in the anatomy and physiology departments of the University of Oxford.<ref name="adc"/>


==Career==
==Career==
Douglas's first position during [[World War II]] was as Scientific Officer in the Ministry of Social Security, working as an assistant conducting research into Animal Behaviour, that was supervised by Solly Zuckerman.<ref name="adc"/> Between 1941 and 1942, Douglas worked as a lecturer in Physiology at [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]].<ref name="pdf"/> For the rest of the war period, Douglas was a Research Officer at the Oxford Extra Mural Unit of the [[Ministry of Home Security]].<ref name="pdf"/>
Douglas was a [[Pacifism|pacifist]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/942849350|title=The life project : how the study of six generations showed us who we are|last=Helen,|first=Pearson,|isbn=9781846148262|location=London|oclc=942849350}}</ref> and [[conscientious objector]],<ref name=":0" /> so during [[World War II]] he served as Scientific Officer in the Ministry of Social Security, conducting research into Animal Behaviour, in a unit that was supervised by Solly Zuckerman.<ref name="adc"/> Between 1941 and 1942, Douglas worked as a lecturer in Physiology at [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]].<ref name="pdf"/> For the rest of the war period, Douglas was a Research Officer at the Oxford Extra Mural Unit of the [[Ministry of Home Security]].<ref name="pdf"/> As part of this war work, Douglas was involved in a Field Survey of Air-Raid Casualties that aimed to understand the mechanisms by which bomb blasts caused injury and death.<ref name=":0" /> This provided him with valuable experience of conducting and analysing large surveys.


By the end of the war in 1945, with the huge social upheaval caused by the war, Douglas like most people ar the time, was particularly concerned with inequality of opportunity, health in society and at home, and family circumstances.<ref name="pdf"/> So when the job offer presented itself to study [[Obstetrics]] in relation to the falling birth rate, Douglas jumped at the opportunity, and which would later define his whole life's work. Douglas was appointed to the position of Executive Director of the Maternity Survey of the Joint Committee of the [[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]] and the [[Population Investigation Committee]] under the aegis of the [[Royal Commission on Population]].<ref name="adc"/> Notable members of the committee included vice-chairman, Sir [[Alan Moncrieff]], with [[Dermod MacCarthy]] also on the committee.<ref name="adc"/>
Prior to the war, the falling birth rate in Britain had been a major concern and during the war the idea of a survey was developed by the [[Population Investigation Committee]], an independent group, based at the [[London School of Economics]]. The committee appointed the demographer and sociologist, [[David Glass (sociologist)|David Glass]], to coordinate research and he suggested that Douglas would be a suitable person to conduct the survey. Dr Frank Yates, a statistical advisor to Zuckerman and Dr Richard Schilling, chairman of the Industrial Health Research Board, also supported Douglas's appointment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nshd.mrc.ac.uk/files/7114/4620/5846/Wadsworth_Origin_of_NSHD.pdf|website=www.nshd.mrc.ac.uk|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref> Douglas like most people at the time, was particularly concerned with inequality, health in society and at home, and family circumstances.<ref name="pdf"/> So when the job offer presented itself to study [[Obstetrics]] in relation to the falling birth rate, Douglas jumped at the opportunity; it would later define his whole life's work. Douglas was appointed to the position of Executive Director of the Maternity Survey of the Joint Committee of the [[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]] and the Population Investigation Committee under the aegis of the [[Royal Commission on Population]].<ref name="adc"/> Notable members of the committee included vice-chairman, Sir [[Alan Moncrieff]], with [[Dermod MacCarthy]] also on the committee.<ref name="adc"/>


The Maternity Survey was designed to identify all babies born, during one week, March 3–9, 1946 throughout England, Wales, and Scotland,<ref name="rcp"/> and aimed to answer five key questions: 1) What was the availability of maternity services to different social classes in different parts of the country? 2) What use was made of these services? 3) How effective were the services in educating mothers, and in reducing mortality among mothers and infants? 4) What was the extent of need for domestic help during pregnancy and the puerperium? 5) What was the nature and extent of expenditure on child-birth?<ref name=":1" /> The survey was funded by the [[Nuffield Foundation]] and the National Birthday Trust Fund.<ref name=":0" /> The study was run by Douglas assisted by Griselda Rowntree and the interviews were performed by health visitors about 2 months after the mothers had given birth.<ref name=":0" /> Information on the forms collected by the health visitors was transcribed by students and transferred to [[Punched card|punched cards]] by a team of women.<ref name=":0" /> The findings provided information about the high costs of having a baby, and showed the need to change the rules governing anaesthesia in labour. It also showed marked differences in infant survival rates depending on what region of Great Britain the mother was from, and the profound effects of social class on the outcomes of pregnancies.<ref name="adc"/><ref name=":0" /> The results of the study were published in 1948 in a book, 'Maternity in Great Britain'. In the same year the [[National Health Service|National Health Service (NHS)]] was founded and medical care for pregnancy and birth became free. While writing up the data, Douglas and Glass came up with the idea of following up participants as a [[cohort study]], and the [[National Survey of Health & Development|National Survey of Health and Development]] (NSHD) came into being.<ref name=":0" />
The purpose of the Maternity Survey was to identify all babies born, during one week, in March 1946, and to use the subsequent dataset to research methods of raising standards in materning service within Great Britain.<ref name="rcp"/> The findings enabled, e.g. the [[National Health Service]] that was established in 1948, to know the costs of having a baby, showed the need to change in rules governing anaesthesia in labour, and the need to address infant survival rates that were different depending on what region of Great Britain the mother was from.<ref name="adc"/>


==National Survey of Health and Development==
== National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) ==
The NSHD has been described as "the granddaddy of all cohort studies".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watts|first=Geoff|date=2011-02-15|title=In for the long haul|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d942|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=342|pages=d942|doi=10.1136/bmj.d942|issn=1468-5833|pmid=21324993}}</ref> To create the cohort, Douglas selected 5361 children representative of all social classes from the offspring of the 13,687 mothers who had participated in the original survey.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d942.extract | title=In for the long haul | last=Watts | first=Geoff | work=British Medical Journal, BMJ 2011; 342:d942 | date=15 February 2011 | accessdate=2011-04-18}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> These cohort members are often termed 'Douglas Babies'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mrc.ukri.org/news/blog/happy-70th-birthday-to-the-life-long-members-of-the-mrc-national-survey-of-health-and-development/?redirected-from-wordpress|title=Happy 70th birthday to the Douglas babies!|last=Medical Research Council|first=M. R. C.|date=2018-11-21|website=mrc.ukri.org|language=en|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref> Over the years the scope of the survey has expanded to include a wide range of social, physical and health measures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardy|first=Rebecca|last2=Richards|first2=Marcus|last3=Kuh|first3=Diana|last4=Wadsworth|first4=Michael|date=2006-02-01|title=Cohort Profile: The 1946 National Birth Cohort (MRC National Survey of Health and Development)|url=https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/35/1/49/849772|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=49–54|doi=10.1093/ije/dyi201|issn=0300-5771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardy|first=Rebecca|last2=Richards|first2=Marcus|last3=Stephen|first3=Alison M.|last4=Wong|first4=Andrew|last5=Pellerin|first5=Denis|last6=Mishra|first6=Gita|last7=Macfarlane|first7=Peter W.|last8=Hughes|first8=Alun|last9=Harwood|first9=Nikki|date=2011-02-01|title=Cohort Profile: Updating the cohort profile for the MRC National Survey of Health and Development: a new clinic-based data collection for ageing research|url=https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/40/1/e1/661817|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|language=en|volume=40|issue=1|pages=e1–e9|doi=10.1093/ije/dyq231|issn=0300-5771|pmc=PMC3043283|pmid=21345808}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=Rachel|last2=Hardy|first2=Rebecca|last3=Stafford|first3=Mai|last4=Richards|first4=Marcus|last5=Sharma|first5=Nikhil|last6=Davis|first6=Daniel|last7=Curran|first7=Philip|last8=Popham|first8=Maria|last9=Moore|first9=Adam|date=2016-11-01|title=The MRC National Survey of Health and Development reaches age 70: maintaining participation at older ages in a birth cohort study|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-016-0217-8|journal=European Journal of Epidemiology|language=en|volume=31|issue=11|pages=1135–1147|doi=10.1007/s10654-016-0217-8|issn=1573-7284|pmc=PMC5206260|pmid=27995394}}</ref> The study is still on-going<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.closer.ac.uk/study/mrc-national-survey-health-development/|title=MRC National Survey of Health and Development|website=CLOSER|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref> and participants have been followed up through 24 data collections up to age 68 to 69, with future collections planned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuh|first=Diana|last2=Wong|first2=Andrew|last3=Shah|first3=Imran|last4=Moore|first4=Adam|last5=Popham|first5=Maria|last6=Curran|first6=Philip|last7=Davis|first7=Daniel|last8=Sharma|first8=Nikhil|last9=Richards|first9=Marcus|date=11 2016|title=The MRC National Survey of Health and Development reaches age 70: maintaining participation at older ages in a birth cohort study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27995394|journal=European Journal of Epidemiology|volume=31|issue=11|pages=1135–1147|doi=10.1007/s10654-016-0217-8|issn=1573-7284|pmc=PMC5206260|pmid=27995394}}</ref>
The NCDS has been described as "the granddaddy of all cohort studies" and was set up by Douglas less than a year after the end of the second world war. It began with interviews with 13,687 mothers who had given birth in the United Kingdom during one week of March 1946.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d942.extract | title=In for the long haul | last=Watts | first=Geoff | work=British Medical Journal, BMJ 2011; 342:d942 | date=15 February 2011 | accessdate=2011-04-18}}</ref> The sample was reduced to 5361 that was representative of all social classes, to make it more manageable, and enable Douglas to keep track of all the individuals in the sample.

After the initial survey in 1958, there have been attempts to trace all members of this birth [[generational cohort]] in 1965, 1969, 1974, 1981, 1991, 1999–2000, 2004 and 2008 to get information concerning their physical, educational and social development.<ref>[http://www.esds.ac.uk/longitudinal/access/ncds/l33004.asp ESDS Longitudinal, NCDS webpages], retrieved September 21, 2009</ref> During the 2002-2204, genetic information on participants was also obtained to examine the genetic effects on common traits and diseases.<ref>[http://b58cgene.sgul.ac.uk/followup.php 2002-2004 Biomedical follow-up, retrieved January 6th, 2011]</ref>


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==

Revision as of 22:38, 16 December 2018

James W. B. Douglas
James W.B. Douglas
Born(1914-01-01)1 January 1914
Alperton, Middlesex
Died1 January 1992(1992-01-01) (aged 78)
NationalityBritish
Alma materMagdalen College, Oxford, St Bartholomew's Hospital
Known forfor establishing the National Survey of Health & Development study.
Scientific career
Fieldssocial research
InstitutionsExeter College, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists

James William Bruce Douglas[1] (born in 1914 in Alperton, Middlesex, died 1992) was an eminent social researcher.[2] Douglas was responsible for the National Survey of Health & Development that in turn led to other national birth cohort studies, such as the National Child Development Study, the 1970 British Cohort Study and the Millennium Cohort Study.[3]

Life

Douglas was born in Alperton, Middlesex, in 1914 and was the son of a clergyman.[4] Upon receiving a Demy, Douglas attended Magdalen College, Oxford, to study Natural sciences and Physiology and was eventually awarded a First class honours degree.[4] He also received a college Choral scholarship, which enabled him to continue studying at Magdalen,[4] and he gained the further degree of B.Sc. in Primate Behaviour.[4] His PhD thesis was on the study of primate behaviour and was supervised by Solomon Zuckerman.[3]

In 1934 Douglas started his clinical training at the College of St Bartholomew's Hospital and in 1939 gained the usual professional qualifications of MB.BCh.[3][4] After qualifying, he worked in the anatomy and physiology departments of the University of Oxford.[3]

Career

Douglas was a pacifist[5] and conscientious objector,[5] so during World War II he served as Scientific Officer in the Ministry of Social Security, conducting research into Animal Behaviour, in a unit that was supervised by Solly Zuckerman.[3] Between 1941 and 1942, Douglas worked as a lecturer in Physiology at Exeter College.[4] For the rest of the war period, Douglas was a Research Officer at the Oxford Extra Mural Unit of the Ministry of Home Security.[4] As part of this war work, Douglas was involved in a Field Survey of Air-Raid Casualties that aimed to understand the mechanisms by which bomb blasts caused injury and death.[5] This provided him with valuable experience of conducting and analysing large surveys.

Prior to the war, the falling birth rate in Britain had been a major concern and during the war the idea of a survey was developed by the Population Investigation Committee, an independent group, based at the London School of Economics. The committee appointed the demographer and sociologist, David Glass, to coordinate research and he suggested that Douglas would be a suitable person to conduct the survey. Dr Frank Yates, a statistical advisor to Zuckerman and Dr Richard Schilling, chairman of the Industrial Health Research Board, also supported Douglas's appointment.[6] Douglas like most people at the time, was particularly concerned with inequality, health in society and at home, and family circumstances.[4] So when the job offer presented itself to study Obstetrics in relation to the falling birth rate, Douglas jumped at the opportunity; it would later define his whole life's work. Douglas was appointed to the position of Executive Director of the Maternity Survey of the Joint Committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the Population Investigation Committee under the aegis of the Royal Commission on Population.[3] Notable members of the committee included vice-chairman, Sir Alan Moncrieff, with Dermod MacCarthy also on the committee.[3]

The Maternity Survey was designed to identify all babies born, during one week, March 3–9, 1946 throughout England, Wales, and Scotland,[2] and aimed to answer five key questions: 1) What was the availability of maternity services to different social classes in different parts of the country? 2) What use was made of these services? 3) How effective were the services in educating mothers, and in reducing mortality among mothers and infants? 4) What was the extent of need for domestic help during pregnancy and the puerperium? 5) What was the nature and extent of expenditure on child-birth?[6] The survey was funded by the Nuffield Foundation and the National Birthday Trust Fund.[5] The study was run by Douglas assisted by Griselda Rowntree and the interviews were performed by health visitors about 2 months after the mothers had given birth.[5] Information on the forms collected by the health visitors was transcribed by students and transferred to punched cards by a team of women.[5] The findings provided information about the high costs of having a baby, and showed the need to change the rules governing anaesthesia in labour. It also showed marked differences in infant survival rates depending on what region of Great Britain the mother was from, and the profound effects of social class on the outcomes of pregnancies.[3][5] The results of the study were published in 1948 in a book, 'Maternity in Great Britain'. In the same year the National Health Service (NHS) was founded and medical care for pregnancy and birth became free. While writing up the data, Douglas and Glass came up with the idea of following up participants as a cohort study, and the National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) came into being.[5]

National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD)

The NSHD has been described as "the granddaddy of all cohort studies".[7] To create the cohort, Douglas selected 5361 children representative of all social classes from the offspring of the 13,687 mothers who had participated in the original survey.[8][6] These cohort members are often termed 'Douglas Babies'.[9] Over the years the scope of the survey has expanded to include a wide range of social, physical and health measures.[10][11][12] The study is still on-going[13] and participants have been followed up through 24 data collections up to age 68 to 69, with future collections planned.[14]

Bibliography

Douglas published over 30 books during this career. These were considered his most important publications:

  • Children under five : the results of a national survey made by a Joint Committee of the Institute of Child Health (University of London) the Society of Medical Officers of Health and the Population Investigation Committee., James W.B. Douglas; J M Bloomfiel., London : Allen & Unwin, 1958.,
  • The home and the school : a study of ability and attainment in the primary school., James W.B. Douglas; Tessa Chester; C. Nicholls & Co. Ltd,; Penerbitan Buku Panther. St. Albans : Panther Books, 1976.
  • All our future : a longitudinal study of secondary education.,James W.B. Douglas; J M Ross; H R Simpson. London : Panther, 1971, ©1968.

Some of his most important published articles:

  • Douglas, J.W.B. and Rowntree, G. (1949) Supplementary maternal and child health services, part I, postnatal care. part II, nurseries. Population Studies, 3, 205-226.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1950) The extent of breast-feeding in Great Britain in 1946 with specialreference to the health and survival of children. Journal of Obstetrics of the British Empire, 57, 336-362.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1950) Some factors associated with prematurity. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire, 57, 143-170.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1951) The health and survival of children in different social classes, the results of a national survey. Lancet, (ii), 440-446.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1951) Social class differences in health and survival during the first two years of life, the results of a national survey. Population Studies, 5, 35-38.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1950) Deux enquêtes nationales sur la maternité et la santé de l'enfant en Grande Bretagne. Population, 4, 625-642.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1951) The health and survival of children in different social classes, the results of a national survey. Lancet, (ii), 440-446.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1951) Social class differences in health and survival during the first two years of life, the results of a national survey. Population Studies, 5, 35-38.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1954) Birthweight and the history of breastfeeding. Lancet, (ii), 685-688.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. and Mogford, C. (1953) The growth of premature children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 28, 436-445.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. and Mogford, C. (1953) The health of premature children, during the first four years of life, British Medical Journal, (i), 748-754.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1952) Studies in morbidity in childhood (discussion) Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 45, 116-120.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1954) Birthweight and the history of breastfeeding. Lancet, (ii), 685-688.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1960) Premature children at primary schools. British Medical Journal, (i), 1008-1013.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1956) The mental ability of premature children. British Medical Journal, (i), 1210-1214.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1956) The age at which premature children walk. Medical Officer, 95, 33-35.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1960) The development of prematurely born children. Journal of the Medical Women's Federation, 42(a), 166-169.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1964) Ability and adjustment of children who have had measles. British Medical Journal, 2, 1301-1303.
  • Mulligan, D.G., Douglas, J.W.B., Hammond, W.A. and Tizard, J. (1963) Delinquency and symptoms of maladjustment - the findings of a longitudinal study. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 56, 1083-1086.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1962) The height of boys and girls and their home environment. In Hottinger, A. & Berger, H. (Eds), Modern Problems in Paediatrics, VII, 178-182.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1962) Reproductive loss. In Welford, A.T., Argyle, M., Glass, D.V. and Morris, J.N. (Eds), Society, Problems and Methods of Study. Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London pp. 429–442.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. and Mulligan, D.G. (1961) Emotional adjustment and educational achievement - the preliminary results of a longitudinal study of a national sample of children. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 54, 885-891.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. and Simpson H.R. (1964) Height in relation to puberty, family size and social class. A longitudinal study. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 42, 20-35.32. Cooper, J.E. (1965) Epilepsy in a longitudinal survey of 5,000 Children. British Medical Journal, (i), 1020-1022.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1964) The environmental challenge in early childhood. Public Health, 78, 195-202.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. and Ross, J.M. (1968) Characteristics of delinquent boys and their homes. In Thoday, J.M. and Parkes, A.S. (Eds), Genetic and Environmental Influences on Behaviour. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 114–127.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. and Waller, R.E. (1966) Air pollution and respiratory infection in children. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, 20, 1-8.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1969) Effects of early environment on later development. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians, 3, 359-364.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1970) Broken families and child behaviour. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians, London, 4, 203-210.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1973) Prospective study of effectiveness of tonsillectomy in children. Proceedings of 6th International Scientific Meeting of the International Epidemiological Association. Savremena Administracija, Belgrade, 941-950.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1973) Early disturbing events and later enuresis. In Kolvin, I., MacKeith, R.C. and Meadow, S.R. (Eds), Bladder Control and Enuresis. Spastics International Medical Publishers, London, pp. 109–117.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1975) Longitudinal studies in the United Kingdom. In Wallace, H.M. (Ed), Health Care of Mothers and Children in National Health Services: Implications for the United States. Ballinger, Cambridge, Mass.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. (1975) Early hospital admissions and later disturbances of behaviour and learning. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 17, 456-480.
  • Douglas, J.W.B. and Gear, R. (1976) Children of low birthweight in the 1946 national cohort. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 51, 820-827.

Awards

Douglas was awarded the prestigious James Spence Medal in 1984, by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.[2]

References

  1. ^ "J W B Douglas Obituary". British Medical Journal. 304: 910–928. 4 April 1992. ISSN 0959-8146.
  2. ^ a b c "Dr James W. Bruce Douglas". The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "James Spence medallist 1984: James William Bruce Douglas". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 59 (9): 805–806. 1984. PMC 1628719. PMID 6385866.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "DR. J.W.B. DOUGLAS" (pdf). MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing. Medical Research Council. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Helen,, Pearson,. The life project : how the study of six generations showed us who we are. London. ISBN 9781846148262. OCLC 942849350.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c www.nshd.mrc.ac.uk http://www.nshd.mrc.ac.uk/files/7114/4620/5846/Wadsworth_Origin_of_NSHD.pdf. Retrieved 2018-12-16. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ Watts, Geoff (2011-02-15). "In for the long haul". BMJ. 342: d942. doi:10.1136/bmj.d942. ISSN 1468-5833. PMID 21324993.
  8. ^ Watts, Geoff (15 February 2011). "In for the long haul". British Medical Journal, BMJ 2011; 342:d942. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  9. ^ Medical Research Council, M. R. C. (2018-11-21). "Happy 70th birthday to the Douglas babies!". mrc.ukri.org. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
  10. ^ Hardy, Rebecca; Richards, Marcus; Kuh, Diana; Wadsworth, Michael (2006-02-01). "Cohort Profile: The 1946 National Birth Cohort (MRC National Survey of Health and Development)". International Journal of Epidemiology. 35 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi201. ISSN 0300-5771.
  11. ^ Hardy, Rebecca; Richards, Marcus; Stephen, Alison M.; Wong, Andrew; Pellerin, Denis; Mishra, Gita; Macfarlane, Peter W.; Hughes, Alun; Harwood, Nikki (2011-02-01). "Cohort Profile: Updating the cohort profile for the MRC National Survey of Health and Development: a new clinic-based data collection for ageing research". International Journal of Epidemiology. 40 (1): e1–e9. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq231. ISSN 0300-5771. PMC 3043283. PMID 21345808.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  12. ^ Cooper, Rachel; Hardy, Rebecca; Stafford, Mai; Richards, Marcus; Sharma, Nikhil; Davis, Daniel; Curran, Philip; Popham, Maria; Moore, Adam (2016-11-01). "The MRC National Survey of Health and Development reaches age 70: maintaining participation at older ages in a birth cohort study". European Journal of Epidemiology. 31 (11): 1135–1147. doi:10.1007/s10654-016-0217-8. ISSN 1573-7284. PMC 5206260. PMID 27995394.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  13. ^ "MRC National Survey of Health and Development". CLOSER. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
  14. ^ Kuh, Diana; Wong, Andrew; Shah, Imran; Moore, Adam; Popham, Maria; Curran, Philip; Davis, Daniel; Sharma, Nikhil; Richards, Marcus (11 2016). "The MRC National Survey of Health and Development reaches age 70: maintaining participation at older ages in a birth cohort study". European Journal of Epidemiology. 31 (11): 1135–1147. doi:10.1007/s10654-016-0217-8. ISSN 1573-7284. PMC 5206260. PMID 27995394. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
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