Standard gravity: Difference between revisions
m Reverted edits by 81.101.186.211 (talk) to last version by Charles Inigo |
if you look at an Earth gravity map, gravitational differences are rather not like that: https://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/1000_1x_/public/import/2013/images/2010/06/goce.gif?itok=RO6FYP-L |
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The '''standard acceleration due to gravity''' (or '''standard acceleration of free fall'''), sometimes abbreviated as '''standard gravity''', usually denoted by {{math|''ɡ''<sub>0</sub>}} or {{math|''ɡ''<sub>n</sub>}}, is the nominal [[gravitational acceleration]] of an object in a [[vacuum]] near the surface of the [[Earth]]. It is [[ISO 80000-3|defined by standard]] as {{val|9.80665|u=m/s2}} (about {{val|32.17405|u=ft/s2}}). This value was established by the 3rd [[General Conference on Weights and Measures|CGPM]] (1901, CR 70) and used to define the standard [[weight]] of an object as the product of its mass and this nominal [[acceleration]].<ref>{{cite report |editor1-first=Barry N.|editor1-last=Taylor|editor2-first=Ambler|editor2-last=Thompson |author-link= |date=March 2008 |title=The international system of units (SI) |url=http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication330e2008.pdf|format=pdf |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |page=52 |docket=NIST special publication 330, 2008 edition |access-date= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf#page=51 |title=The International System of Units (SI) |publisher=[[International Bureau of Weights and Measures|Bureau international des poids et mesures]] |edition=8th |year=2006 |isbn=92-822-2213-6 |pages=142–143}}</ref> The acceleration of a body near the surface of the Earth is due to the combined effects of [[gravity]] and [[centrifugal force|centrifugal acceleration]] from the rotation of the Earth (but which is small enough to be neglected for most purposes); the total (the apparent gravity) is about 0.5% greater at the [[geographical pole|poles]] than at the [[Equator]]. |
The '''standard acceleration due to gravity''' (or '''standard acceleration of free fall'''), sometimes abbreviated as '''standard gravity''', usually denoted by {{math|''ɡ''<sub>0</sub>}} or {{math|''ɡ''<sub>n</sub>}}, is the nominal [[gravitational acceleration]] of an object in a [[vacuum]] near the surface of the [[Earth]]. It is [[ISO 80000-3|defined by standard]] as {{val|9.80665|u=m/s2}} (about {{val|32.17405|u=ft/s2}}). This value was established by the 3rd [[General Conference on Weights and Measures|CGPM]] (1901, CR 70) and used to define the standard [[weight]] of an object as the product of its mass and this nominal [[acceleration]].<ref>{{cite report |editor1-first=Barry N.|editor1-last=Taylor|editor2-first=Ambler|editor2-last=Thompson |author-link= |date=March 2008 |title=The international system of units (SI) |url=http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication330e2008.pdf|format=pdf |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |page=52 |docket=NIST special publication 330, 2008 edition |access-date= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf#page=51 |title=The International System of Units (SI) |publisher=[[International Bureau of Weights and Measures|Bureau international des poids et mesures]] |edition=8th |year=2006 |isbn=92-822-2213-6 |pages=142–143}}</ref> The acceleration of a body near the surface of the Earth is due to the combined effects of [[gravity]] and [[centrifugal force|centrifugal acceleration]] from the rotation of the Earth (but which is small enough to be neglected for most purposes); the total (the apparent gravity) is about 0.5% greater at the [[geographical pole|poles]] than at the [[Equator]]{{cn|date=January 2019}}. |
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Although the symbol {{math|''ɡ''}} is sometimes used for standard gravity, {{math|''ɡ''}} (without a suffix) can also mean the local acceleration due to local gravity and centrifugal acceleration, which varies depending on one's position on Earth (see [[Earth's gravity]]). The symbol {{math|''ɡ''}} should not be confused with {{math|''G''}}, the [[gravitational constant]], or g, the symbol for [[gram]]. The {{math|''ɡ''}} is also used as a unit for any form of [[acceleration]], with the value defined as above; see [[g-force]]. |
Although the symbol {{math|''ɡ''}} is sometimes used for standard gravity, {{math|''ɡ''}} (without a suffix) can also mean the local acceleration due to local gravity and centrifugal acceleration, which varies depending on one's position on Earth (see [[Earth's gravity]]). The symbol {{math|''ɡ''}} should not be confused with {{math|''G''}}, the [[gravitational constant]], or g, the symbol for [[gram]]. The {{math|''ɡ''}} is also used as a unit for any form of [[acceleration]], with the value defined as above; see [[g-force]]. |
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Revision as of 17:59, 5 January 2019
The standard acceleration due to gravity (or standard acceleration of free fall), sometimes abbreviated as standard gravity, usually denoted by ɡ0 or ɡn, is the nominal gravitational acceleration of an object in a vacuum near the surface of the Earth. It is defined by standard as 9.80665 m/s2 (about 32.17405 ft/s2). This value was established by the 3rd CGPM (1901, CR 70) and used to define the standard weight of an object as the product of its mass and this nominal acceleration.[1][2] The acceleration of a body near the surface of the Earth is due to the combined effects of gravity and centrifugal acceleration from the rotation of the Earth (but which is small enough to be neglected for most purposes); the total (the apparent gravity) is about 0.5% greater at the poles than at the Equator[citation needed].
Although the symbol ɡ is sometimes used for standard gravity, ɡ (without a suffix) can also mean the local acceleration due to local gravity and centrifugal acceleration, which varies depending on one's position on Earth (see Earth's gravity). The symbol ɡ should not be confused with G, the gravitational constant, or g, the symbol for gram. The ɡ is also used as a unit for any form of acceleration, with the value defined as above; see g-force.
The value of ɡ0 defined above is a nominal midrange value on Earth, originally based on the acceleration of a body in free fall at sea level at a geodetic latitude of 45°. Although the actual acceleration of free fall on Earth varies according to location, the above standard figure is always used for metrological purposes. In particular, it gives the conversion factor between newton and kilogram-force, two units of force.
History
Already in the early days of its existence, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) proceeded to define a standard thermometric scale, using the boiling point of water. Since the boiling point varies with the atmospheric pressure, the CIPM needed to define a standard atmospheric pressure. The definition they chose was based on the weight of a column of mercury of 760 mm. But since that weight depends on the local gravity, they now also needed a standard gravity. The 1887 CIPM meeting decided as follows:
The value of this standard acceleration due to gravity is equal to the acceleration due to gravity at the International Bureau (alongside the Pavillon de Breteuil) divided by 1.0003322, the theoretical coefficient required to convert to a latitude of 45° at sea level.[3]
All that was needed to obtain a numerical value for standard gravity was now to measure the gravitational strength at the International Bureau. This task was given to Gilbert Étienne Defforges of the Geographic Service of the French Army. The value he found, based on measurements taken in March and April 1888, was 9.80991(5) m⋅s−2.[4]
This result formed the basis for determining the value still used today for standard gravity. The third General Conference on Weights and Measures, held in 1901, adopted a resolution declaring as follows:
The value adopted in the International Service of Weights and Measures for the standard acceleration due to Earth's gravity is 980.665 cm/s2, value already stated in the laws of some countries.[5]
The numeric value adopted for ɡn was, in accordance with the 1887 CIPM declaration, obtained by dividing Defforges's result – 980.991 cm⋅s−2 in the cgs system then en vogue – by 1.0003322 while not taking more digits than warranted considering the uncertainty in the result.
Conversions
| Base value | (Gal, or cm/s2) | (ft/s2) | (m/s2) | (Standard gravity, g0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Gal, or cm/s2 | 1 | 0.0328084 | 0.01 | 1.01972×10−3 |
| 1 ft/s2 | 30.4800 | 1 | 0.304800 | 0.0310810 |
| 1 m/s2 | 100 | 3.28084 | 1 | 0.101972 |
| 1 g0 | 980.665 | 32.1740 | 9.80665 | 1 |
See also
References
- ^ Taylor, Barry N.; Thompson, Ambler, eds. (March 2008). The international system of units (SI) (pdf) (Report). National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 52. NIST special publication 330, 2008 edition.
- ^ The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.). Bureau international des poids et mesures. 2006. pp. 142–143. ISBN 92-822-2213-6.
- ^ Terry Quinn (2011). From Artefacts to Atoms: The BIPM and the Search for Ultimate Measurement Standards. Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-19-530786-3.
- ^ M. Amalvict (2010). "Chapter 12. Absolute gravimetry at BIPM, Sèvres (France), at the time of Dr. Akihiko Sakuma". In Stelios P. Mertikas (ed.). Gravity, Geoid and Earth Observation: IAG Commission 2: Gravity Field. Springer. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-3-642-10634-7.
- ^ "Resolution of the 3rd CGPM (1901)". BIPM. Retrieved July 19, 2015.