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'''''Arctostaphylos rubra''''' is a species of flowering plant in the [[ericaceae|heath family]] and the genus ''[[Arctostaphylos]]'', the manzanitas and bearberries. Common names include '''red fruit bearberry''', '''alpine bearberry''', '''arctic bearberry''', '''red manzanita''', and '''ravenberry'''. It is native to Eurasia and northern North America from [[Alaska]] through most of Canada to [[Greenland]].<ref name=feis>Fryer, Janet L. (2008). [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/arcrub/all.html ''Arctostaphylos rubra''.] In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 11-11-2011.</ref> There is also one population in the contiguous United States, located in the [[Absaroka Mountains]] of [[Wyoming]].<ref name=tnc>[http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Arctostaphylos+rubra ''Arctostaphylos rubra''.] The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 11-11-2011.</ref>
'''''Arctostaphylos rubra''''' is a species of flowering plant in the [[ericaceae|heath family]] and the genus ''[[Arctostaphylos]]'', the manzanitas and bearberries. Common names include '''red fruit bearberry''', '''alpine bearberry''', '''arctic bearberry''', '''red manzanita''', and '''ravenberry'''. It is native to Eurasia and northern North America from [[Alaska]] through most of Canada to [[Greenland]].<ref name=feis>Fryer, Janet L. (2008). [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/arcrub/all.html ''Arctostaphylos rubra''.] In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 11-11-2011.</ref> There is also one population in the contiguous United States, located in the [[Absaroka Mountains]] of [[Wyoming]].<ref name=tnc>[http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Arctostaphylos+rubra ''Arctostaphylos rubra''.] The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 11-11-2011.</ref>


== Description ==
This plant is a low, spreading [[shrub]] growing up to {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=off}} tall. The leaves are {{convert|2|to|6|cm|in|abbr=off}} long and [[Marcescence|marcescent]], remaining on the shrub as they die. The [[inflorescence]] is a hairy, glandular [[raceme]] of up to 6 flowers, each about half a centimeter long. The fruit is a [[drupe]]. The plant reproduces by seed and by sprouting from [[stolons]] and underground [[rhizome]]s.<ref name=feis/>
This plant is a low, spreading [[shrub]] growing up to {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=off}} tall. The leaves are {{convert|2|to|6|cm|in|abbr=off}} long and [[Marcescence|marcescent]], remaining on the shrub as they die. The [[inflorescence]] is a hairy, glandular [[raceme]] of up to 6 flowers, each about half a centimeter long. The fruit is a [[drupe]]. The plant reproduces by seed and by sprouting from [[stolons]] and underground [[rhizome]]s.<ref name=feis/>


== Distribution and habitat ==
This shrub is a member of many plant communities in [[Arctic]] and [[alpine climate]]s. It occurs in [[subalpine]] forests and [[tundra]]. It is a common member of forest [[ecosystem]]s dominated by [[Picea|spruce]]s such as [[Picea glauca|white spruce]] and [[Picea mariana|black spruce]]. It may be a dominant species in several types of habitat, including [[Populus balsamifera|balsam poplar]] (''Populus balsamifera'' ssp. ''balsamifera'') [[floodplains]] and tundra shrublands in Alaska. It is dominant or codominant with [[Picea engelmannii|Engelmann spruce]] (''Picea engelmannii'') and [[Cladonia cariosa|cup lichen]] (''Cladonia cariosa'' and ''C.&nbsp;pyxidata'') in [[Jasper National Park]], white spruce and [[Alnus viridis|mountain alder]] (''Alnus viridis'' ssp. ''crispa'') in the [[Mackenzie River|Mackenzie Delta]], and white spruce along the [[Alaska Highway]] in [[Yukon]]. In the lower [[latitude]]s the plant grows at higher [[elevation]]s, especially near the [[Tree line|timberline]]. Its maximum latitude and elevation is thought to be increasing due to [[climate change]].<ref name=feis/>
This shrub is a member of many plant communities in [[Arctic]] and [[alpine climate]]s. It occurs in [[subalpine]] forests and [[tundra]]. It is a common member of forest [[ecosystem]]s dominated by [[Picea|spruce]]s such as [[Picea glauca|white spruce]] and [[Picea mariana|black spruce]]. It may be a dominant species in several types of habitat, including [[Populus balsamifera|balsam poplar]] (''Populus balsamifera'' ssp. ''balsamifera'') [[floodplains]] and tundra shrublands in Alaska. It is dominant or co-dominant with [[Picea engelmannii|Engelmann spruce]] (''Picea engelmannii'') and [[Cladonia cariosa|cup lichen]] (''Cladonia cariosa'' and ''C.&nbsp;pyxidata'') in [[Jasper National Park]]; white spruce and [[Alnus viridis|mountain alder]] (''Alnus viridis'' ssp. ''crispa'') in the [[Mackenzie River|Mackenzie Delta]]; and white spruce along the [[Alaska Highway]] in [[Yukon]]. In the lower [[latitude]]s the plant grows at higher [[elevation]]s, especially near the [[Tree line|timberline]]. Its maximum latitude and elevation is thought to be increasing due to [[climate change]].<ref name="feis" />


This shrub grows on low-nutrient soils in cold regions, often soils that overlie [[permafrost]]. It is most common in moist areas, such as the shores of lakes and bays, riverbanks, [[bog]]s, and wet forest floors. It is often a [[pioneer species]] in the [[primary succession|primary]] phase of [[ecological succession]], taking hold in areas cleared of vegetation such as floodplains, bare tundra, cleared spots on [[taiga]], and newly formed [[dune]]s. It grows along the scoured [[moraine|edges]] of receding [[glacier]]s and in old [[bulldozer]] tracks. Clearing events such as [[flood]]s, [[oil spill]]s, and [[wildfire]] may increase the abundance of the species. It is a good plant to use for [[revegetation]] efforts on wet, disturbed habitat in subalpine and [[boreal ecosystem|boreal]] regions.<ref name=feis/>
This shrub grows on low-nutrient soils in cold regions, often soils that overlie [[permafrost]]. It is most common in moist areas, such as the shores of lakes and bays, riverbanks, [[bog]]s, and wet forest floors. It is often a [[pioneer species]] in the [[primary succession|primary]] phase of [[ecological succession]], taking hold in areas cleared of vegetation such as floodplains, bare tundra, cleared spots on [[taiga]], and newly formed [[dune]]s. It grows along the scoured [[moraine|edges]] of receding [[glacier]]s and in old [[bulldozer]] tracks. Clearing events such as [[flood]]s, [[oil spill]]s, and [[wildfire]] may increase the abundance of the species.


== Ecology ==
Many animals feed on the fruits, including mammals such as [[polar bear]]s and other bears, [[meadow vole]]s, [[red-backed vole]]s, [[western heather vole]]s, [[Dall's sheep]], and sometimes [[caribou]] and [[hoary marmot]]s. It is food for birds such as [[Raven]]s.<ref name=feis/>
Many animals feed on the fruits, including mammals such as [[polar bear]]s and other bears, [[meadow vole]]s, [[red-backed vole]]s, [[western heather vole]]s, [[Dall's sheep]], and sometimes [[caribou]] and [[hoary marmot]]s. It is food for birds such as [[Raven]]s.<ref name="feis" />


It is a good plant to use for [[revegetation]] efforts on wet, disturbed habitat in subalpine and [[boreal ecosystem|boreal]] regions.<ref name="feis" />

== Uses ==
The fruit is edible for humans but is not a favored food. It has been utilized by the [[Gwich'in people]]<ref name=feis/> and the [[Inuit]].<ref name=eb>[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Arctostaphylos+rubra ''Arctostaphylos rubra''.] Ethnobotany, University of Michigan. Retrieved 11-11-2011.</ref>
The fruit is edible for humans but is not a favored food. It has been utilized by the [[Gwich'in people]]<ref name=feis/> and the [[Inuit]].<ref name=eb>[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Arctostaphylos+rubra ''Arctostaphylos rubra''.] Ethnobotany, University of Michigan. Retrieved 11-11-2011.</ref>


Revision as of 19:39, 4 April 2019

Arctostaphylos rubra
File:Arctostaphylos alpina rubra WPC.jpg

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Ericales
Family:
Ericaceae
Genus:
Arctostaphylos
Species:
A. rubra
Binomial name
Arctostaphylos rubra
(Rehder & Wilson) Fernald
Synonyms

A. alpina rubra

Arctostaphylos rubra is a species of flowering plant in the heath family and the genus Arctostaphylos, the manzanitas and bearberries. Common names include red fruit bearberry, alpine bearberry, arctic bearberry, red manzanita, and ravenberry. It is native to Eurasia and northern North America from Alaska through most of Canada to Greenland.[1] There is also one population in the contiguous United States, located in the Absaroka Mountains of Wyoming.[2]

Description

This plant is a low, spreading shrub growing up to 15 centimetres (5.9 inches) tall. The leaves are 2 to 6 centimetres (0.79 to 2.36 inches) long and marcescent, remaining on the shrub as they die. The inflorescence is a hairy, glandular raceme of up to 6 flowers, each about half a centimeter long. The fruit is a drupe. The plant reproduces by seed and by sprouting from stolons and underground rhizomes.[1]

Distribution and habitat

This shrub is a member of many plant communities in Arctic and alpine climates. It occurs in subalpine forests and tundra. It is a common member of forest ecosystems dominated by spruces such as white spruce and black spruce. It may be a dominant species in several types of habitat, including balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera) floodplains and tundra shrublands in Alaska. It is dominant or co-dominant with Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and cup lichen (Cladonia cariosa and C. pyxidata) in Jasper National Park; white spruce and mountain alder (Alnus viridis ssp. crispa) in the Mackenzie Delta; and white spruce along the Alaska Highway in Yukon. In the lower latitudes the plant grows at higher elevations, especially near the timberline. Its maximum latitude and elevation is thought to be increasing due to climate change.[1]

This shrub grows on low-nutrient soils in cold regions, often soils that overlie permafrost. It is most common in moist areas, such as the shores of lakes and bays, riverbanks, bogs, and wet forest floors. It is often a pioneer species in the primary phase of ecological succession, taking hold in areas cleared of vegetation such as floodplains, bare tundra, cleared spots on taiga, and newly formed dunes. It grows along the scoured edges of receding glaciers and in old bulldozer tracks. Clearing events such as floods, oil spills, and wildfire may increase the abundance of the species.

Ecology

Many animals feed on the fruits, including mammals such as polar bears and other bears, meadow voles, red-backed voles, western heather voles, Dall's sheep, and sometimes caribou and hoary marmots. It is food for birds such as Ravens.[1]

It is a good plant to use for revegetation efforts on wet, disturbed habitat in subalpine and boreal regions.[1]

Uses

The fruit is edible for humans but is not a favored food. It has been utilized by the Gwich'in people[1] and the Inuit.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Fryer, Janet L. (2008). Arctostaphylos rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 11-11-2011.
  2. ^ Arctostaphylos rubra. The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 11-11-2011.
  3. ^ Arctostaphylos rubra. Ethnobotany, University of Michigan. Retrieved 11-11-2011.
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