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'''Ice worms''' (also written as '''ice-worms''' or '''iceworms''') are [[enchytraeid]] [[annelids]] of the [[genus]] '''''Mesenchytraeus'''''. The majority of the [[species]] in the genus are abundant in gravel beds or the banks of [[river]]ine habitats,<ref name="shain">{{cite book|author=Paula L. Hartzell & Daniel H. Shain|editor =Daniel H. Shain|title =Annelids in Modern Biology|chapter =Glacier Ice Worms|publisher =Wiley-Blackwell|year =2009|page=305|isbn =9780470455197|chapter-url =https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=9HTIa_JMS1UC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA305#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref name="healy">{{cite journal|author=Brenda Healy & Steve Fend |year=2002|title=The occurrence of ''Mesenchytraeus'' (Enchytraeidae: Oligochaeta) in riffle habitats of north-west American rivers, with description of a new species|journal=Journal of Natural History|volume=36|issue=1|pages=15&ndash;23|doi=10.1080/713833842}}</ref> but the most well-known members of the genus are found in [[glacier|glacial]] ice. They include the only annelid worms known to spend their entire lives in [[glacier|glacial]] ice,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/1097-4687(200012)246:3<192::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-B|title=Morphologic characterization of the ice worm ''Mesenchytraeus solifugus''|year=2000|last1=Shain|first1=Daniel H.|last2=Carter|first2=Melissa R.|last3=Murray|first3=Kurt P.|last4=Maleski|first4=Karen A.|last5=Smith|first5=Nancy R.|last6=McBride|first6=Taresha R.|last7=Michalewicz|first7=Lisa A.|last8=Saidel|first8=William M.|journal=Journal of Morphology|volume=246|issue=3|pages=192–7|pmid=11077431 }}</ref> and some of the few [[metazoan]]s to complete their entire life cycle at conditions below {{convert|0|C|F}}.<ref name="farrell">{{cite journal|author=A.H. Farrell, K.A.Hohenstein, & D.H. Shain|year=2004|title=Molecular adaptation in the ice worm, ''Mesenchytraeus solifugus'': divergence of energetic-associated genes.|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=59|issue=5|pages=666&ndash;673|doi= 10.1007/s00239-004-2658-z|pmid=15693622}}</ref>
'''Ice worms''' (also written as '''ice-worms''' or '''iceworms''') are [[enchytraeid]] [[annelids]] of the [[genus]] '''''Mesenchytraeus'''''. The majority of the [[species]] in the genus are abundant in gravel beds or the banks of [[river]]ine habitats,<ref name="shain">{{cite book|author=Paula L. Hartzell & Daniel H. Shain|editor =Daniel H. Shain|title =Annelids in Modern Biology|chapter =Glacier Ice Worms|publisher =Wiley-Blackwell|year =2009|page=305|isbn =9780470455197|chapter-url =https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=9HTIa_JMS1UC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA305#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref name="healy">{{cite journal|author=Brenda Healy & Steve Fend |year=2002|title=The occurrence of ''Mesenchytraeus'' (Enchytraeidae: Oligochaeta) in riffle habitats of north-west American rivers, with description of a new species|journal=Journal of Natural History|volume=36|issue=1|pages=15&ndash;23|doi=10.1080/713833842}}</ref> but the most well-known members of the genus are found in [[glacier|glacial]] ice. They include the only annelid worms known to spend their entire lives in [[glacier|glacial]] ice,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/1097-4687(200012)246:3<192::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-B|title=Morphologic characterization of the ice worm ''Mesenchytraeus solifugus''|year=2000|last1=Shain|first1=Daniel H.|last2=Carter|first2=Melissa R.|last3=Murray|first3=Kurt P.|last4=Maleski|first4=Karen A.|last5=Smith|first5=Nancy R.|last6=McBride|first6=Taresha R.|last7=Michalewicz|first7=Lisa A.|last8=Saidel|first8=William M.|journal=Journal of Morphology|volume=246|issue=3|pages=192–7|pmid=11077431 }}</ref> and some of the few [[metazoan]]s to complete their entire life cycle at conditions below {{convert|0|C|F}}.<ref name="farrell">{{cite journal|author=A.H. Farrell, K.A.Hohenstein, & D.H. Shain|year=2004|title=Molecular adaptation in the ice worm, ''Mesenchytraeus solifugus'': divergence of energetic-associated genes.|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=59|issue=5|pages=666&ndash;673|doi= 10.1007/s00239-004-2658-z|pmid=15693622}}</ref>
[[File:Ice Worm against Fingernail.jpg|thumb|Unknown species of ice worm]]

The genus contains 77 [[species]], including the North American glacier ice worm (''[[Mesenchytraeus solifugus]]'') and the Yosemite snow worm (''[[Mesenchytraeus gelidus]]'').<ref name="schmelz">{{cite journal|author=Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado|year=2012|title=An updated checklist of currently accepted species of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta, Annelida)|journal=VTI Agriculture and Forestry Research, Special Issue|volume=357|pages=67&ndash;87|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275099637}}</ref><ref name="schmelz2">{{cite journal
The genus contains 77 [[species]], including the North American glacier ice worm (''[[Mesenchytraeus solifugus]]'') and the Yosemite snow worm (''[[Mesenchytraeus gelidus]]'').<ref name="schmelz">{{cite journal|author=Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado|year=2012|title=An updated checklist of currently accepted species of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta, Annelida)|journal=VTI Agriculture and Forestry Research, Special Issue|volume=357|pages=67&ndash;87|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275099637}}</ref><ref name="schmelz2">{{cite journal
|author=Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado|year=2015|title=Checklist of taxa of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta): an update|journal=Soil Organisms|volume=87|issue=2|pages=149&ndash;152|url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/publikationen/soilorganisms/volume_87_2/7_87-2-08.pdf}}</ref><ref name="shen">{{cite journal|author=Qi Shen, Jing Chen, & Zhicai Xie|year=2012|title=''Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus'' sp. nov. (Annelida: Cliterllata: Enchytraeidae) from Changbai Mountain, with a key to ''Mesenchytraeus'' with enlarged chaetae|journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume=125|issue=3|pages=215&ndash;227|doi=10.2988/12-08.1}}</ref>
|author=Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado|year=2015|title=Checklist of taxa of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta): an update|journal=Soil Organisms|volume=87|issue=2|pages=149&ndash;152|url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/publikationen/soilorganisms/volume_87_2/7_87-2-08.pdf}}</ref><ref name="shen">{{cite journal|author=Qi Shen, Jing Chen, & Zhicai Xie|year=2012|title=''Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus'' sp. nov. (Annelida: Cliterllata: Enchytraeidae) from Changbai Mountain, with a key to ''Mesenchytraeus'' with enlarged chaetae|journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume=125|issue=3|pages=215&ndash;227|doi=10.2988/12-08.1}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:31, 9 April 2019

For methane ice worms, see Hesiocaeca methanicola.

Ice worm
Mesenchytraeus solifugus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Annelida
Class:
Clitellata
Subclass:
Oligochaeta
Order:
Haplotaxida
Family:
Enchytraeidae
Genus:
Mesenchytraeus

Eisen, 1878[1]
Type species
Mesenchytraeus primaevus
Eisen, 1878
Species

See text

Ice worms (also written as ice-worms or iceworms) are enchytraeid annelids of the genus Mesenchytraeus. The majority of the species in the genus are abundant in gravel beds or the banks of riverine habitats,[2][3] but the most well-known members of the genus are found in glacial ice. They include the only annelid worms known to spend their entire lives in glacial ice,[4] and some of the few metazoans to complete their entire life cycle at conditions below 0 °C (32 °F).[5]

Unknown species of ice worm

The genus contains 77 species, including the North American glacier ice worm (Mesenchytraeus solifugus) and the Yosemite snow worm (Mesenchytraeus gelidus).[6][7][8]

Species

The genus contains 77 species. They are the following:[6][7][9]

Mesenchytraeus franzi is a junior synonym of Cognettia clarae.[6] Mesenchytraeus megachaetae Shen, Chen & Xie, 2011 has been renamed Mesenchytraeus gigachaetus Xie, 2012 due to the previous name being preoccupied by Mesenchytraeus megachaetae Bretscher, 1901, a junior synonym of Mesenchytraeus armatus.[7][10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kathryn A. Coates; Jan M. Locke; Brenda M. Healy; Mark J. Wetzel (August 26, 2008). "The aphanoneuran and clitellate Annelida occurring in the United States and Canada: families Enchytraeidae and Propappidae". University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
  2. ^ Paula L. Hartzell & Daniel H. Shain (2009). "Glacier Ice Worms". In Daniel H. Shain (ed.). Annelids in Modern Biology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 305. ISBN 9780470455197.
  3. ^ Brenda Healy & Steve Fend (2002). "The occurrence of Mesenchytraeus (Enchytraeidae: Oligochaeta) in riffle habitats of north-west American rivers, with description of a new species". Journal of Natural History. 36 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1080/713833842.
  4. ^ Shain, Daniel H.; Carter, Melissa R.; Murray, Kurt P.; Maleski, Karen A.; Smith, Nancy R.; McBride, Taresha R.; Michalewicz, Lisa A.; Saidel, William M. (2000). "Morphologic characterization of the ice worm Mesenchytraeus solifugus". Journal of Morphology. 246 (3): 192–7. doi:10.1002/1097-4687(200012)246:3<192::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-B. PMID 11077431.
  5. ^ A.H. Farrell, K.A.Hohenstein, & D.H. Shain (2004). "Molecular adaptation in the ice worm, Mesenchytraeus solifugus: divergence of energetic-associated genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 59 (5): 666–673. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-2658-z. PMID 15693622.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado (2012). "An updated checklist of currently accepted species of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta, Annelida)". VTI Agriculture and Forestry Research, Special Issue. 357: 67–87.
  7. ^ a b c Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado (2015). "Checklist of taxa of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta): an update" (PDF). Soil Organisms. 87 (2): 149–152.
  8. ^ Qi Shen, Jing Chen, & Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus sp. nov. (Annelida: Cliterllata: Enchytraeidae) from Changbai Mountain, with a key to Mesenchytraeus with enlarged chaetae". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (3): 215–227. doi:10.2988/12-08.1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Qi Shen, Jing Chen, & Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus sp. nov. (Annelida: Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) from Changbai Mountain, with a key to Mesenchytraeus with enlarged chaetae". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (3): 215–227. doi:10.2988/12-08.1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus gigachaetus, new name, a replacement name for Mesenchytraeus megachaetus Shen et al., 2011". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (1): 18.
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