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===Attempted repudiation===
===Attempted repudiation===
Despite the insults and humiliations to which she was subjected by her husband, Bertha remained true to him. Nevertheless, in 1069, Henry attempted to repudiate her. At an assembly at [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], he "explained publicly (before the [[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire|princes]]), that his relationship with his wife was not good; for a long time he had deceived others, but now he did not want to do so any longer. He could not accuse her of anything that justified a divorce, but he was not capable of carrying out conjugal relations with her any longer. He asked them for the sake of [[God]] to remove him from the bonds of a marriage closed under bad signs ... so that the way to a luckier marriage might be opened. And nobody knowing any objection to raise, and his wife being an obstacle to a second marriage ceremony, he then swore that she was as he received her, unstained and her virginity intact."<ref>Lampert of Hersfeld, ''Annales'', p. 106</ref>
Despite the insults and humiliations to which she was subjected by her husband, Bertha remained true to him. Nevertheless, in 1069, Henry attempted to repudiate her.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Creber|first=Alison|date=2019-04-22|title=Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Dissolving Royal and Noble Marriages in Eleventh-Century Germany|journal=German History|language=en|volume=37|issue=2|pages=149–171|doi=10.1093/gerhis/ghy108|issn=0266-3554}}</ref> At an assembly at [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], he "explained publicly (before the [[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire|princes]]), that his relationship with his wife was not good; for a long time he had deceived others, but now he did not want to do so any longer. He could not accuse her of anything that justified a divorce, but he was not capable of carrying out conjugal relations with her any longer. He asked them for the sake of [[God]] to remove him from the bonds of a marriage closed under bad signs ... so that the way to a luckier marriage might be opened. And nobody knowing any objection to raise, and his wife being an obstacle to a second marriage ceremony, he then swore that she was as he received her, unstained and her virginity intact."<ref>Lampert of Hersfeld, ''Annales'', p. 106</ref>


The German episcopacy dared not submit to the king's demands, and no conclusion was reached at the Worms assembly. Instead, the German bishops called on [[Pope Alexander&nbsp;II]] for assistance and a [[synod]] was convened at [[Frankfurt]] for later in the year. During this time, Bertha retired to [[Lorsch Abbey]]. The [[papal legate]] [[Peter Damian]] presided at the Frankfurt synod; he opposed Henry's repudiation of Bertha on the grounds of canon law, but many of the German princes were more concerned about the response of Bertha's mother Adelaide.<ref>Robinson, ''Henry IV'', pp. 110f.</ref> Henry IV reluctantly reconciled with his consort. Their first daughter was born in the following year (1070). On 12 February 1074 their son [[Conrad II of Italy|Conrad]] was born at [[Hersfeld Abbey]], where Bertha stayed while Henry was fighting against the [[Saxon Rebellion]],<ref>Robinson, ''Henry IV'', p. 295</ref> and was baptised in the abbey three days later.{{sfn|Lindner|1882|pp=554–56}} After Henry's victory against the Saxons, he arranged for an [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] at [[Goslar]] on Christmas Day 1075 to swear an oath recognising Conrad as his successor.<ref>Robinson, ''Henry IV'', p. 104</ref>
The German episcopacy dared not submit to the king's demands, and no conclusion was reached at the Worms assembly. Instead, the German bishops called on [[Pope Alexander&nbsp;II]] for assistance and a [[synod]] was convened at [[Frankfurt]] for later in the year. During this time, Bertha retired to [[Lorsch Abbey]]. The [[papal legate]] [[Peter Damian]] presided at the Frankfurt synod; he opposed Henry's repudiation of Bertha on the grounds of canon law, but many of the German princes were more concerned about the response of Bertha's mother Adelaide.<ref>Robinson, ''Henry IV'', pp. 110f.</ref> Henry IV reluctantly reconciled with his consort. Their first daughter was born in the following year (1070). On 12 February 1074 their son [[Conrad II of Italy|Conrad]] was born at [[Hersfeld Abbey]], where Bertha stayed while Henry was fighting against the [[Saxon Rebellion]],<ref>Robinson, ''Henry IV'', p. 295</ref> and was baptised in the abbey three days later.{{sfn|Lindner|1882|pp=554–56}} After Henry's victory against the Saxons, he arranged for an [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] at [[Goslar]] on Christmas Day 1075 to swear an oath recognising Conrad as his successor.<ref>Robinson, ''Henry IV'', p. 104</ref>

Revision as of 22:49, 2 September 2019

Bertha of Savoy
Empress consort of the Holy Roman Empire
Reign1084–1087
Coronation31 March 1084
Queen consort of Germany
Reign1066–1087
Coronation29 June 1066
Born21 September 1051
Died27 December 1087(1087-12-27) (aged 36)
Mainz, Rhenish Franconia
Burial
Speyer Cathedral
SpouseHenry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Issue
more...		Agnes of Germany
Conrad II of Italy
Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
HouseSavoy
FatherOtto I, Count of Savoy
MotherAdelaide of Susa

Bertha of Savoy (21 September 1051 – 27 December 1087), also called Bertha of Turin, a member of the Burgundian House of Savoy, was Queen consort of Germany from 1066 and Empress consort of the Holy Roman Empire from 1084 until 1087 as the first wife of the Salian emperor Henry IV.

Life

Bertha of Savoy was a daughter of Count Otto I of Savoy (also called Eudes or Odo; c. 1023 – c. 1057/1060) and his wife Adelaide of Susa (c. 1014/1020 – 1091) from the Arduinici noble family. She thereby was the sister of Count Peter I of Savoy (d. 1078), Count Amadeus II of Savoy (d. 1080), and Adelaide (d. 1079), consort of the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden.

Marriage

Still during the lifetime of Emperor Henry III, Bertha at the age of four was betrothed to Henry III's son, Henry IV (aged five) on 25 December 1055 in Zürich.[1] Bertha was raised in Germany thereafter. When she was fifteen, Bertha was crowned queen in Würzburg in June 1066 and married Henry on 13 July 1066 at the Königspfalz of Trebur.[2]

Although they had grown up together and Bertha was apparently a pretty young woman, the Saxon chronicler Bruno of Merseburg, an avowed opponent of Henry IV, reported on Henry's continual unfaithfulness: "He had two or three concubines at the same time, in addition [to his wife], yet he was not content. If he heard that someone had a young and pretty daughter or wife, he instructed that she be supplied to him by force. (...) His beautiful and noble wife Bertha (...) was in such a manner hated by him that he never saw her after the wedding any more than necessary, since he had not celebrated the wedding out of free will."[3]

Bertha of Turin and her husband Henry IV

Attempted repudiation

Despite the insults and humiliations to which she was subjected by her husband, Bertha remained true to him. Nevertheless, in 1069, Henry attempted to repudiate her.[4] At an assembly at Worms, he "explained publicly (before the princes), that his relationship with his wife was not good; for a long time he had deceived others, but now he did not want to do so any longer. He could not accuse her of anything that justified a divorce, but he was not capable of carrying out conjugal relations with her any longer. He asked them for the sake of God to remove him from the bonds of a marriage closed under bad signs ... so that the way to a luckier marriage might be opened. And nobody knowing any objection to raise, and his wife being an obstacle to a second marriage ceremony, he then swore that she was as he received her, unstained and her virginity intact."[5]

The German episcopacy dared not submit to the king's demands, and no conclusion was reached at the Worms assembly. Instead, the German bishops called on Pope Alexander II for assistance and a synod was convened at Frankfurt for later in the year. During this time, Bertha retired to Lorsch Abbey. The papal legate Peter Damian presided at the Frankfurt synod; he opposed Henry's repudiation of Bertha on the grounds of canon law, but many of the German princes were more concerned about the response of Bertha's mother Adelaide.[6] Henry IV reluctantly reconciled with his consort. Their first daughter was born in the following year (1070). On 12 February 1074 their son Conrad was born at Hersfeld Abbey, where Bertha stayed while Henry was fighting against the Saxon Rebellion,[7] and was baptised in the abbey three days later.[8] After Henry's victory against the Saxons, he arranged for an Imperial Diet at Goslar on Christmas Day 1075 to swear an oath recognising Conrad as his successor.[9]

Canossa

Henry and Bertha with their son, waiting at the gate of Canossa, Foxe's Book of Martyrs (1563)
Bertha of Turin in penance

During the fierce Investiture Controversy, Bertha's husband was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII at the Lenten synod in Rome in 1076. In October, the German princes took the occasion and swore an oath at Trebur that they would no longer recognise Henry as king unless this excommunication was lifted. Henry thus had to cross the Alps and travel to Italy in order to meet with Gregory during the winter of 1076/77.

Bertha and their young son, Conrad, accompanied Henry on his dangerous journey.[10] While the South German princes supporting his rival Rudolf of Rheinfelden blocked his path, Henry hoped to travel through one of the Alpine passes controlled by his mother-in-law, but Adelaide extracted a high price before allowing him to do this.[11] Adelaide then accompanied Henry and Bertha on the long and dangerous Walk to Canossa, where from 25 January 1077, Henry and Bertha underwent penance barefoot for three days outside in the cold and begged Gregory VII's forgiveness. Adelaide was among those who acted as an oath-helper to secure Henry’s absolution from excommunication.[12]

After the forces of Henry IV had besieged and occupied Rome, he and Bertha were crowned emperor and empress on 31 March 1084 by Antipope Clement III.[13]

Death

Bertha was thirty-six years old when she died in Mainz on 27 December 1087. She was buried in the Salian crypt at Speyer Cathedral.[14] In 1089 Emperor Henry married Eupraxia of Kiev but the marriage failed in 1095.

Children

From her marriage with Henry, Bertha eventually had five children, two of whom died while still young:[15]

Notes

  1. ^ Robinson, Henry IV, p. 25
  2. ^ Robinson, Henry IV, pp. 60f.
  3. ^ 'Bruno of Merseburg, Brunonis Saxonicum bellum, p. 16
  4. ^ Creber, Alison (22 April 2019). "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Dissolving Royal and Noble Marriages in Eleventh-Century Germany". German History. 37 (2): 149–171. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghy108. ISSN 0266-3554.
  5. ^ Lampert of Hersfeld, Annales, p. 106
  6. ^ Robinson, Henry IV, pp. 110f.
  7. ^ Robinson, Henry IV, p. 295
  8. ^ Lindner 1882, pp. 554–56.
  9. ^ Robinson, Henry IV, p. 104
  10. ^ Creber, ‘Women at Canossa'.
  11. ^ Robinson, Henry IV, pp. 159ff.
  12. ^ Creber, ‘Women at Canossa'; Robinson, Henry IV, pp. 161ff.
  13. ^ Robinson, Henry IV, pp. 229ff.
  14. ^ Robinson, Henry IV, p. 266
  15. ^ Robinson, Henry IV, p. 266
  16. ^ The chronicles of Jan Długosz and Archdiacon Sulger reported that she married Bolesław III Wrymouth, Duke of Poland at Bamberg in 1110 as her second wife. This view was challenged by Oswald Balzer (O. Balzer: Bolesław III Krzywousty, pp. 122-123) and contemporary charters and documents, who placed her as deceased in infancy or at least before 1101. Die Urkunden Heinrichs IV no. 466, p. 629 and no. 474, p. 644.

References

Bertha of Savoy
Born: 21 September 1051 Died: 27 December 1087
Preceded by Holy Roman Empress
1084–1087 		Succeeded by
Queen consort of Germany
1066–1087 		Succeeded by

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