Jump to content

Timofey Mikhailov: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Major expansion/rewrite of the article. Formatting the reference section.
Line 1: Line 1:
{{refimprove|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|name=Timofey Mikhaylov
|name=Timofey Mikhailov
|image = Mikhailov tm.jpg
|image = Mikhailov tm.jpg
|caption=
|caption=
|birth_date=1860
|birth_date=1860
|birth_place=[[Smolensk]], [[Russian Empire]]
|birth_place=[[Smolensk]], [[Russian Empire]]
|death_date=April 3, 1881
|death_date= 15 April 1881 (aged 21)
|death_place=[[Saint Petersburg]], Russian Empire
|death_place=[[Semenovsky Regiment]], [[Saint Petersburg]], Russian Empire
| alias= Sergei I. Lapin
}}
}}
'''Timofey Mikhaylovich Mikhaylov''' ({{lang-ru|Тимофе́й Миха́йлович Мих́айлов}}; born January 22 (February 3) 1859 in [[Smolensk]] - died April 3, 1881 in [[Saint Petersburg]]) was a [[Russians|Russian]] boiler maker and revolutionary who participated in the assassination of [[Tsar]] [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]].
'''Timofey Mikhailov''' ({{lang-ru|Тимофе́й Мих́айлов}}; {{circa|1860|lk=on}} — 15 April 1881) was a member of the [[Russia|Russian]] revolutionary organization [[Narodnaya Volya (organization)|Narodnaya Volya]]. He was designated a bomb-thrower in the assassination of [[Tsar]] [[Alexander II of Russia]], however he did not throw a bomb.

Mikhailov, a discontented workman, claimed in his trial that he was motivated by a desire to improve the condition of the working classes. He was promptly condemned to death, and was hanged along with [[Pervomartovtsy|four other conspirators]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Mikhailov was born {{circa}} 1860{{efn-lr|According to his post-arrest confession he had 21 years of age.{{sfn|Kel'ner|2015}}{{sfn|Yarmolinsky|2016|p=273}}}} in [[Smolensk Governorate|Smolensk]]. His parents Mikhail Nefedov and Natalia Savelyeva were [[Orthodox Christian|Orthodox]] peasants. He had sisters Malanya and Matrena, and brothers Grigory and Stepan.{{sfn|Kel'ner|2015}}
Mikhaylov was the son of a peasant, born in Smolensk in 1860; he later moved to [[Saint Petersburg]] where he found work in a factory. Mikhaylov became involved in revolutionary politics and joined the Workers' Section of [[Narodnaya Volya (organization)|Narodnaya Volya]].


In 1875 Mikhailov moved to [[Saint Petersburg]] to earn a living. He worked as a boiler maker. Having worked in multiple plants, he left his last job in 1880 due to low wages. At this time, Mikhailov became involved in revolutionary politics and joined the Workers' Section of Narodnaya Volya. Mikhailov then started living under the false name ''Sergei I. Lapin''.{{sfn|Kel'ner|2015}}{{sfn|Yarmolinsky|2016|p=273}}
==Revolutionary life==
In the mid-1870s, Mikhaylov worked as a laborer and a steam-boiler operator in a few factories of Saint Petersburg. He attended one of the groups of [[Zemlya i volya]]. In 1880, Mikhaylov became a member of Narodnaya Volya.


==Assassination of the Tsar==
==Assassination of the Tsar==
{{main|Assassination of Alexander II of Russia}}
In January 1881, he joined the bomb-thrower unit, created for the purpose of assassinating Tsar Alexander II.
Two weeks prior to the incident, Timofei Mikhailov volunteered to join the bomb-thrower unit to assassinate Tsar Alexander II, and was recruited by [[Andrei Zhelyabov]]. The group had observed that on Sundays, after the inspection of marine corps at [[Michael Manege]], the Tsar would drive back to the [[Winter Palace]]. His route would be either by the [[Sadovaya Street]] or the [[Catherine Canal]]. The group had purchased a shop in the Sadovaya ostensibly for the sale of cheese, and used that as a cover to place dynamites under the street. If, on the other hand, the Tsar passed by the Canal, it was decided that the bomb-throwers were to be relied upon for the assassination.{{sfn|Kel'ner|2015}}{{sfn|Yarmolinsky|2016|p=273}}


On March 1, 1881, Mikhaylov was one of the plotters but when the Tsar decided to pay a brief visit to his cousin, the [[Grand Duchess Catherine]], Mikhaylov lost his nerve, took his missile back to Headquarters, and went home.
On the morning of 13 March [1 March, [[Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates|Old Style]]], Mikhailov and the three other bomb-throwers collected their missiles from the group's headquarters. In the afternoon, the conspirators found that the Tsar had paid a brief visit to his cousin, the Grand Duchess Catherine, and was heading back to the Winter Palace via the road alongside the Catherine Canal. The four bomb-throwers were supposed to take up their new positions along the Canal. Mikhailov lost his nerve, returned his missile back to the group's headquarters and went home. He, therefore, did not participate in the subsequent bombing attack that killed the Emperor.{{sfn|Kel'ner|2015}}


==Arrest and trial==
That very day [[Nikolai Rysakov]] began to inform against his erstwhile comrades. What he said enabled the police to raid the [[Telezhnaya]] quarters the next night. [[Hesya Helfman]] was arrested and Sablin committed suicide. The following morning Timofey Mikhailov was seized after he had wounded three police officers. Rysakov identified both prisoners.
The police located Mikhailov two days after the assassination. When the police began to search him, Mikhailov took out a revolver and fired six shots, wounding three police officers. He was seized and was subsequently identified by [[Nikolai Rysakov]].{{sfn|Kel'ner|2015}}


During his trial, Mikhailov declared that his conduct was caused by a desire to improve the condition of the working classes. Mikhailov admitted membership in what he called ''The Russian Social-Revolutionary Party'', but he did not plead guilty to participating in the assassination of the Emperor. On 29 March, Mikhailov and the six other defendants were found guilty, and they were sentenced to be hanged. Mikhailov petitioned for mercy, but it was disallowed since no extenuating circumstances could be found given the severity of the case.{{sfn|Kel'ner|2015}}{{sfn|Yarmolinsky|2016|p=286}}
The trial reached its expected denouement at 3 a.m., 29 March, when all the defendants were found guilty, and at 6:30 a.m. they were sentenced to be hanged.


==Execution==
On April&nbsp;3, [[Andrei Zhelyabov]], [[Sophia Perovskaya]], [[Nikolai Rysakov]], [[Nikolai Kibalchich]], and Mikhaylov were hanged. Mikhaylov was the second to be hanged. Twice the rope broke under his weight, and a third time he was hanged with a reinforced rope. The bodies were buried in a nameless grave.<ref>{{cite book|title=Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism|year=1956|chapter=14|url=http://www.ditext.com/yarmolinsky/yar14.html|first= Avrahm|last= Yarmolinsky}}</ref>
The execution took place on the morning of 15 April, in the parade grounds of the [[Semenovsky Regiment]]. The night before the execution, Mikhailov wrote a letter to his parents in the Smolensk province.{{sfn|Kel'ner|2015}} That evening the Church offered its ministrations and Mikhailov made his confession.{{sfn|Yarmolinsky|2016|p=288}}

Mikhailov was transported to the Semenovsky Regiment seated in a cart with [[Sophia Perovskaya]] and [[Nikolai Kibalchich]]. On the way, he kept bowing to people, as was customary for convicts on their way to the gallows. He shouted something several times, but according to eye-witnesses, his exact words were drowned out by the drummers of the escorting convoy.{{sfn|Kel'ner|2015}}{{sfn|Yarmolinsky|2016|p=288}}

Reportedly, during the proceedings, Mikhailov showed firmness and resignation. He and Zhelyabov approached Perovskaya and said goodbye to her with a kiss. The drums and fifes then began playing. Mikhailov was the second to be executed. Twice the rope broke under his heavy weight. First time, when the bench was pulled from under his feet, the rope broke and he crashed to the floor of the scaffold, bound and blindfolded. Mikhailov rose to his feet almost immediately, and, unaided, placed himself under tho next rope. To reduce the sudden strain on the rope, Mikhailov raised his feet before the support was drawn from under him. He hung for approximately 1.5 minutes until the rope broke again. Although conscious, he was unable to rise on his own. It was reported that the crowd was at this time buzzing with indignation; some were saying that it was a sign from heaven that the criminal should be pardoned. He was finally hanged using a reinforced rope.{{sfn|Kel'ner|2015}}{{sfn|EXECUTION OF THE CZAR'S ASSASSINS}}{{sfn|Yarmolinsky|2016|p=289}}

The body of Mikhailov and those of his companions were placed in black wooden coffins and were taken away by two carts under an escort of [[Cossacks]]. They were buried in a common grave in a remote part of the suburbs of the city.{{sfn|Yarmolinsky|2016|p=289}}


==References==
==References==
===Footnotes===
⚫
{{reflist}}
{{notelist-lr}}

===Citations===
⚫
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last1=Yarmolinsky |first1=Avrahm |title=Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism |year=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691638546| ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last1=Kel'ner |first1=Viktor Efimovich |title=1 marta 1881 goda: Kazn imperatora Aleksandra II (1 марта 1881 года: Казнь императора Александра II) |year=2015 |publisher=Lenizdat |isbn=5-289-01024-6| ref=harv}}

* {{cite news |title=EXECUTION OF THE CZAR'S ASSASSINS |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/70956378 |accessdate=2 December 2019 |publisher=Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW : 1870 - 1907) |date=4 June 1881| ref=CITEREFEXECUTION OF THE CZAR'S ASSASSINS}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mikhaylov, Timofey}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mikhailov, Timofey}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1881 deaths]]
[[Category:1881 deaths]]

Revision as of 11:33, 2 December 2019

Timofey Mikhailov
Born1860
Smolensk, Russian Empire
Died15 April 1881 (aged 21)
Semenovsky Regiment, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Other namesSergei I. Lapin

Timofey Mikhailov (Russian: Тимофе́й Мих́айлов; c. 1860 — 15 April 1881) was a member of the Russian revolutionary organization Narodnaya Volya. He was designated a bomb-thrower in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, however he did not throw a bomb.

Mikhailov, a discontented workman, claimed in his trial that he was motivated by a desire to improve the condition of the working classes. He was promptly condemned to death, and was hanged along with four other conspirators.

Early life

Mikhailov was born c. 1860[i] in Smolensk. His parents Mikhail Nefedov and Natalia Savelyeva were Orthodox peasants. He had sisters Malanya and Matrena, and brothers Grigory and Stepan.[1]

In 1875 Mikhailov moved to Saint Petersburg to earn a living. He worked as a boiler maker. Having worked in multiple plants, he left his last job in 1880 due to low wages. At this time, Mikhailov became involved in revolutionary politics and joined the Workers' Section of Narodnaya Volya. Mikhailov then started living under the false name Sergei I. Lapin.[1][2]

Assassination of the Tsar

Main article: Assassination of Alexander II of Russia

Two weeks prior to the incident, Timofei Mikhailov volunteered to join the bomb-thrower unit to assassinate Tsar Alexander II, and was recruited by Andrei Zhelyabov. The group had observed that on Sundays, after the inspection of marine corps at Michael Manege, the Tsar would drive back to the Winter Palace. His route would be either by the Sadovaya Street or the Catherine Canal. The group had purchased a shop in the Sadovaya ostensibly for the sale of cheese, and used that as a cover to place dynamites under the street. If, on the other hand, the Tsar passed by the Canal, it was decided that the bomb-throwers were to be relied upon for the assassination.[1][2]

On the morning of 13 March [1 March, Old Style], Mikhailov and the three other bomb-throwers collected their missiles from the group's headquarters. In the afternoon, the conspirators found that the Tsar had paid a brief visit to his cousin, the Grand Duchess Catherine, and was heading back to the Winter Palace via the road alongside the Catherine Canal. The four bomb-throwers were supposed to take up their new positions along the Canal. Mikhailov lost his nerve, returned his missile back to the group's headquarters and went home. He, therefore, did not participate in the subsequent bombing attack that killed the Emperor.[1]

Arrest and trial

The police located Mikhailov two days after the assassination. When the police began to search him, Mikhailov took out a revolver and fired six shots, wounding three police officers. He was seized and was subsequently identified by Nikolai Rysakov.[1]

During his trial, Mikhailov declared that his conduct was caused by a desire to improve the condition of the working classes. Mikhailov admitted membership in what he called The Russian Social-Revolutionary Party, but he did not plead guilty to participating in the assassination of the Emperor. On 29 March, Mikhailov and the six other defendants were found guilty, and they were sentenced to be hanged. Mikhailov petitioned for mercy, but it was disallowed since no extenuating circumstances could be found given the severity of the case.[1][3]

Execution

The execution took place on the morning of 15 April, in the parade grounds of the Semenovsky Regiment. The night before the execution, Mikhailov wrote a letter to his parents in the Smolensk province.[1] That evening the Church offered its ministrations and Mikhailov made his confession.[4]

Mikhailov was transported to the Semenovsky Regiment seated in a cart with Sophia Perovskaya and Nikolai Kibalchich. On the way, he kept bowing to people, as was customary for convicts on their way to the gallows. He shouted something several times, but according to eye-witnesses, his exact words were drowned out by the drummers of the escorting convoy.[1][4]

Reportedly, during the proceedings, Mikhailov showed firmness and resignation. He and Zhelyabov approached Perovskaya and said goodbye to her with a kiss. The drums and fifes then began playing. Mikhailov was the second to be executed. Twice the rope broke under his heavy weight. First time, when the bench was pulled from under his feet, the rope broke and he crashed to the floor of the scaffold, bound and blindfolded. Mikhailov rose to his feet almost immediately, and, unaided, placed himself under tho next rope. To reduce the sudden strain on the rope, Mikhailov raised his feet before the support was drawn from under him. He hung for approximately 1.5 minutes until the rope broke again. Although conscious, he was unable to rise on his own. It was reported that the crowd was at this time buzzing with indignation; some were saying that it was a sign from heaven that the criminal should be pardoned. He was finally hanged using a reinforced rope.[1][5][6]

The body of Mikhailov and those of his companions were placed in black wooden coffins and were taken away by two carts under an escort of Cossacks. They were buried in a common grave in a remote part of the suburbs of the city.[6]

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ According to his post-arrest confession he had 21 years of age.[1][2]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kel'ner 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Yarmolinsky 2016, p. 273.
  3. ^ Yarmolinsky 2016, p. 286.
  4. ^ a b Yarmolinsky 2016, p. 288.
  5. ^ EXECUTION OF THE CZAR'S ASSASSINS.
  6. ^ a b Yarmolinsky 2016, p. 289.

Bibliography

  • Yarmolinsky, Avrahm (2016). Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691638546. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kel'ner, Viktor Efimovich (2015). 1 marta 1881 goda: Kazn imperatora Aleksandra II (1 марта 1881 года: Казнь императора Александра II). Lenizdat. ISBN 5-289-01024-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timofey_Mikhailov&oldid=928902997"