Coccinella leonina: Difference between revisions

Coccinella leonina
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Family:	Coccinellidae
Genus:	Coccinella
Species:	C. leonina
Binomial name
	Coccinella leonina; (Fabricius, 1775)
Synonyms
	Coccinella tasmanii (White, 1846); Coccinella coriacea (Broun, 1893);

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Coccinella leonina, common name orange-spotted ladybird, is a species of ladybird native to New Zealand. It is black with orange spots. It is present in a variety of habitats and is a predator species.^[1]

Identification

Coccinella leonina or as its common name of orange spotted ladybird suggests, 16 yellow/orange spots are placed on its black body,^[1] with a squarish yellow/orange spot on both sides above the pronotum on the thorax^[2] and then 14 other spots on its black elytra^[3] which are larger and mostly separated by 1 mm diameter of the black background at the most.^[2] The shade of these spots can vary on different beetles.^[4] It also has a paler blotch above its eyes.^[2] The legs and underside are black.^[3] Its length typically varies between 4.5 to 5.5 mm long.^[2]^[5] The elytra is an oval shape that is widest in the middle and the abdomen has slightly different shape between male and female. The abdomen is truncate in males and more rounded in females.^[2] The orange spotted ladybird is a medium sized ladybird which has a hemispheric shape.^[6]

Distribution

Globally

The orange spotted ladybird is endemic to New Zealand.^[2] This means it is not found anywhere else in the world.^[7] It is the only species of the Coccinella genus which is endemic to Australo-Pacific region.^[2]

New Zealand

Orange spotted ladybirds are recorded over the North and South Islands.^[6] It can be found in the Port Hills in Canterbury.^[8] It is also found further down in New Zealand’s South Island in areas including the East Otago Plateau^[9] and in Central Otago.^[10] They do not occur on the northern part of the mainland, not on the mainland of Auckland, Coromandel or Northland.^[5] However, they are found on close offshore Islands to the North Island like Poor Knights Island, Hen Island, Chicken Island, Moko Hinau Island, Great Barrier Island, Little Barrier Island, inner Hauraki Gulf islands, Mercury Island, Aldermen Island and Mayor Island.^[5]

Habitat preferences

This species can be from subalpine altitudes to as low as sea level^[1]^[6] and are common in areas where they live.^[5] They can be found in tussock grasslands^[10] and in vegetation that is low down.^[11] It is also found in native bush areas, pastures and crops.^[2] They are very common in areas like banks peninsula.^[12]

Life cycle

The Orange-spotted ladybird sexually reproduces.^[13] The mating process begins around September.^[4] Oval shaped, yellow-orange eggs are laid by a female ladybird, normally in a cluster laid on the underside of some kind of leaf.^[14] The time it takes for the eggs to fully develop is dependent on favorable temperatures.^[14] In the few days leading up to the eggs hatching they begin to darken to a greyish colour.^[14] Up to 30 eggs can be laid by a female per day, and as many as 1600 to 3800 in a lifetime.^[4] Larvae hatch from the eggs by breaking the shell with sharp, circular structures on the back of their head called egg-busters.^[13] The larvae of the beetle eat the same food as the adults, the main purpose of this stage of the life-cycle is to eat to grow.^[13] In order to shed its skin the larva hangs itself upside down by the anal organ.^[14] The larva's skin splits along the dorsal midline.^[13] Larvae will molt several times before its last molt, the fourth time it sheds, when the pupa emerges pale and soft, as it gets older it grows a hard, patterned pupal case.^[4] During the pupal stage some of the internal tissues and organs are broken down and used in the production of adult body parts including reproduction organs and wings.^[13] This would normally take around four to ten days, but can take longer in colder conditions.^[13] When the adult beetle emerges its elytra does not yet have its distinctive pattern and is instead matte, soft and pale.^[14] It can take up to months for the beetle to reach its full mature appearance^[14] After emerging the adult will then either search for food, mate or prepare to hibernate depending on the time of year. An adult ladybird can live from a couple months to over a year.^[15]

Ladybirds spend winter as adults, grouped in a hidden and sheltered spot.^[4] The adults will disperse in spring for food and to find a good place to lay eggs.^[4] This is typically near a good food resource.^[4]

Diet and foraging

The orange-spotted ladybird mainly feeds on aphids, which is common for most ladybird species.^[5] Adult ladybirds can eat around 100 aphids per day.^[1] They also like to eat other small insects such as mites, mealybugs, scale insects and powdery mildews,^[7] as well as other plant matter and some fungi.^[16] This species has a wide range of habitats and is mainly found in areas where aphids are abundant.^[2]

Predators, parasites and diseases

Like many other insects, one of the main predators to the orange-spotted ladybird are birds. The shining cuckoo^[17] and starlings^[18] are examples of birds that are often predators of the orange-spotted ladybird. Another predator is the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, which has recently arrived in New Zealand.^[19] They do not prey on orange spotted ladybirds specifically but do eat native ladybirds when they run out of food and as they are much larger can overcome orange spotted ladybirds and easily out-compete with them for resources.^[19]

Native and introduced species

Another species in the same genus found in New Zealand is the introduced eleven-spot ladybird, Coccinella undecimpunctata, which looks quite different from this species. Despite this, it has a similar size and ecological niche. Both species occur in the South Island and south of the North Island, but in the north of the North Island only the introduced species is found. However, it is present on islands in areas where it is absent on the mainland, and may be displaced on the mainland as a result of interspecific competition.^[20]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Crowe, Andrew (2002). Which New Zealand Insect?: With Over 650 Life-size Photos of New Zealand Insects. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-100636-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Li, Jiahui; Pang, Hong; Slipinski, Adam (2020-03-02). Ladybird Beetles of the Australo-Pacific Region: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4863-0389-2.
^ ^a ^b Richardson, John; Gray, John Edward; Ross, James Clark; Erebus (Ship); Terror (Ship) (1844). The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Erebus & Terror, under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, during the years 1839 to 1843. By authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Vol. 1. London,: E. W. Janson,.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Factsheet: Harlequin ladybird - Harmonia axyridis". nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Martin, J. C. (1 November 1982). "Terrestrial arthropods from Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand" (PDF). J. R. SOC. N.Z. 12: 283–320.
^ ^a ^b ^c Klimaszewski, J (1997). "Coleoptera: family-group review and keys to identification" (PDF). Fauna of New Zealand. 37.
^ ^a ^b Fitter, Julian (2010). Bateman Field Guide to Wild New Zealand. David Bateman Limited. ISBN 978-1-86953-641-1.
^ Syrett, P (1993). "The insect fauna of broom, Cytisus scoparius, in New Zealand" (PDF). New Zealand Entomologist. 16: 75–83.
^ Barratt, B. I. P (1987). "Insects of snow tussock grassland on the East Otago Plateau". New Zealand Entomologist. 10: 69–98.
^ ^a ^b Bremner, G (1990). "A Berlese funnel for the rapid extraction of grassland surface macro-arthropods" (PDF). New Zealand Entomologist. 13: 76–80.
^ Somerfield, K. G (1973). "Insects from the Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand" (PDF). PROC. N.Z. ECOL. SOC. 20: 53–57.
^ Wilson, Hugh Dale (2013). Natural History of Banks Peninsula. Canterbury University Press. ISBN 978-1-927145-53-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Majerus, M. E. N. (2016-11-24). A Natural History of Ladybird Beetles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-11607-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hodek, Ivo (2013-12-11). Biology of Coccinellidae. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-010-2712-0.
^ Omkar (2016-02-03). Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803266-4.
^ Hodek, Ivo; Honek, A.; Emden, Helmut F. van (2012-05-21). Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8422-9.
^ Gill, B. J (1980). "Foods of the Shining Cuckoo" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 3: 138–140.
^ Coleman, J.D (1977). "The foods and feeding of starlings in Canterbury" (PDF). Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society. 24: 94–109.
^ ^a ^b "Management of Harlequin Ladybirds" (PDF). Ministry for Primary Industries. 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Dixon, A.G.F. (2000). Insect Predator-Prey Dynamics: Ladybird Beetles and Biological Control. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194, 196. ISBN 0-521-62203-4. Retrieved 2009-04-23. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[:0-1] Crowe, Andrew (2002). Which New Zealand Insect?: With Over 650 Life-size Photos of New Zealand Insects. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-100636-9.

[:1-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Li, Jiahui; Pang, Hong; Slipinski, Adam (2020-03-02). Ladybird Beetles of the Australo-Pacific Region: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4863-0389-2.

[:2-3] Richardson, John; Gray, John Edward; Ross, James Clark; Erebus (Ship); Terror (Ship) (1844). The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Erebus & Terror, under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, during the years 1839 to 1843. By authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Vol. 1. London,: E. W. Janson,.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

[:5-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Factsheet: Harlequin ladybird - Harmonia axyridis". nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 2020-05-05.

[:3-5] Martin, J. C. (1 November 1982). "Terrestrial arthropods from Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand" (PDF). J. R. SOC. N.Z. 12: 283–320.

[:4-6] Klimaszewski, J (1997). "Coleoptera: family-group review and keys to identification" (PDF). Fauna of New Zealand. 37.

[:9-7] Fitter, Julian (2010). Bateman Field Guide to Wild New Zealand. David Bateman Limited. ISBN 978-1-86953-641-1.

[8] Syrett, P (1993). "The insect fauna of broom, Cytisus scoparius, in New Zealand" (PDF). New Zealand Entomologist. 16: 75–83.

[9] Barratt, B. I. P (1987). "Insects of snow tussock grassland on the East Otago Plateau". New Zealand Entomologist. 10: 69–98.

[:6-10] Bremner, G (1990). "A Berlese funnel for the rapid extraction of grassland surface macro-arthropods" (PDF). New Zealand Entomologist. 13: 76–80.

[11] Somerfield, K. G (1973). "Insects from the Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand" (PDF). PROC. N.Z. ECOL. SOC. 20: 53–57.

[12] Wilson, Hugh Dale (2013). Natural History of Banks Peninsula. Canterbury University Press. ISBN 978-1-927145-53-1.

[:7-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Majerus, M. E. N. (2016-11-24). A Natural History of Ladybird Beetles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-11607-8.

[:8-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hodek, Ivo (2013-12-11). Biology of Coccinellidae. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-010-2712-0.

[15] Omkar (2016-02-03). Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803266-4.

[16] Hodek, Ivo; Honek, A.; Emden, Helmut F. van (2012-05-21). Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8422-9.

[17] Gill, B. J (1980). "Foods of the Shining Cuckoo" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 3: 138–140.

[18] Coleman, J.D (1977). "The foods and feeding of starlings in Canterbury" (PDF). Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society. 24: 94–109.

[:10-19] "Management of Harlequin Ladybirds" (PDF). Ministry for Primary Industries. 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[20] Dixon, A.G.F. (2000). Insect Predator-Prey Dynamics: Ladybird Beetles and Biological Control. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194, 196. ISBN 0-521-62203-4. Retrieved 2009-04-23. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Coccinella leonina''''', [[common name]] '''orange-spotted ladybird''', is a species of [[Coccinellidae|ladybird]] [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] to [[New Zealand]]. It is black with orange spots. It is present in a variety of habitats and is a [[predator]] species<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Crowe|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=47g2AAAACAAJ&dq=which+new+zealand+insect?&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcy7yKypvpAhWDaCsKHTDjBeEQ6AEIKDAA|title=Which New Zealand Insect?: With Over 650 Life-size Photos of New Zealand Insects|date=2002|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-100636-9|language=en}}</ref>.
 {{Use British English|date=May 2016}}
 {{Taxobox
@@ Line 14: / Line 12: @@
 | binomial = ''Coccinella leonina''
 | binomial_authority = ([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1775)
-| synonyms = *''Coccinella tasmanii'' <small>(White, 1846)</small>
+| synonyms = * ''Coccinella tasmanii'' <small>(White, 1846)</small>
-*''Coccinella coriacea'' <small>(Broun, 1893)</small>
+* ''Coccinella coriacea'' <small>(Broun, 1893)</small>
 }}
+'''''Coccinella leonina''''', [[common name]] '''orange-spotted ladybird''', is a species of [[Coccinellidae|ladybird]] [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] to [[New Zealand]]. It is black with orange spots. It is present in a variety of habitats and is a [[predator]] species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Crowe|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=47g2AAAACAAJ&dq=which+new+zealand+insect?&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcy7yKypvpAhWDaCsKHTDjBeEQ6AEIKDAA|title=Which New Zealand Insect?: With Over 650 Life-size Photos of New Zealand Insects|date=2002|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-100636-9|language=en}}</ref>
-<br />
 == Identification ==
-''Coccinella leonina'' or as it’s common name of orange spotted ladybird suggests, 16 yellow/orange spots are placed on its black body <ref name=":0" />, with a squarish yellow/orange spot on both sides above the pronotum on the thorax <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Li|first=Jiahui|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=KtLTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR42&dq=coccinella+leonina&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE9-HWypvpAhUUfisKHYzbBAsQ6AEIOjAC#v=onepage&q=coccinella%20leonina&f=false|title=Ladybird Beetles of the Australo-Pacific Region: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini|last2=Pang|first2=Hong|last3=Slipinski|first3=Adam|date=2020-03-02|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-1-4863-0389-2|language=en}}</ref> and then 14 other spots on its black elytra <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=John|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31178|title=The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Erebus & Terror, under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, during the years 1839 to 1843.  By authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.|last2=Gray|first2=John Edward|last3=Ross|first3=James Clark|last4=Erebus (Ship)|last5=Terror (Ship)|date=1844|publisher=E. W. Janson,|volume=1|location=London,}}</ref> which are larger and mostly separated by 1 mm diameter of the black background at the most <ref name=":1" />. The shade of these spots can vary on different beetles <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Factsheet: Harlequin ladybird - Harmonia axyridis|url=https://nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz/factsheet/InterestingInsects/Harlequin-ladybird---Harmonia-axyridis.html|website=nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>. It also has a paler blotch above its eyes <ref name=":1" />. The legs and underside are black <ref name=":2" />. Its length typically varies between 4.5 to 5.5 mm long <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=J. C.|date=1982, November 1|title=Terrestrial arthropods from Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand|url=http://bugz.org.nz/PDF/fxfylibj2ls12f3xkfdwwhaa.637228412680067347.pdf|journal=J. R. SOC. N.Z|volume=12|pages=283-320}}</ref>. The elytra is an oval shape that is widest in the middle and the abdomen has slightly different shape between male and female. The abdomen is truncate in males and more rounded in females <ref name=":1" />. The orange spotted ladybird is a medium sized ladybird which has a hemispheric shape <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Klimaszewski|first=J|date=1997|title=Coleoptera: family-group review and keys to identification|url=https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/26268/FNZ37KlimaszewskiWatt1997.pdf|journal=Fauna of New Zealand|volume=37|pages=|via=}}</ref>.
+''Coccinella leonina'' or as its common name of orange spotted ladybird suggests, 16 yellow/orange spots are placed on its black body,<ref name=":0" /> with a squarish yellow/orange spot on both sides above the pronotum on the thorax<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Li|first=Jiahui|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=KtLTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR42&dq=coccinella+leonina&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE9-HWypvpAhUUfisKHYzbBAsQ6AEIOjAC#v=onepage&q=coccinella%20leonina&f=false|title=Ladybird Beetles of the Australo-Pacific Region: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini|last2=Pang|first2=Hong|last3=Slipinski|first3=Adam|date=2020-03-02|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-1-4863-0389-2|language=en}}</ref> and then 14 other spots on its black elytra<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=John|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31178|title=The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Erebus & Terror, under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, during the years 1839 to 1843.  By authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.|last2=Gray|first2=John Edward|last3=Ross|first3=James Clark|last4=Erebus (Ship)|last5=Terror (Ship)|date=1844|publisher=E. W. Janson,|volume=1|location=London,}}</ref> which are larger and mostly separated by 1 mm diameter of the black background at the most.<ref name=":1" /> The shade of these spots can vary on different beetles.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Factsheet: Harlequin ladybird - Harmonia axyridis|url=https://nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz/factsheet/InterestingInsects/Harlequin-ladybird---Harmonia-axyridis.html|website=nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> It also has a paler blotch above its eyes.<ref name=":1" /> The legs and underside are black.<ref name=":2"/> Its length typically varies between 4.5 to 5.5 mm long.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=J. C.|date=1 November 1982|title=Terrestrial arthropods from Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand|url=http://bugz.org.nz/PDF/fxfylibj2ls12f3xkfdwwhaa.637228412680067347.pdf|journal=J. R. SOC. N.Z|volume=12|pages=283-320}}</ref> The elytra is an oval shape that is widest in the middle and the abdomen has slightly different shape between male and female. The abdomen is truncate in males and more rounded in females.<ref name=":1"/> The orange spotted ladybird is a medium sized ladybird which has a hemispheric shape.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Klimaszewski|first=J|date=1997|title=Coleoptera: family-group review and keys to identification|url=https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/26268/FNZ37KlimaszewskiWatt1997.pdf|journal=Fauna of New Zealand|volume=37|pages=|via=}}</ref>
 == Distribution ==
 === Globally ===
-The orange spotted ladybird is endemic to New Zealand <ref name=":1" />. This means it is not found anywhere else in the world <ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Fitter|first=Julian|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=NIdWAAAACAAJ&dq=bateman+field+guide+to+wild+new+zealand&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOv8aR0pvpAhXdzTgGHemYCfYQ6AEIKDAA|title=Bateman Field Guide to Wild New Zealand|date=2010|publisher=David Bateman Limited|isbn=978-1-86953-641-1|language=en}}</ref>. It is the only species of the Coccinella genus which is endemic to Australo-Pacific region <ref name=":1" />.
+The orange spotted ladybird is endemic to New Zealand.<ref name=":1"/> This means it is not found anywhere else in the world.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Fitter|first=Julian|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=NIdWAAAACAAJ&dq=bateman+field+guide+to+wild+new+zealand&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOv8aR0pvpAhXdzTgGHemYCfYQ6AEIKDAA|title=Bateman Field Guide to Wild New Zealand|date=2010|publisher=David Bateman Limited|isbn=978-1-86953-641-1|language=en}}</ref> It is the only species of the Coccinella genus which is endemic to Australo-Pacific region.<ref name=":1"/>
 === New Zealand ===
-Orange spotted ladybirds are recorded over the North and South Islands <ref name=":4" />. It can be found in the Port Hills in Canterbury<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Syrett|first=P|date=1993|title=The insect fauna of broom, Cytisus scoparius, in New Zealand|url=http://bugz.org.nz/PDF/fxfylibj2ls12f3xkfdwwhaa.637228374242056191.pdf|journal=New Zealand Entomologist|volume=16|pages=75-83|via=}}</ref> . It is also found further down in New Zealand’s South Island in areas including the East Otago Plateau<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barratt|first=B. I. P|date=1987|title=Insects of snow tussock grassland on the East Otago Plateau|url=http://bugz.org.nz/PDF/fxfylibj2ls12f3xkfdwwhaa.637228372726269380.pd|journal=New Zealand Entomologist|volume=10|pages=69-98|via=}}</ref> and in Central Otago<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Bremner|first=G|date=1990|title=A Berlese funnel for the rapid extraction of grassland surface macro-arthropods|url=http://bugz.org.nz/PDF/fxfylibj2ls12f3xkfdwwhaa.637228373165014467.pdf|journal=New Zealand Entomologist|volume=13|pages=76-80|via=}}</ref>. They do not occur on the northern part of the mainland, not on the mainland of Auckland, Coromandel or Northland <ref name=":3" />. However, they are found on close offshore Islands to the North Island like Poor Knights Island, Hen Island, Chicken Island, Moko Hinau Island, Great Barrier Island, Little Barrier Island, inner Hauraki Gulf islands, Mercury Island, Aldermen Island and Mayor Island <ref name=":3" />.
+Orange spotted ladybirds are recorded over the North and South Islands.<ref name=":4"/> It can be found in the Port Hills in Canterbury.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Syrett|first=P|date=1993|title=The insect fauna of broom, Cytisus scoparius, in New Zealand|url=http://bugz.org.nz/PDF/fxfylibj2ls12f3xkfdwwhaa.637228374242056191.pdf|journal=New Zealand Entomologist|volume=16|pages=75-83|via=}}</ref> It is also found further down in New Zealand’s South Island in areas including the East Otago Plateau<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barratt|first=B. I. P|date=1987|title=Insects of snow tussock grassland on the East Otago Plateau|url=http://bugz.org.nz/PDF/fxfylibj2ls12f3xkfdwwhaa.637228372726269380.pd|journal=New Zealand Entomologist|volume=10|pages=69-98|via=}}</ref> and in Central Otago.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Bremner|first=G|date=1990|title=A Berlese funnel for the rapid extraction of grassland surface macro-arthropods|url=http://bugz.org.nz/PDF/fxfylibj2ls12f3xkfdwwhaa.637228373165014467.pdf|journal=New Zealand Entomologist|volume=13|pages=76-80}}</ref> They do not occur on the northern part of the mainland, not on the mainland of Auckland, Coromandel or Northland.<ref name=":3"/> However, they are found on close offshore Islands to the North Island like Poor Knights Island, Hen Island, Chicken Island, Moko Hinau Island, Great Barrier Island, Little Barrier Island, inner Hauraki Gulf islands, Mercury Island, Aldermen Island and Mayor Island.<ref name=":3"/>
 == Habitat preferences ==
-This species can be from subalpine altitudes to as low as sea level <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> and are common in areas where they live <ref name=":3" />. They can be found in tussock grasslands <ref name=":6" /> and in vegetation that is low down <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Somerfield|first=K. G|date=1973|title=Insects from the Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand|url=http://bugz.org.nz/PDF/fxfylibj2ls12f3xkfdwwhaa.637228368826095993.pdf|journal=PROC. N.Z. ECOL. SOC|volume=20|pages=53-57|via=}}</ref>. It is also found in native bush areas, pastures and crops<ref name=":1" />. They are very common in areas like banks peninsula <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Hugh Dale|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=FzRklwEACAAJ&dq=natural+history+of+banks+peninsula&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjoibKY3pvpAhVZzzgGHbqrBqkQ6AEIKzAA|title=Natural History of Banks Peninsula|date=2013|publisher=Canterbury University Press|isbn=978-1-927145-53-1|language=en}}</ref>.
+This species can be from subalpine altitudes to as low as sea level<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> and are common in areas where they live.<ref name=":3"/> They can be found in tussock grasslands<ref name=":6" /> and in vegetation that is low down.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Somerfield|first=K. G|date=1973|title=Insects from the Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand|url=http://bugz.org.nz/PDF/fxfylibj2ls12f3xkfdwwhaa.637228368826095993.pdf|journal=PROC. N.Z. ECOL. SOC|volume=20|pages=53-57|via=}}</ref> It is also found in native bush areas, pastures and crops.<ref name=":1"/> They are very common in areas like banks peninsula.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Hugh Dale|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=FzRklwEACAAJ&dq=natural+history+of+banks+peninsula&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjoibKY3pvpAhVZzzgGHbqrBqkQ6AEIKzAA|title=Natural History of Banks Peninsula|date=2013|publisher=Canterbury University Press|isbn=978-1-927145-53-1|language=en}}</ref>
 == Life cycle ==
-The Orange-spotted ladybird sexually reproduces <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Majerus|first=M. E. N.|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=WbctDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=a+natural+history+of+ladybird+beetles&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiiv6Te4pvpAhVfzzgGHVl_AEYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=a%20natural%20history%20of%20ladybird%20beetles&f=false|title=A Natural History of Ladybird Beetles|date=2016-11-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11607-8|language=en}}</ref>. The mating process begins around September <ref name=":5" />. Oval shaped, yellow-orange eggs are laid by a female ladybird, normally in a cluster laid on the underside of some kind of leaf <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Hodek|first=Ivo|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Q3PwCAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=biology+of+coccinellidae&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL_dzD45vpAhXjwjgGHf28AQgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=biology%20of%20coccinellidae&f=false|title=Biology of Coccinellidae|date=2013-12-11|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-010-2712-0|language=en}}</ref>. The time it takes for the eggs to fully develop is dependent on favorable temperatures<ref name=":8" />. In the few days leading up to the eggs hatching they begin to darken to a greyish colour<ref name=":8" />. Up to 30 eggs can be laid by a female per day, and as many as 1600 to 3800 in a lifetime <ref name=":5" />. Larvae hatch from the eggs by breaking the shell with sharp, circular structures on the back of their head called egg-busters <ref name=":7" />. The larvae of the beetle eat the same food as the adults, the main purpose of this stage of the life-cycle is to eat to grow <ref name=":7" />. In order to shed it’s skin the larva hangs itself upside down by the anal organ <ref name=":8" />. The larva’s skin splits along the dorsal midline <ref name=":7" />. Larvae will molt several times before its last molt, the fourth time it sheds, when the pupa emerges pale and soft, as it gets older it grows a hard, patterned pupal case<ref name=":5" />. During the pupal stage some of the internal tissues and organs are broken down and used in the production of adult body parts including reproduction organs and wings<ref name=":7" />. This would normally take around four to ten days, but can take longer in colder conditions<ref name=":7" />. When the adult beetle emerges its elytra doesn’t yet have its distinctive pattern and is instead matte, soft and pale<ref name=":8" />. It can take up to months for the beetle to reach its full mature apperance<ref name=":8" />. After emerging the adult will then either search for food, mate or prepare to hibernate depending on the time of year. An adult ladybird can live from a couple months to over a year<ref>{{Cite book|last=Omkar|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=NkzXCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA307&dq=ladybird+beetles.+ecofriendly+pest+management&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiihe2X5ZvpAhW4zDgGHZIuD1EQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=ladybird%20beetles.%20ecofriendly%20pest%20management&f=false|title=Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security|date=2016-02-03|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-803266-4|language=en}}</ref>.
+The Orange-spotted ladybird sexually reproduces.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Majerus|first=M. E. N.|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=WbctDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=a+natural+history+of+ladybird+beetles#v=onepage&q=a%20natural%20history%20of%20ladybird%20beetles&f=false|title=A Natural History of Ladybird Beetles|date=2016-11-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11607-8|language=en}}</ref> The mating process begins around September.<ref name=":5"/> Oval shaped, yellow-orange eggs are laid by a female ladybird, normally in a cluster laid on the underside of some kind of leaf.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Hodek|first=Ivo|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Q3PwCAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=biology+of+coccinellidae#v=onepage&q=biology%20of%20coccinellidae&f=false|title=Biology of Coccinellidae|date=2013-12-11|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-010-2712-0|language=en}}</ref> The time it takes for the eggs to fully develop is dependent on favorable temperatures.<ref name=":8"/> In the few days leading up to the eggs hatching they begin to darken to a greyish colour.<ref name=":8"/> Up to 30 eggs can be laid by a female per day, and as many as 1600 to 3800 in a lifetime.<ref name=":5"/> Larvae hatch from the eggs by breaking the shell with sharp, circular structures on the back of their head called egg-busters.<ref name=":7"/> The larvae of the beetle eat the same food as the adults, the main purpose of this stage of the life-cycle is to eat to grow.<ref name=":7"/> In order to shed its skin the larva hangs itself upside down by the anal organ.<ref name=":8"/> The larva's skin splits along the dorsal midline.<ref name=":7"/> Larvae will molt several times before its last molt, the fourth time it sheds, when the pupa emerges pale and soft, as it gets older it grows a hard, patterned pupal case.<ref name=":5"/> During the pupal stage some of the internal tissues and organs are broken down and used in the production of adult body parts including reproduction organs and wings.<ref name=":7"/> This would normally take around four to ten days, but can take longer in colder conditions.<ref name=":7"/> When the adult beetle emerges its elytra does not yet have its distinctive pattern and is instead matte, soft and pale.<ref name=":8"/> It can take up to months for the beetle to reach its full mature appearance<ref name=":8"/> After emerging the adult will then either search for food, mate or prepare to hibernate depending on the time of year. An adult ladybird can live from a couple months to over a year.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Omkar|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=NkzXCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA307&dq=ladybird+beetles.+ecofriendly+pest+management#v=onepage&q=ladybird%20beetles.%20ecofriendly%20pest%20management&f=false|title=Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security|date=2016-02-03|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-803266-4|language=en}}</ref>
-Ladybirds spend winter as adults, grouped in a hidden and sheltered spot <ref name=":5" />. The adults will disperse in spring for food and to find a good place to lay eggs <ref name=":5" />. This is typically near a good food resource <ref name=":5" />.
+Ladybirds spend winter as adults, grouped in a hidden and sheltered spot.<ref name=":5"/> The adults will disperse in spring for food and to find a good place to lay eggs.<ref name=":5"/> This is typically near a good food resource.<ref name=":5"/>
 == Diet and foraging ==
-The orange-spotted ladybird mainly feeds on aphids, which is common for most ladybird species <ref name=":3" />. Adult ladybirds can eat around 100 aphids per day<ref name=":0" />. They also like to eat other small insects such as mites, mealybugs, scale insects and powdery mildews<ref name=":9" />. As well as other plant matter and some fungi <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hodek|first=Ivo|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=VGQiB01pBeIC&pg=PR21&dq=coccinella+leonina&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjaqZGmofboAhWyzzgGHZnvB64Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=coccinella%20leonina&f=false|title=Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae)|last2=Honek|first2=A.|last3=Emden|first3=Helmut F. van|date=2012-05-21|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-8422-9|language=en}}</ref>. This species has a wide range of habitats and is mainly found in areas where aphids are abundant <ref name=":1" />.
+The orange-spotted ladybird mainly feeds on aphids, which is common for most ladybird species.<ref name=":3"/> Adult ladybirds can eat around 100 aphids per day.<ref name=":0"/> They also like to eat other small insects such as mites, mealybugs, scale insects and powdery mildews,<ref name=":9"/> as well as other plant matter and some fungi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hodek|first=Ivo|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=VGQiB01pBeIC&pg=PR21&dq=coccinella+leonina#v=onepage&q=coccinella%20leonina&f=false|title=Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae)|last2=Honek|first2=A.|last3=Emden|first3=Helmut F. van|date=2012-05-21|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-8422-9|language=en}}</ref> This species has a wide range of habitats and is mainly found in areas where aphids are abundant.<ref name=":1" />
 == Predators, parasites and diseases ==
-Like many other insects, one of the main predators to the orange-spotted ladybird are birds. The shining cuckoo <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gill|first=B. J|date=1980|title=Foods of the Shining Cuckoo|url=https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/1480.pdf|journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology|volume=3|pages=138-140|via=}}</ref> and starlings <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coleman|first=J.D|date=1977|title=The foods and feeding of starlings in Canterbury|url=https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2788.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society|volume=24|pages=94-109|via=}}</ref> are examples of birds that are often predators of the orange-spotted ladybird. Another predator is the harlequin ladybird, ''Harmonia axyridis'' which has recently arrived in New Zealand <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Management of Harlequin Ladybirds|url=https://www.nzffa.org.nz/system/assets/2799/Harlequin-Ladybird-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf|last=|first=|date=2017|website=Ministry for Primary Industries|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>. They don’t prey on orange spotted ladybirds specifically but do eat native ladybirds when they run out of food and as they are much larger can overcome orange spotted ladybirds and easily out-compete with them for resources <ref name=":10" />.
+Like many other insects, one of the main predators to the orange-spotted ladybird are birds. The shining cuckoo<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gill|first=B. J|date=1980|title=Foods of the Shining Cuckoo|url=https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/1480.pdf|journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology|volume=3|pages=138-140|via=}}</ref> and starlings<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coleman|first=J.D|date=1977|title=The foods and feeding of starlings in Canterbury|url=https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2788.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society|volume=24|pages=94-109|via=}}</ref> are examples of birds that are often predators of the orange-spotted ladybird. Another predator is the harlequin ladybird, ''Harmonia axyridis'', which has recently arrived in New Zealand.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Management of Harlequin Ladybirds|url=https://www.nzffa.org.nz/system/assets/2799/Harlequin-Ladybird-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf|last=|first=|date=2017|website=Ministry for Primary Industries|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> They do not prey on orange spotted ladybirds specifically but do eat native ladybirds when they run out of food and as they are much larger can overcome orange spotted ladybirds and easily out-compete with them for resources.<ref name=":10"/>
 ==Native and introduced species==
-Another species in the same [[genus]] found in New Zealand is the introduced [[eleven-spot ladybird]], ''[[Coccinella undecimpunctata]]'', which looks quite different from this species. Despite this, it has a similar size and [[ecological niche]]. Both species occur in the [[South Island]] and south of the [[North Island]], but in the north of the North Island only the [[introduced species]] is found. However, it is present on islands in areas where it is absent on the mainland, and may be displaced on the mainland as a result of [[interspecific competition]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Insect Predator-Prey Dynamics: Ladybird Beetles and Biological Control  |last=Dixon |first=A.G.F. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location= |isbn= 0-521-62203-4 |pages=194, 196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXDYowGrv8MC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=%22Coccinella+leonina%22+orange+ladybird&source=bl&ots=OE3lNSdqd0&sig=esY4HcVq7INVFV7n1GKov-YcnPQ&hl=en&ei=HuTvScynGIuitgPSqvjmCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#PPA194,M1 |accessdate=2009-04-23 }}</ref>
+Another species in the same [[genus]] found in New Zealand is the introduced [[eleven-spot ladybird]], ''[[Coccinella undecimpunctata]]'', which looks quite different from this species. Despite this, it has a similar size and [[ecological niche]]. Both species occur in the [[South Island]] and south of the [[North Island]], but in the north of the North Island only the [[introduced species]] is found. However, it is present on islands in areas where it is absent on the mainland, and may be displaced on the mainland as a result of [[interspecific competition]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Insect Predator-Prey Dynamics: Ladybird Beetles and Biological Control  |last=Dixon |first=A.G.F. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location= |isbn= 0-521-62203-4 |pages=194, 196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXDYowGrv8MC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=%22Coccinella+leonina%22+orange+ladybird#PPA194,M1 |accessdate=2009-04-23 }}</ref>
 == See also ==
+* ''[[Hoangus venustus]]'', another native ladybird
-*''[[Hoangus venustus]]'', another native ladybird
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+[[Category:Beetles described in 1775]]
+[[Category:Beetles of New Zealand]]
 [[Category:Coccinellidae]]
-[[Category:Beetles of New Zealand]]
-[[Category:Beetles described in 1775]]