Dawaro
| Sultanate of Dawaro | |
|---|---|
| Country |  Ethiopia |
| Founder | Daaga Jarso, Ali Madahweyne Dir |
| Titles | Sulṭān |
| Estate(s) | Horn of Africa |
The Sultanate of Dawaro was a Somali-Oromo people Sultanate founded around the 11th century by the Jarso people sub-clan of the Dir clan centred in Hararghe.[1]
Origins
By Somali reckoning, the founder of Dawaro Sultanate was Jārso people belonging to the Ali Madaḥweyne branch which is a sub-clan of Dir. After the Oromo migrations, the ʿAli Madaḥweyne Dir were absorbed into the Afran Qallo Barentuma confederation, and today the Jarso are reckoned as Jārsō Daggā Qāllō Barentuma Oromō.[2]
Another claim by Brakumper and early Arab sourcers state that Oromo’s were already living in several kingdoms before the Oromo migration, and established many kingdoms. after being converted by the Ifat kingodm at the Meeshii Dir Dhabe ( Campiagn against Cisse) one kingdom they established was Dawaro and many more. With this we can confirm it was a Somali-Oromo Muslim civilisation from the 14th century.[3][4]
History/Military encounters
Early Campiagns
The sultanate of Dawaro was one of the only Islamic kingdom’s not to be invaded by Shoa and was a independent state. Later it would fall to the Saylac (Zeila) confederate states Along with its neighbours such as Fatager ,Mora,Waj and the Werjih.[5]
Dewero had to face a conflict with the Ethiopian Empire and fought them of fiercely in the 1310’s. But later under the reign of Amda seyon many Islamic kingodms would fall one notable sultan Haydar allied him self with Ifat but would be captured.[6][7]
the Ethiopians then established a strong hold in Dawaro.
another time Dawaro was mentioned was when there Allie Yusuf of Sharkha invited them to campaign against the Emperor how ever this was another unsuccessful campaign and Amda would not only take over Dawaro and replace it with a new Govorner but invade Sharkha.[8]
Adal
The kingdom was invaded by Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din in 1444 and Muslims would once again rule over the kingdom. But not for long the Ethiopian king Zara Yaqob killed the Adalite king at Gomit and Dawaro would return to Ethiopian hands.[9]
Oromo expansion (Campiagn against Dawaro) 1538-1546
Dawaro would become one of the most powerful kingdoms in the Harar region, meaning that it was a huge threat to the Oromo. The Oromo would lead their first raids against dawaro under their King or Luba Kilolé. The Oromo would wait till the great Adal sultan Ahmed Gurey or Ahmed Gragn died. Due to the Adal weakening the Oromo would Raid till Dawaro, after such Damage was done the Oromo would return to their lands in the south. (Guji,Borona-). However Sihabudin who wrote during and before Ahmed Gureys time. claimed that a Oromo clan the Werre Qallo inhabited Dawaro.[10][11]
Harar
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi led a invasion of Ethiopia and Dawaro was the first kingdom to be invaded by Harar.[12]
After the Abyssinian-Adal War, Gelawdewos would re establish Abyssinian rule in the northern highlands. As well as the south east. And invaded the Sultanate of Bale,and Dawaro.[13]
Nur ibn Mujahid would start Jihad against the Ethiopian Christian with his goal being to Conquer the Muslim states. While he was declaring Jihad Gelawdewos was campaigning in Bizamo near Damot. So the Abyssinian emperor sent his Vassel Ras Fanu’el to deal with him. The Ethiopian Govorner would decisively defeat Nur pushing him back to Adal beyond his kingdom plundering Muslim lands, as well as destroying fortresses.[14]
Nur would than recover from his Campiagn 9 years later. In 1559 Nur again declared Jihad and invaded Fatager. His force consisted of 1800 horsemen, and 500 riflemen, and many many sword and bow men.[15] Gelawdewos than commanded the Govorner of kambata Hammalmal to end the Muslim threat, he would also order Ras Fasil to support Hammalmal. The 2 Govorner’s would Campiagn till Harar. They would decisively be victorious taking Harar as well as the Muslim states of Dawaro and Bale.[16] however while this was happening back in the south west Nur was Campaigning. By this time the Ethiopian king had enough leading the Imperial army to a place called Nech sar.[17] According to Harari traditions Gelawdewos was killed in battle. Where a Harari Soldier Shot him. However he continued to fight, until a bunch of Harari Cavalry killed him. Nur be headed Gelawdewos due to his Promise to his wife to Avenge his predecessor’s death. The Sultan sent the Abyssinian king’s head to Zeila where the Adalites controlled. After his great Victories he Plundered Ethiopian lands. Invading sevreal kingdoms, amongst them Dawaro. [18] The Oromo would than Campiagn again. Whilst Nur was in Kafa the Oromo invaded Harar and the Muslim kingdoms. Due to constant raids the Oromo would bring Famine in the area, and Nur would have to campaign against Dawaro with the help of his Allie Barakat ibn Umar Din how ever the Hadiya Bali and Dawaro kingdoms would be victorious invading Harar and the emir him self would die a heroic death.[19]
Legacy
Dawaro was a major power prior to its defeat and subjugation. It was roughly equal in size, population and power to the early Ifat Sultanate.[20]
Sultans of Dawaro
| Ruler Name | Reign | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ? | Ḥaydar (or Haydara) | ??? - 1329 | Ally of Sulṭān SabiradDīn Maḥamed "Waqōyi" Naḥwi of Ifat, imprisoned along with him by Amda Seyon I |
References
- ^ Braukämper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-8258-5671-7.
- ^ Hassen, Mohammed (2015). The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300-1700. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84701-117-6.
- ^ A Journal of Oromo studys. Snippet view: Brakumper. 2008. p. 210.
- ^ A river of blessings essays in honour of Paul Baxter. Snippet view: David Brokensha. 1994. p. 52. ISBN 9780915984695.
- ^ Islam,Ethnicity, and conflict in Ethiopia The Bale page. Terje Østebo. 2020. p. 52.
- ^ Culture and customs of Ethiopia. Solomon Addis Getahun. 2014. p. 55.
- ^ Islam in Ethiopia. Oxford Geoffrey Cumberlege: J Spencer trimingham. 1952. p. 71.
- ^ Islamic history and culture in southern Ethiopia. Hamburg: lit verlag: Brakumper. 2002. p. 68.
- ^ Islam in Ethiopia. Oxford Geoffrey Cumberlege press: J spencer Trimingham. 1952. p. 75.
- ^ Pankhurst. 1997. p. 286.
- ^ Futu Hal Habesha Christian Muslim relations 1500-1900.
- ^ Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. David.H.Shinn. 2013. p. 115.
- ^ The Ethiopian borderlands essays. Trenton: Red Sea press: Richard Pankhurst. 1997. p. 241.
- ^ The Chronicle. Solomon. pp. 22, Chapter 38.
- ^ The chronicle. Solomon. pp. 246, Chap 84.
- ^ History of the Oromo. Asma Giyorgis and his work of the Galla and the kingdom of Sawa. Edited and translated by Bairu Tafla.
- ^ The Chronicle. Solomon. pp. 248, Chap 87.
- ^ Ethiopian Borderlands. Pankhurst. p. 246.
- ^ Ethiopian borderlands. Red Sea press: Pankhurst. 1991. p. 373.
- ^ Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays