Childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is a medical condition that affects children. It is characterized by a weight well above the mean for their height and age and a body mass index well above the norm. Childhood obesity is considered by many to be an "epidemic" in the Commonwealth Countries and the USA (especially the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia). Over 15% of American children are currently considered obese, and the number is growing [1] and about 20-25% of Australian children classified as overweight or obese[2].
Causes
As with many conditions, childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors, often in combination.
Hereditary
Hereditary factors in childhood obesity have an important influence. Often, a child whose parents are overweight or obese will also be overweight or obese. Although this is often caused by shared unhealthy eating habits in the household, it has been suggested that there may be a genetic (inherited) predisposition towards being, although this is as yet unproven and research is ongoing. Many children become slightly overweight because of their body's growth pattern. Some pediatricians may still classify this as childhood obesity.[citation needed] Recent studies have shown that while there is evidence of in vitro influences on food choice, perhaps the largest influence can occur during at the toddler age.[3] Indeed, recent studies have shown that parents influence an estimated 72% of what and how much their children eat on a daily basis. [4]
Acquired
Children who do not engage in frequent physical activity are much more likely to suffer from obesity. This is said to be due to the recent technological developments, including video games, computers, and mobile phones.[5] Physically inactive children are unable to burn off the calories that they gain from eating. The body will store some or all of the unused energy as fat. [citation needed]
Childhood obesity may also result from unhealthy eating habits. Fast food restaurants and junk food are becoming increasingly popular with children. In lieu of home cooking, it has become common for parents to take their children out to eat. Even when it is not a fast food restaurant, frequent eating out often results in weight gain.[6]
It is also shown that children whose parents have a low income or are unemployed are more likely to be obese.
Also, children in lower-income households are more likely to become overweight than those in higher-income households. Not eating breakfast is also associated with an increase in obesity.[1]
Marketing and advertising
Also, parenting groups are now blaming fast food and junk food companies for advertising on television, internet websites and other forms of media. There is growing evidence to support these concerns. Some people also believe that the large portions in restaurant and the all you can eat layout of others also contribute to childhood obesity.[2] [3] See fast food advertising.
Psychological Factors
These factors influence child's eating habits and many children eat in response to stress or negative emotions such as boredom, anger, sadness anxiety or depression.
Illness
Conditions such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, depression and certain neurological problems can lead to obesity or a tendency to gain weight in a child. Also, drugs such as steroids and some antidepressants may lead to obesity or a tendency to gain weight in a child.
Complications
Without a change in diet or exercise patterns, childhood obesity can lead to life-threatening conditions including diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep problems, cancer, and other disorders.[4][5] Studies have shown that overweight children are more likely to grow up to be overweight adults.[6]
Obese children often suffer from teasing amongst their peers.[7][8] Some are even harassed or discriminated against by their own family.[9] Stereotypes abound and may lead to low self esteem and depression.[10]
Studies
A study of 1800 children aged 2 to 12 in Colac, Australia tested a program of restricted diet (no carbonated drinks or sweets) and increased exercise. Interim results included a 68% increase in after school activity programs, 21% reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.[7]
A survey carried out by the American Obesity Association into parental attitudes towards their children's weight showed the majority of parents think that recess should not be reduced or replaced. Almost 30% said that they were concerned with their child's weight. 35% of parents thought that their child's school was not teaching them enough about childhood obesity, and over 5% thought that childhood obesity was the greatest risk to their child's long term health.[8] Although obesity is more common in girls [9] it is much more noticeable in boys, so that is why it is assumed that there are more overweight boys than girls. This is because fat deposits are located in far less areas of the exterior of the male body then the female, therefore it becomes larger in a much shorter period of time, in a limited number of places. The main places where boys become fat is the stomach (the fattest area), the back, and the chest. This is why boys can develop a belly roll (stomach hangs over pants) very quickly, or large amounts of back fat, and even breasts. Also it is important to note that this swelling of the stomach is also due to the fact that boys tend to have larger appetites than girls and therefore when they become fat, they are fatter then the typical overweight girl.[citation needed]
References
- ^ http://www.obesity.org/subs/childhood/prevalence.shtml
- ^ http://www.ausport.gov.au/aasc/about_aasc/facts.asp
- ^ Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think (2006), Brian Wansink New York: Bantam-Dell.
- ^ "Nutritional Gatekeepers and the 72% Solution,” (2006) Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Brian Wansink 106:9 (September), 1324–1327.
- ^ Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think (2006), Brian Wansink New York: Bantam-Dell.
- ^ Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think (2006), Brian Wansink New York: Bantam-Dell.
- ^ "Obesity study bears fruit", The Age, 24 August 2006.
- ^ Survey on parents’ perceptions of their children's weight, American Obesity Association. August, 2000. Retrieved 2006-11-21
- ^ http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content2/obesity.html