Death squad

A death squad is an extra-judicial group whose members execute or assassinate persons they believe to be politically unreliable or undesirable. Such armed groups have been employed by governments of many political ideologies to kill political opponents or anyone suspected of supporting an armed or unarmed insurgency or opposition group. Dictatorships, especially totalitarian ones, have often used them to kill whole groups of people who do not fit their political ideology, religion, or race: see Genocide

Death squads were common in Central America during the 1980s. Many of them were believed to be employed by various governments. The Central American death squads often consisted of members of the national armed forces and often acted in close cooperation with the highest officials of the military. Many of these death squads hunted down leftist rebels and suspected supporters in the countryside, killing their victims, and occasionally wiping out whole villages.

In El Salvador, the death squads achieved notoriety for the murder of Archbishop Óscar Romero and the murders of four American nuns. This prompted great controversy and outrage in the U.S., as the Salvadoran Armed Forces were known to at times rely on the squads for intelligence and combat purposes in their counterinsurgency campaign.

There have been other murderous death squads throughout history. During the late 1930's the Soviet government under Joseph Stalin used death squads in the secret police force, the NKVD, to hunt down and kill hundreds of thousands of known or suspected political opponents during the Great Purge. Many were innocent bystanders caught by mistake or misidentified. According to some estimates, more than 1 million victims were killed, mostly by being shot; millions more were sent to gulags.

When Nazi Germany launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the Nazis brought along four traveling death squads called Einsatzgruppen to hunt down and kill Jews in the occupied areas; this was the first of the massive masscres of the Holocaust. Typically the victims, which included many women and children, were forcibly marched from their homes to open graves or ravines before being shot. Many others suffocated in specially designed poison trucks called gas vans. Between 1941 and 1944, the Einsatzgruppen killed about 1.2 million Soviet Jews, as well as tens of thousands of Soviet leaders, POWs and Gypsies.

The Khmer Rouge began employing death squads to purge Cambodia of non-Communists after taking over the country in 1975. They rounded up their victims, questioned them, and then took them out to killing fields to be shot or beaten to death. More than 1.6 million Cambodians fell victim before the Khmer Rouge was overthrown.

In Northern Ireland, Loyalist death squads, supported by the British military, and death squads associated with the pro-independence Irish Republican Army have been blamed for the deaths of several civilians.

In Haiti, the paramilitary death squad Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti (FRAPH), organized in mid-1993, terrorized the supporters of Jean-Bertrand Aristide by murder, public beatings, arson raids on poor neighborhoods, and severing limbs by machete. Aristide served less than eight months as Haiti's president before being deposed, on 29 September 1991, by a coup in which many hundreds of his supporters were massacred, and thousands more fled to the Dominican Republic or left by sea.

The Rwandan Genocide of 1994 was carried out by numerous death squads called the Interahamwe see History of Rwanda. Members of these killing squads hunted down Tutsis and moderate Hutus in many towns and villages. The Interahamwe typically chopped up their victims with machetes or shot them at close range. The Rwandan Hutu armed forces often helped in these massacres, which killed from 650,000 to 800,000 before the Rwandan Patriotic Front took over the country in July of that year.

During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, U.S. officials used the term death squad to describe fedayeen paramilitary forces loyal to Saddam Hussein's regime who used guerrilla tactics to fight US and UK troops. Saddam Hussein himself had employed death squads, known as Fedayeen Saddam, to kill tens of thousands of Shiite Arabs and Kurds during rebellions he crushed in 1988 and 1991.