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This article is about the submersible company. For the borough in New Jersey, see Ocean Gate, New Jersey.

OceanGate Inc.
Company typePrivate
IndustryTourism, expeditions, underwater diving
Founded2009; 15 years ago (2009)
Founders
HeadquartersEverett, Washington, U.S.
Number of employees
47 (2023)[1]
Websiteoceangate.com

OceanGate Inc. is a privately owned U.S. company in Everett, Washington, that provides crewed submersibles for tourism, industry, research, and exploration. The company was founded in 2009 by Stockton Rush and Guillermo Söhnlein.

The company acquired a submersible vessel, Antipodes, and later built two of its own: Cyclops 1 and Titan. In 2021, OceanGate began taking paying tourists in the Titan to visit the wreck of the Titanic.[2][3] As of 2022, the price to be a passenger on an OceanGate expedition to the Titanic shipwreck was US$250,000 per person.[4]

In June 2023, Titan, an OceanGate tourist sumersibe, imploded during a voyage to the Titanic shipwreck site, killing all 5 occupants on board, including the founder of OceanGate, Stockton Rush.[5] An international search-and-rescue operation was launched[6] and, on June 22, the wreckage was found on the seabed near the Titanic wreck site.

History

Co-founder Stockton Rush

OceanGate was founded by Guillermo Söhnlein and Stockton Rush in 2009.[7][8][9][10] According to Söhnlein, the company was founded with the intention of creating a small fleet of 5-person commercial submersibles that could be leased by any organization or group of individuals. In 2023 he told Sky News, "The whole intent was to create these worked subs. And in that way, as our tagline was in the early days, 'Open the oceans for all of humanity.'"[11] Söhnlein left the company in 2013.[12]

As a teen Stockton Rush was introduced to astronaut Pete Conrad, by his father who was a friend of Rush's father. Conrad advised Stockton to get a pilot's license if he wanted to become an astronaut. In 1980, Rush earned a commercial pilot's license when he was 18, but was told later that his visual acuity would disqualify him from becoming a military pilot. He moved from San Francisco to Seattle to work for McDonnell Douglas as a flight-test engineer for F-15 Eagle fighter jets, building his fortune by investing his inheritance in tech companies. He had an interest in aviation and space travel as a child. As an adult, his interests pivoted to undersea exploration. Because the cold waters of Puget Sound required significant time and technical gear for diving, he thought "being in a sub, being nice and cozy, and having a hot chocolate with you, beats the heck out of freezing and going through a two-hour decompression hanging in deep water".[2]

Co-founder Stockton Rush had built his fortune by investing his inheritance in tech companies.[2] A long-time enthusiast of space travel and deep-sea exploration, he tried to purchase a submarine and he discovered that there were fewer than 100 privately-owned submarines worldwide. Because he was unable to purchase one he instead built one from plans in 2006.[2]

Rush's experience and research led him to believe that he had discovered an unmet business opportunity to expand the market of private ocean exploration. He believed that this industry had been held back by two principal factors: submersibles having an unwarranted reputation as dangerous vehicles, and rigid government regulations that inhibited innovation within the industry. In 2019 Rush expressed the view that the Passenger Vessel Safety Act of 1993 "needlessly prioritized passenger safety over commercial innovation".[2] He later commissioned a marketing study which concluded there was sufficient demand for underwater ocean tourism which would in turn support the development of new, deep-diving submersibles that would enable further commercial ventures including resource mining and disaster mitigation.[13][14]

The company was originally based in Seattle and moved in 2015 to the Port of Everett in Everett, Washington.[15] Upon news of the fate of the Titan, the company closed its Everett office indefinitely.[16]

Submersibles

OceanGate owned three submersibles. The Cyclops 1 and Titan submersibles were launched and recovered from a dry dock-like "Launch and Recovery Platform" that could be towed behind a commercial vessel.[17] Once the platform and submersible reach the target location, the platform's flotation tanks are flooded and it sinks below the surface turbulence to a depth of 9 m (30 ft).[18] The submersible then lifts off for its underwater mission. Upon the submersible's return to the platform, the flotation tanks are pumped out and the platform can be taken back into tow or brought aboard the host vessel. That allows OceanGate to use vessels without human-rated cranes.[19] The platform is approximately 11 m (35 ft) long and 4.6 m (15 ft) wide and can lift up to 9,100 kg (20,000 lb);[20] it is based on a concept developed by the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory.[14]

Antipodes

Main article: Antipodes (submersible)
OceanGate submersible Antipodes

Antipodes is a steel-hulled submersible capable of reaching depths of 300 metres (1,000 ft), acquired by OceanGate in 2010.[21] OceanGate transported its first paying customers in the vessel in 2010 off the coast of Catalina Island in California. The submersible was later contracted to expeditions to explore corals, lionfish populations in Florida, and a former oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico.[2] By 2013 OceanGate had made over 130 dives with the vessel.[2][22][23]

Cyclops 1

The pilot of Cyclops 1 at the window, operating the vessel using a modified game controller

In March 2015, OceanGate unveiled the Cyclops 1, a 5-person steel-hulled submersible capable of diving up to 500 meters (1,640 ft) under water. It measures approximately 6.7 m (22 feet) long and 2.7 m (9 feet) wide, and weighs about 9,100 kg (20,000 pounds).[24] Its name was inspired by its strengthened acrylic window. The submersible is steered by a modified PlayStation game controller, and the vessel has a battery life of up to 8 hours.[25][26] The vessel has been used for various commercial and academic expeditions.[24]

OceanGate created Cyclops 1 in collaboration with the University of Washington's Applied Physics Laboratory; Boeing worked with OceanGate and the University of Washington for initial design analysis.[27][28] In the initial design, the hull was to be made of carbon fiber, but this idea was scrapped in favor of a steel hull. OceanGate acquired the steel hull for Cyclops 1 in 2013, after it had been used for 12 years, and fitted it with a new interior, underwater sensors, and gamepad pilot control system.[2]

In June 2016 Cyclops 1 was used to survey the wreck of SS Andrea Doria 73 m (240 feet) below the surface. The survey data were intended to build a computer model of the wreck and its surroundings to improve navigation.[29] In 2019 the craft was used to transport researchers to the bottom of Puget Sound to conduct marine biology surveys.[24]

Titan

Titan (submersible)
History
United States
NameTitan
OwnerOceanGate, Inc.
OperatorOceanGate, Inc.
Completed2018
HomeportEverett, Washington
FateImploded on June 18, 2023; 1 years ago
General characteristics
Class and typenot classed
Displacement10,432 kg (23,000 lbs)[30]
Length6.7 m (22 ft)[30]
Beam2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Height2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)
PropulsionFour Innerspace 1002 thrusters
Speed3 knots (5.6 km/h) (max)
Endurance96 hours (w/5 persons)
Test depthUp to 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
Capacity5 persons
Crew1 pilot, 1 technical expert, 3 "mission specialists"

Titan was the second submersible designed and built by OceanGate, with an intended maximum depth of 4,000 m (13,000 ft). It was the first completed crewed submersible that used a hull constructed of titanium and carbon fiber composite materials, as most other human-carrying submersibles are designed with an all-metal pressure vessel.[31]

After testing with dives to its maximum intended depth in 2018 and 2019, the original composite hull of Titan developed fatigue damage and was replaced by 2021.[32][33] In that year, OceanGate began operating a tourist service to visit the wreck of the RMS Titanic, completing several dives to the wreck site in both 2021 and 2022.

On June 18, 2023, OceanGate lost contact with Titan during its first dive in 2023 to the Titanic. Loss-of-contact had occurred multiple times during previous test and tour dives, so OceanGate did not alert authorities until the submersible was overdue for its return. A massive international search-and-rescue operation ensued and ended on June 22, when debris from Titan, which had been destroyed in a catastrophic implosion, was discovered close to the bow of Titanic.

Design and construction

A March 2015 OceanGate video outlining the Cyclops 2 program

OceanGate began developing a composite carbon fiber and titanium-hulled submersible in collaboration with the University of Washington's Applied Physics Lab (APL) in 2013,[27] tentatively named Cyclops 2; the first titanium structural components were ordered in December 2016 from Titanium Fabrication Corp. (TiFab),[29] and OceanGate signed a contract with Spencer Composites in January 2017 for the carbon-composite cylinder.

Spencer previously had built the composite pressure hull for the single-person DeepFlight Challenger for Steve Fossett to a design by Graham Hawkes.[31][a] Spencer Composites was given challenging performance targets for Cyclops 2, which was meant to withstand 6,600 psi (46 MPa; 450 atm) working service pressure with a factor of safety of 2.25× for its intended maximum depth of 4,000 m (13,120 ft), and provided six weeks to complete the design.[31] In March 2018, Cyclops 2 was renamed to Titan.[35][36]

OceanGate's calculations showed the cylinder that formed the center section of the crew compartment should have a wall thickness of 114 mm (4.5 in), which they rounded up to 5.0 in (127 mm); it consisted of 480 alternating layers of pre-preg unidirectional cloth, laid in the axial direction, and wet-wound filament, laid in the hoop direction. The cylinder was built in 2017 and cured at 137 °C (279 °F) for 7 days.[31] The entire pressure vessel consisted of two titanium hemispheres, two matching titanium interface rings, and the 142 cm (56 in) internal diameter, 2.4-meter-long (7.9 ft) carbon fiber-wound cylinder—the largest such device ever built for use in a crewed submersible.[37] One of the titanium hemispherical end caps was fitted with a 380 mm-diameter (15 in) acrylic window.[31] In addition to the crew compartment, Titan included a landing skid structure and outer glass fiber composite shell, both bolted to the titanium interface rings.[31] Overall, the Titan was 670 cm × 280 cm × 250 cm (22.0 ft × 9.2 ft × 8.2 ft) and weighed 9,525 kg (21,000 lb) with a maximum payload of 685 kg (1,510 lb). It moved at up to 3 kn (5.6 km/h) using four electric thrusters, arrayed two horizontal and two vertical. The vessel carried sufficient oxygen to sustain a full complement of five people for 96 hours.[18]

Schematic of Titan, with human figures for scale

Titan was equipped with a real-time acoustic monitoring system, which OceanGate claimed could detect the onset of buckling in the carbon fiber hull prior to catastrophic failure.[2] Rush held a patent on the system.[38] Titan was controlled with a modified game controller, similar to Cyclops 1.[39]

Limitations

Once the occupants were aboard, the hatch was closed and bolted from the outside; there was no way to open the hatch from inside the vessel. In addition, there was no on-board location system; the support ship which monitored the position of Titan relative to its target would send text messages to Titan providing distances and directions.[40]

The Marine Technology Society's committee on Manned Underwater Vehicles drafted a private letter to Stockton Rush in March 2018, expressing concerns with the design of Titan and urging him to have the ship "classed" (certified by a ship classification society), partly because the marketing of the submersible, which stated it would meet or exceed the standards of DNV, was misleading because OceanGate had no intentions to have the vehicle tested by DNV.[41] Although the letter was not sent, the chair of the committee said he had "a frank conversation" with Rush following which they "agreed to disagree".[42] In 2019, OceanGate published a blog post explaining why Titan was not classed. In the post, OceanGate said "the vast majority of marine (and aviation) accidents are a result of operator error, not mechanical failure" and argued that classification focused solely on the physical state of the vessel and not its corporate actions, which it characterized as a "constant, committed effort and a focused corporate culture" of "maintaining high-level operational safety".[43]

Journalist David Pogue rode in Titan to view the Titanic in 2022, noted that Titan was not equipped with an emergency locator beacon; during his expedition the surface support vessel lost track of the Titan "for about five hours", and adding such a beacon was discussed. "They could still send short texts to the sub, but did not know where it was. It was quiet and very tense, and they shut off the ship's internet to prevent us from tweeting."[44] Mike Reiss confirmed the submersible lost contact on each of his four dives and said "that seems to be just something baked into the system". As an example, Reiss reported that it took three hours to locate the Titanic during one dive, despite landing only 460 m (500 yd) from the wreck.[45]

Testing and inspection

OceanGate claimed on its website as of 2023 that the Titan was "designed and engineered by OceanGate Inc. in collaboration [with] experts from NASA, Boeing, and the University of Washington."[46] A 1⁄3-scale model of the Cyclops 2 pressure vessel was built and tested at the University of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory; the model was able to sustain a pressure of 4,285 psi (29.54 MPa; 291.6 atm), corresponding to a depth of approximately 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[47] After the disappearance of the Titan in 2023, the University of Washington stated that the Applied Physics Laboratory had no involvement in "design, engineering, or testing of the Titan submersible." A Boeing spokesperson also said that Boeing "was not a partner on the Titan and did not design or build it." A NASA spokesperson said that NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center had a Space Act Agreement with OceanGate, but "did not conduct testing and manufacturing via its workforce or facilities".[46] Rush had touted partnerships with NASA, Boeing, and UW to Pogue in 2022 in response to a question about the perceived "MacGyvery jerry-rigged-ness [sic]" improvisational design based on the use of off-the-shelf components.[40][48]

David Lochridge, the OceanGate Director of Marine Operations, inspected the Titan as it was being handed over from Engineering to Operations and filed a quality control report in January 2018 in which he stated that no non-destructive testing of the carbon fiber hull had taken place to check for voids and delaminating which could compromise the hull's strength. Instead, Lochridge was told that OceanGate would rely on the real-time acoustic monitoring system, which he felt would not warn the crew of potential failure with sufficient time to safely abort the mission and evacuate. The day after he filed his report, he was summoned to a meeting in which he was told the acrylic window was only rated to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) depth because OceanGate would not fund the design of a window rated to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). In that meeting, he reiterated his concerns and added he would refuse to allow crewed testing without a hull scan; Lochridge was dismissed from his position as a result.[33] OceanGate filed a lawsuit against Lochridge that June, accusing him of improperly sharing proprietary trade secrets and fraudulently manufacturing a reason to dismiss him. The suit was settled in November 2018.[33]

Initial shallow dive testing with a crew was conducted in Puget Sound.[49] OceanGate said that testing of Titan without a crew to 4,000 m (13,000 ft) was performed in 2018 to validate the design,[50] followed by a statement that a crew of four had set a record by descending in Titan to 3,760 m (12,340 ft) in April 2019.[51] The tests were conducted near Great Abaco Island, near the edge of the continental shelf, as the platform would only need to be towed 19 km (12 mi) to depths exceeding 4,600 m (15,000 ft).[2] During a human-piloted descent, which Rush performed solo on December 10, 2018,[49] he used the vertical thrusters to overcome unexpected positive buoyancy when descending past 3,000 m (10,000 ft), which caused interference with the communication system, and he lost contact with the surface ship for approximately one hour. Rush became the second human to dive solo to 4,000 m (13,000 ft), after James Cameron, who in 2012 dove to Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, approximately 11,000 m (36,000 ft).[2]

After the tests were completed in January 2020, the hull of Titan began showing signs of cyclic fatigue and the craft was de-rated to 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[32] The Spencer-built composite cylindrical hull either was repaired or replaced by Electroimpact and Janicki Industries in 2020 or 2021, prior to the first trips to Titanic.[33][52] According to Rush, the carbon fiber materials had belonged to Boeing, but OceanGate had purchased them at a significant discount because they were past their shelf-life.[53] Boeing stated they had no record showing they sold carbon fiber to OceanGate or Rush.[54]

RMS Titanic tourism

On September 1, 1985, Robert Ballard with support from Argo and RV Knorr discovered the wreck of RMS Titanic. In 1986, Ballard and two companions conducted detailed photographic surveys and inspections of Titanic wreckage using Alvin, Jason Jr., and the support ship RV Atlantis II.[55][56] Since then, limited tours of the wreck of the Titanic have been conducted, most notably by the Russian Mir-class submersibles, which had been contracted in the 1990s for that purpose, including the capturing footage for the opening scenes of the eponymous 1997 film.[2]

After carrying tourists to the wreck of the Andrea Doria in 2016, Rush said "there's only one wreck that everyone knows... if you ask people to name something underwater, it's going to be sharks, whales, Titanic."[2] OceanGate's Titan was used for several survey expeditions of the Titanic wreckage site, starting in 2021. Rush stated that Titan could be used to explore the debris field and accurate scans could be used to build a 3-D model of the wreck.[2]

When OceanGate's initial plans for the Titanic expeditions were announced in 2017, the first trip was scheduled for 2018, and each tourist's seat was priced at US$105,129, a price OceanGate chose because it was the price of the ticket for the Vanderbilt suite on Titanic in 1912, adjusted for inflation.[14] Continued testing of the novel hull precluded operations in 2018. By 2019, the cost of a ticket on Titan to view Titanic had risen to $125,000; 54 tourists had signed up for one of six voyages that were scheduled to begin on June 27, but those plans were delayed until 2020 because permits could not be secured for the surface support vessel.[2] The proposed operation involved MV Havila Harmony (sailing under a non-Canadian flag), and would have violated the Coasting Trade Act, which prohibits foreign-flagged vessels from conducting commercial voyages with origin and destination ports in Canada, analogous to the United States' Jones Act.[57] In January 2020, the original hull was de-rated to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) maximum depth after signs of fatigue were found,[32] and the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States delayed the procurement of carbon fiber filament needed to build a replacement hull.[58] In November 2020, Rush announced the first voyage to Titanic would be delayed to May 2021.[59]

AHTS Horizon Arctic at Port aux Basques (August 2022)

For the 2021 season, OceanGate selected Canadian-flagged AHTS Horizon Arctic as the surface support vessel.[60] The first Titanic survey expedition aboard Titan was scheduled to start in late June 2021;[61] the first dive was completed in mid-July.[3] A second dive followed in early August,[62] and Titan returned to Seattle in November.[63]

By 2022, the cost of a ticket had doubled to $250,000.[40] Horizon Arctic again served as the support vessel for the planned dives.[64] According to OceanGate court filings, 28 persons visited the Titanic on the Titan in 2022,[41] 21 of whom were "mission specialists", i.e., non-staff passengers.[65][53] In total, OceanGate undertook six dives to Titanic in 2021 and seven in 2022.[66]

Wreck expert Paul-Henri "P.H." Nargeolet, who was also onboard, told me he wasn't worried about what would happen if the structure of the Titan itself were damaged when at the bottom of the ocean. "Under that pressure, you'd be dead before you knew there was a problem." He said it with a smile.

 — as recounted by Arnie Weissmann, in Travel Weekly article published June 22, 2023[67]

For the 2023 survey expedition, OceanGate secured MV Polar Prince as its support vessel, making plans to begin in May.[68] According to Rush, the cost of leasing Horizon Arctic had increased to $200,000 per week; the switch to Polar Prince meant the launch and recovery platform would need to be towed to the site, rather than carried on board.[69] Challenging weather conditions kept the initial set of dives from occurring in May.[67]

2023 incident and destruction

Main article: 2023 Titan submersible incident

On June 18, 2023, Titan went missing in the North Atlantic Ocean about 400 nautical miles (740 km) south-southeast of the coast of Newfoundland. The submersible was carrying tourists Hamish Harding, Shahzada Dawood, and his son Suleman Dawood, the Titanic expert Paul-Henri Nargeolet, and OceanGate founder Stockton Rush to view the wreckage of RMS Titanic.[70][71] The disappearance of the submersible triggered extensive search-and-rescue efforts.[72] On June 22, 2023, it was confirmed that Titan had imploded, likely during the descent, killing all five occupants on board instantly.[5][73] The exact cause remained under investigation but the initial reports concluded that a catastrophic implosion had taken place.[74] Future debates and research will focus on construction, safety methods, and testing for submersibles.[75]

Plans for additional submersibles

In 2019 OceanGate said they were planning to develop the successor Cyclops 3 and Cyclops 4 submersibles with a targeted maximum depth of 6,000 m (20,000 ft),[36] and in early 2020 announced that the development and manufacturing of the hulls will be performed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.[76] The submersibles would be funded through a new round of investments by "100% insiders" totaling $18.1 million, as announced in January 2020.[32] NASA's participation was under a Space Act Agreement intended to further "deep-space exploration goals" and "improve materials and manufacturing for American industry" according to John Vickers.[77]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ After Fossett died, DeepFlight Challenger was acquired by Richard Branson's Virgin Oceanic, which had announced plans to conduct a series of five dives to the deepest points of the oceans; DeepFlight refused to endorse the plan, as the craft had been designed to dive only once. Adam Wright, the president of DeepFlight, said in 2014 "The problem is the strength of the [DeepFlight Challenger] does decrease after each dive. It is strongest on the first dive."[34]

References

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