Operation Desert Hawk

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Rann of Kutch conflict
Part of Pre 1965 war and Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
Date9 April – 1 July 1965
(2 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Rann of Kutch
Result

Pakistani victory

  • Pakistan seizes posts in Kanjarkot stretch
  • Following peace talks, Indian and Pakistani troops withdrew, leading to a ceasefire
  • India–Pakistan relations deteriorate and escalate into a full-scale war
Territorial
changes		 A 1968 agreement resolves the territorial dispute.
Belligerents
 India  Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
Gen. J. N. Chaudhuri Maj. Gen. Tikka Khan[1]
Brig. Iftikhar Khan Janjua[2]
Units involved

Indian Armed Forces

Pakistan Armed Forces

The Rann of Kutch conflict was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that began following Pakistan's Operation Desert Hawk was the codename of a military operation planned and executed by the Pakistan Army in the Rann of Kutch area, the disputed area which was under Indian control from the long-standing status quo.[5] The boundary of Rann of Kutch was one of the few un-demarcated boundaries pending since the 1947 partition of India.[6][7]

Background

The Rann of Kutch is a large area of salt marshes that span the border between India and Pakistan. The area was originally part of the princely state of Kutch, which was acceded to India[7][8] in present-day Kutch region of Gujarat. Both countries maintained few armed police posts scattered along the border [citation needed]. During the British era, the area used to be a subject of dispute between the princely state of Kutch and Sind. The dispute was then inherited by India and Pakistan after the partition.[9]

Objectives

Pakistan planned to serve several purposes through this operation. First was to assess the response of the Indian government and military,[6] which was relatively unstable under the governance of prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri after the death of India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964 and the loss in the 1962 Sino-Indian war.[2] The second objective was to draw Indian armor southward to Kutch, away from the Punjab and Kashmir region.[6][5] One of the objectives was to test the United States' protest over the use of US-supplied military equipment against the India, which was a violation of Pakistan's commitment.[5][7] The Pakistan Army also got a rehearsal opportunity for the planned invasion of India later the same year.[6]

Conflict

In January 1965, Pakistan claimed the area of Rann of Kutch on the basis of the Sindh province. Pakistan's paramilitary force Indus Rangers started activity and took control over the ruined fort of Kanjarkot located on the north-west fringe of the Rann,[2] Pakistani Indus Rangers started patrolling below the Indian claimed line by January 1965 and occupied an Indian police post near the Kanjarkot fort, which was in violation of the long-standing status quo.[5]

The region's terrain and communication network and logistics was favorable to Pakistan[6][4][7] with all the approaches to the Rann of Kutch from the Indian side being more difficult than from Pakistan. The Pakistani railway station situated at Badin was 26 miles north of the Indian claim line and Karachi was 113 miles east from the Badin, where the Pakistan Army's 8 Division was based. Pakistan was able to move the troops quickly and easily along the border line. The nearest Indian railway station at Bhuj was located 110 miles from the border and the nearest Indian Army formation, 31 Infantry Brigade situated at Ahmedabad, was 160 miles east of Bhuj railway station.[4]

In February 1965, bilateral talks for the negotiation failed.[10]

The Pakistan Army, equipped with US-made Patton tanks, struck the Indian forces on 9th April.[10][11] Pakistan launched a major offensive on the Sardar post comprising a brigade strength.[12][13] In April, Shastri reportedly made a deterrent threat to Pakistan.[14]

On 24 April, Pakistan launched Operation Desert Hawk, a decisive thrust towards the Indian posts in the area deploying an infantry division and two armored regiments equipped with Patton tanks and field guns. The Pakistan Army captured four more posts and claimed the whole Kanjarkot stretch. With poor logistics and inferior military hardware, India had no other option than to retreat after offering decent resistance.[7]

Ceasefire

British prime minister Harold Wilson proposed a ceasefire on 28 April. Both countries signed an agreement to settle the disputed border through international arbitration by the International Court of Justice on 30 June 1965.[15][7] The ceasefire became effective on 1 July 1965. India and Pakistan both agreed to demarcate the border by a three-member arbitration committee. The possibility of the armed conflict escalation was avoided by the active interventions of the British Prime Minister and the United Nation's Secretary-General.[16] Both nations withdrew all troops from the disputed and held areas after the peace talks as of June 30 and a pre-conflict status as of January 1965 was established.

Aftermath

The conflict is considered a Pakistani strategic victory.[17][7][verification needed] The dispute later on went for Indo-Pakistan Western Boundary Case Tribunal and was solved in 1968.[18] within which of its original claim of some 9,100 square kilometers, Pakistan was awarded about 780 square kilometers and rest to India.[19][20][21] However, India's share is mostly sea marsh whereas Pakistan's share has some crucial elevation points.[9]

The Pakistan Army decision makers assessed the Indian Army's strength and capability based on the minor success in the Rann of Kutch area and headed towards their next planned execution of Operation Gibraltar in August 1965.[22]

Despite India's repeated protests against the use of US-made weaponry by Pakistan against India, American president Lyndon B. Johnson took no effective action against Pakistan.[7]

This attack exposed the inadequacy of the Indian State Armed Police to cope with armed aggression. So after the end of the 1965 war, the government of India formed the Border Security Force as a unified central agency with the specific mandate of guarding India's international boundaries. The Border Security Force came into formal existence on 1 December 1965.[23] Morarji Desai invited around 550 farmers, mostly Sikhs from Punjab, to settle and farm the land for border's safety and security. [24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1997). The War of the Twins. Northern Book Centre. p. 57. ISBN 978-81-7211-082-6. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b c McGarr, Paul M., ed. (2013), "Triumph and tragedy:: the Rann of Kutch and the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War", The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–344, ISBN 978-1-107-00815-1, retrieved 2022-05-14
  3. ^ a b c "1965 Indo-Pak War – A Critical Appraisal". Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d Bajwa, Farooq (2013-09-30). From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. Hurst Publishers. pp. 65–96. ISBN 978-1-84904-230-7.
  5. ^ a b c d "Rann of Kutch". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2021-08-24. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  6. ^ a b c d e Hiranandani, G. M. (2000). Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975. Lancer Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-897829-72-1.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Hiro, Dilip (24 February 2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. Nation Books, Hiro. OPERATION DESERT HAWK: A DRY RUN. ISBN 9781568585031. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  8. ^ Brecher, Angus Professor Department of Political Science Michael; Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10806-0.
  9. ^ a b Ashraf, Fahmida (1989). "STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF INDIAN STATES BORDERING PAKISTAN". Strategic Studies. 12 (4): 58–78. ISSN 1029-0990.
  10. ^ a b SCHOFIELD, JULIAN (2000). "Militarized Decision-Making for War in Pakistan: 1947-1971". Armed Forces & Society. 27 (1): 139–140. doi:10.1177/0095327X0002700108. ISSN 0095-327X. JSTOR 45346403. S2CID 144532810.
  11. ^ Chaudhuri, Rudra (2018-01-01). "Indian "Strategic Restraint" Revisited: The Case of the 1965 India-Pakistan War". India Review. 17 (1): 55–75. doi:10.1080/14736489.2018.1415277. ISSN 1473-6489. S2CID 159008785.
  12. ^ "THE WAR IN KUTCH: DEFENCE OF SARDAR POST | Salute". 2015-10-30. Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  13. ^ Colman, Jonathan (2009-09-01). "Britain and the Indo-Pakistani Conflict: The Rann of Kutch and Kashmir, 1965". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 37 (3): 465–482. doi:10.1080/03086530903157664. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159494083.
  14. ^ Paul, T. V. (1994-03-10). Asymmetric Conflicts: War Initiation by Weaker Powers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46621-9.
  15. ^ Dutt, Sagarika; Bansal, Alok (2013-06-17). South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-61767-6.
  16. ^ Pradhan, R. D. (2007). 1965 War, the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan's Diary of India-Pakistan War. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-269-0762-5.
  17. ^ Dutt, Sagarika; Bansal, Alok (2013-06-17). South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-61767-6.
  18. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20210824155244/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/rann-of-kutch.htm
  19. ^ "Pakistan Boundaries - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". photius.com. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  20. ^ https://factsanddetails.com/south-asia/Pakistan/Nature_Environment_Animals/entry-8145.html
  21. ^ https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/files/file-attachments/MaritimeCBMs.PDF
  22. ^ Yamin, Tughral (2012). "An appreciation of the Pakistani military thought process". Strategic Studies. 32 (2/3): 123. ISSN 1029-0990. JSTOR 48529363.
  23. ^ Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. "Report 1965-66" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  24. ^ https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/mining/outsiders-in-their-own-land-44174

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